This study investigated the effect of temperature deviation on the water-holding capacity, tenderness, lipid oxidation, and color stability of Korean Hanwoo (韓牛) beef during long-term aging. The striploins (M. longissimus lumborum) were aged for 56 days at 2±1oC (T1), 2±2oC (T2), or 2±3oC (T3). Drip loss and cooking loss were higher (p<0.05) in T3 than in T1 on day 56. The Warner-Bratzler shear force value was similar for all treatments during aging times. On day 56, the content of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was higher (p<0.05) in T3 as compared to T1. The CIE L* and b* values were similar for all treatments, but the a* value was lower (p<0.05) in T3 than in T1 on the last day. These findings indicate that high temperature deviation adversely affects the water-holding capacity, lipid oxidation stability, and color stability of Hanwoo beef during long-term aging.

To extend the shelf-life of chicken breast meat, samples were treated with gel-packs containing slow-released ClO2 gas at 7-15 ppm for 8 days at 4℃. And the changes in lipid oxidation and taste compounds of the samples were investigated. TBARS value of the chicken breast was slightly increased during storage. TBARS value of gas treatments was similar to the control during storage. There were 14 fatty acids in the chicken breast. And there was no change in the fatty acid composition during storage, and there was no significant difference between the control and gas treatments. The content of free amino acids was gradually increased during storage. The content of free amino acids were not significantly different between the control and gas treatments during storage. The content of GMP in the control and gas treatments were decreased during storage. However, gas treatments showed slightly higher content than that of control. AMP was not significantly different between the control and gas treatments. IMP gradually decreased during storage and the content of inosine and hypoxanthine was increased. IMP, inosine and hypoxanthine contents of gas treatment were similar to control, but the control tended to change more rapidly than those of gas treatments.

본 연구는 포장방법과 저장기간에 따른 국산대두와 연해주 대두의 이화학적인 특성을 조사하기 위하여 TBA test, 산가, POV, fluorescence spectrum test를 실시하였다. 저장 기간이 경과함에 따라 TBA test는 국산대두와 연해주 대두 모두 실험기간 내 포장방법에 따른 유의적인 차이는 있었으나 전체적인 경향은 차이가 없었다. 산가는 국산 대두에서 16일차에 유의미한 차이를 보였으나 20일차에서는 모두 유의차를 보이지 않는 것을 알 수 있었다. 연해주 대두의 경우 저장기간 동안 포장방법에 따른 차이가 없었다. POV의 경우 국산대두에서 저장 16일차까지 유의한 차이가 없었으나 진공포장 20일차에서 1.85 meq/kg oil로 값이 증가하였다. 연해주 대두에서는 초기값과 저장 20일차의 측정값이 10%내의 변화를 보이고 함기포장과 진공포장, 질소충진포장과의 유의차를 나타내지 않아 포장법에 의한 산패도의 차이를 찾아내지 못하였다. Fluorescence spectrum test를 이용한 측정에서는 국산 대두의 경우 같은 경향을 나타내었다. 연해주 대두의 경우도 저장방법 별 산패도 값의 차이는 존재하였지만 같은 경향을 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다. 연구결과를 토대로 fluorescence spectrum test를 이용하여 산패도를 측정하는데 적합하다고 판단된다. 또한 요오드가, 검화가, 비중 측정을 통해 포장방법과 저장기간을 통한 변화를 측정하였으나 유의할 만한 차이를 나태내지 못하였다. 결과적으로 국산대두와 연해주대두의 저장기간 20일 동안의 산패도의 증가는 나타나지 않았고 포장방법에 따른 산패도의 차이는 없었다. 본 연구의 결과는 연해주산 대두를 수입할 경우 유통기한 중 질소충진과 같은 고비용의 포장법을 적용하지 않더라도 수입 시에 품질변화가 거의 이루어 지지 않음을 보여 주어 실질적으로 국내 소비자에게 연해주산 non-GMO 대두를 경제적으로 공급이 가능함을 보여주었다. 또한 20일의 저장기간 동안 변화가 매우 적음은 현재 대두의 분말가공에 시도되고 있는 집결지 최소가공방식의 최소가공량을 2-3배 확장하여 집결지에서 보다 많은 양을 가공 저장하여 수송함이 가능함을 보여 주고 있다. 이는 연해주대두의 경제적 활용가능성을 보다 높여 줄 것이라 판단된다.

The current study was carried out to investigate the effect of addition of Rhus veniciflua Stokes oil (RVSO) and black garlic extract (BGE) on the lipid oxidation in Hanwoo (Korean cattle) beef model systems. The RVSO at 0.2% inhibited the TBARS (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) formation when tested in liposome model system. The antioxidant effect of RVSO was further found to be similar to 0.2% butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and 0.01% vitamin E. On the other hand, BGE at 0.1% also showed the inhibition of TBARS formation in 4% NaCl-added Hanwoo beef patty and found to have slightly lower (p<0.05) effect than 0.1% vitamin E but higher (p<0.05) effect than 0.1% BHT. Results of this study indicated that both RVSO and BGE possess strong antioxidant effects and help to increase the oxidative stability in Hanwoo beef products.

This study was conducted to investgate the effect of gamma irradiation on the lipid oxidation, olfactory properties, fatty acid isomer and volatile compound profiles of five different oil sources. Three plant oils, canola oil, corn oil and soy oil, and two animal fat, tallow and fish oil, were irradiated with 0, 5, 10, and 20 kGy level of dose by Co-60 as a radiation source. Lipid oxidation parameters, FFA, POV and TBARS, were determined according to the AACC and AOCS method. Olfactory property of irradiated oil sources was analyzed using electronic nose (FOX3000, AlphaMOS Co., France) with 12 metal oxide sensors and the result was interpreted using principle component analysis program. Fatty acid isomer profiles and volatile compound profiles of irradiated oils were also measured by GC and GC-MS, respectively. Although the free fatty acid level of oil were the highest by high dose level (20 kGy) of irradiation, changes of both TBARS and POV values by gamma irradiation were varied between oil sources and irradiation level of dose. Electronic nose analysis showed a distinct difference among dose levels of irradiation. Although there was no new volatile compound produced by gamma irradiation, amounts of each volatile compounds were increased by irradiation. Only cis isomer, 9c12c15c of linolenic acid was dose-dependently decreased as irradiation level increased but there was no difference among other isomer profiles of linoleic acid and linolenic acid by gamma irradiation. This study showed that changes in physico-chemical properties of both plant and animal oil were remarkable by gamma irradiation. Therefore, a further study should be needed to scrutinize the interaction among lipid oxidation, production of volatile compounds and off-flavor, and isomerization of fatty acid by gamma-irradiation.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of addition of aged garlic extract (AGE) on the color and lipid oxidation of ground chicken during refrigerated storage. The leg meat from 6 weeks-broiler was chopped and added with 4% of distilled water (control) and AGE, respectively, and then stored at 4±0.2℃ for 8 days. The commercial garlic was aged for the relatively short time (40-90℃/300 hr →natural dryness/40 hr→20-30℃/30-50 hr). The pH value was not significantly different between control and AGE-added chicken. The TBARS level of chicken was remarkably inhibited by addition of AGE during storage. In CIE color values, AGE-added chicken showed lower L* and higher b*, C* and Ho values than those of control during storage. Therefore, the addition of AGE in ground chicken enhanced the lipid oxidative stability and change to dark color.

참치스프레드에 양파즙을 5%, 15%, 30% 및 45%씩을 첨가하여 냉장 저장 시 참치스프레드의 품질 특성 및 지질 산패도를 측정함으로써 양파의 천연항산화제로서의 효용성을 검토하였다. pH는 전반적으로 저장 초기에는 pH가 6.06~6.20정도이나 시간이 경과함에 따라 서서히 감소하다가 21일 이후 다시 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 대조구는 21일 이후 급격한 증가를 보이다가 저장 49일까지 증가되었고 양파즙 첨가구는 서서히 증가하다가 저장 42일 이후 감소하는 경향을 보였는데 양파즙 15%와 양파즙 30% 첨가구의 경우 증가폭이 다소 완만하였다. 산가는 초기에 0.68~0.78이었으며 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 모든 실험구에서 유의적으로 증가하였으나 양파즙 15%와 30% 첨가구에서 가장 낮게 나타나 지질의 산화 억제에 매우 효과적이었다. 과산화물가는 초기에 2.2~2.6 meq/kg이었으나 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하여 냉장 14일까지는 약간 증가하다가 그 후 급격히 증가하였고, 대조구는 지속적으로 증가하여 저장 42일에는 50.57 meq/kg로 가장 높은 과산화물가를 나타내다가 그 후에는 감소하였다. 양파즙 첨가구는 대조구에 비해 상당히 안정한 효과를 나타냈으나 42일 이후부터는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 양파즙을 첨가한 참치스프레드의 TBA가가 전반적으로 대조구에 비해 낮아 양파가 지방의 산화를 지연시켰음을 알 수 있었고, 양파즙 첨가량에서는 15%와 30% 첨가군이 5%나 45% 첨가군보다 낮은 TBA가를 나타내어 산가와 유사한 결과를 보였다. 색도에서 L값은 큰 변화를 나타내지 않았으나 대조구에 비해 양파즙 첨가구가 다소 높은 값을 보였고, 저장 전 보다 저장기간이 경과됨에 따라 L값은 증가하였다. 한편 a값은 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 감소하였고, 양파즙 5% 첨가구만 저장 35일 후 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, b값은 대조구와 첨가구 모두 저장 기간이 경과함에 따라 증가하였고, 양파즙 첨가구가 다소 높게 나타났다. 관능검사에서 맛은 저장 초기에 증가하다가, 저장 기간이 길어짐에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 대체로 양파즙 15% 및 30% 첨가구가 높은 점수를 나타내 우수하게 평가되었다. 부패취도 양파즙 첨가량 및 저장기간에 따라 유의성이 인정되었고(p〈0.05), 양파즙 첨가구가 대조구보다 부패취가 적게 나타났으며, 양파즙 15% 첨가구에서 가장 좋게 평가되었다. 외관에 있어서 저장 28일까지 양파즙 15% 및 30% 첨가구가 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 대조구와 5% 첨가구는 비슷한 수준을 보였다. 경도는 저장기간 동안 감소되었지만 대체로 양파즙 15% 첨가구가 좋은 것으로 평가되었고, 전반적인 바람직성은 양파즙 15% 첨가한 참치스프레드에 대한 기호도가 가장 높았다.

As already pointed out increasing the concentration of dried insam with gangjung becomes progressing the antioxidant effect: 1. The antioxidant effect of gangjung with undried insam increased than gangjung and above 6.0% of undried insam is same of the storage stability, 6 months 2. The more increased acid value(AV) and the peroxide value(POV) of susam gangjung the longer period of storage, but there was no significient difference with the kinds of adding methods. 3. Sensory evaluation of preference for flavor gangjung with increased according to increasing concentration of undried insam but 6.0% undried insam in maltose was the best among samples.

The antioxidant effect and sensory evaluation of various concentration of dried insam on gangjung was investigated for 6 months. The results were as follows: 1. The antioxidant effect of each sample were in the rank order of 0$gt;0.5$gt;1.0$gt;1.5$gt;2.0$gt;2.5% of dried insam at 20℃ by acid and peroxide value but the effect did not increase proportionally with increasing concentration. 2. In 3 months, acid and peroxide values increased slowly showing, but after 3 months, acid and peroxide values increased remarkably. 3. The acid value(AV) and the peroxide value(POV) of dried insam gangjung increased according to storage term but there was no significant difference with the kinds of adding methods of dried insam. 4. Sensory evaluation of preference for flavor, texture, taste and total quality of six samples by multiple paired comparison test indicated that gangjung with 1.5% dried insam in maltose was the best among samples.

본 연구는 간을 함유하지 않은 소시지와 각각 5%, 15%, 30%, 45%의 간을 함유한 세절형(sliceable)과 퍼짐형(spreadable) 그리고 훈연 퍼짐형(smoked spreadable) 소시지를 제조하여 간소시지의 산패도를 측정하여 보고하는 바이다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 소시지의 조지방 함량은 간의 함량이 증가할수록 조지방 함량이 유의하게 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 제조공정별로 살펴보면 간 45% 함유 소시지의 경우에는 제조공정에 상관 없이 15%이하의 낮은 지방 함량을 나타내어 간의 함량에 따라 소시지의 지방 함량에 유의한 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 2. 제조일에는 세절형 소시지가 퍼짐형 소시지보다 산가가 유의하게 높게 나타났으며 훈연한 퍼짐형 소시지도 훈연하지 않은 퍼짐형 소시지의 산가 1.74~1.80보다 더 높은 산가를 나타내었다. 산가는 종류별로 산발적인 차이를 보이나 간의 첨가량이 증가할수록 산가가 다소 증가하는 경향이 나타났다. 3. 간 소시지의 저장시 과산화물가는 간의 함량과 제조공정에 상관없이 유의한 차이를 나타냈으며 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 증가하여 제조일에는 27.19~29.43이었으나 저장 14일에는 85.35~88.56으로 저장 28일에는 117.86~145.14로 증가하였다. 4. Malonaldehyde 함량은 간의 함량에 따른 차이는 없었으나 제조일에는 세절성 소시지가 2.72~2.73μg/g으로 가장 높은 malonaldehyde 함량을 나타내었으며, 훈연하지 않은 퍼짐형 소시지군이 1.32~1.33μg/g으로 가장 낮은 수치를 나타내었다. 저장기간에 따라 malonaldehyde의 함량은 증가하였다.

Ham, sausage and bacon were treated with common household processing techniques including refrigerated storage(0, 14, 28 days) and cooking(pan-frying, microwaving, boiling). Lipid oxidation was evaluated by measuring fatty acid composition, malonaldehyde(MA), TBA values and by measuring fluorescent products. Major fatty acid composition were oleic acid and followed respectively palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid. There was no significant difference in fatty acid composition by cooking method but there was a tendency of being increased of unsaturated fatty acid during 28days storage. Ma, TBA and fluorescent products showed a tendency of being increased continually according to storage days rather than cooking method.

The effect of frozen storage and cooking methods on lipid oxidation in chicken meat was studied. Chicken meats were stored 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 days at -18℃ and were evaluated before and after cooking. 1. The crude fat content of chicken meat is the highest thigh meat with skin in microwaving. Fat content was increased duting 30 days of frozen storage, and then after. 2. Peroxide value, acid value and TBA value was increased during the days of storage because lipid autoxidation was processed cooking and during frozen storage time. The peoxide value and acid value were higher compared to sample cooked by other methods. 3. The fluoresence units were increased with frozen storage, and initial levels of fluoresent after processing. 4. The fatty acid composition of chicken meat fats is mainly palmitic acid and oleic acid, and the effect of frozen storage and meats part is not significantly change but fatty acid significantly change according to frying that linoleic acid was increased during frozen time. From all the results obtained in this study it can be conclude that lipid autoxidation of the chicken meat frozen storage at 18℃ was consistantly processed, and breast meat oxidation was increased than thigh meat because chicken breast meat include many polyunsaturated fatty acid. Frying was significantly increased highest than other cooking methods.

The study was observed that anti oxidation effect of each and mutual relation on BULGOGI seasoning in Fore shank and Ribs. Each antioxidation effect were appeared to higher in suger, pear juice, soya souce, clean wine, sesamed oil, green onion, toeasted sesamed powder, black pepper, garlic im seasoned immidiately. Soya souce was revealed to higher effect anti oxidation in storaged beef among 30 minuit after seasoned. In storaged sample among 9 hour after seasoned was showed to higher effect in soya souce & galic. Mutual relation of two seasoning in BULGOGI seasoning were revealed to higher effect in mixture of green onion & galic.

본 연구에서는 오디 농축액을 우리나라 전통한과인 약과에 첨가하여 약과의 저장 중 품질 특성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석하였다. 약과의 수분함량은 대조군에 비하여, 오디 농축액 3% 첨가 약과가 높은 수분함량을 나타내었다. 저장 기간별 약과의 수분함량은 모든 군에서 2주 동안 급격한 수분함량의 감소를 나타내었고, 2주와 3주의 수분함량 변화는 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않았다(p<0.05). 오디 농축액을 첨가한 약과의 색도는 0주차의 오디 약과에서는 명도(L)는 대조군에 비해 오디 농축액의 첨가량이 많아질수록 낮아지는 경향을 보였고, 적색도(a)는 대조군 5.88, 오디 농축액 3% 첨가군은 6.69로 오디 농축액을 첨가할수록 높게 나타났다. 또한 황색도(b)는 18.32~11.51로 오디 농축액 첨가량이 높아질수록 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 명도(L)는 저장기간이 지남에 따라 대조군이 58.56에서 46.45로, 오디 농축액 3% 첨가군은 43.82에서 35.92로 낮아졌고, 적색도(a)와 황색도(b) 모두 3주가 경과하면서 높아지는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 지질산패정도를 알아보는 실험중 산가는 시간이 경과함에 따라 유의적 차이가 나타나(p<0.05) 3주차 오디 농축액을 첨가한 약과는 1.65~1.91의 산가를 나타내었고, 대조군은 1.97로 오디 농축액 첨가군이 대조군보다 산가보다 더 낮게 나타났다. 과산화물가는 0주차에는 시료간의 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않다가 3주차에는 대조군 63.80 meq/kg, 오디 농축액 1% 첨가군 58.46 meq/kg, 2% 첨가군 55.00 meq/kg, 3% 첨가군 52.54 meq/kg로 대조군의 과산화물가가 오디 농축액 첨가군에 비해 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 0주차 TBA가는 11.25~13.11로 오디 농축액을 첨가할수록 낮은 값을 나타내었고, 3주가 경과한 후 TBA측정 결과 대조군이 가장 높은 TBA가를 나타내었으며 오디 농축액 3% 첨가군이 가장 낮게 측정되었다. DPPH 라디칼소거능은 오디 농축액의 첨가량이 많아질수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었고, 저장 기간 동안 모든 군의 DPPH라디칼소거능은 감소하였으나 오디 농축액 첨가군이 대조군에 비해 낮은 IC50값을 유지하였다. 실험의 결과들로부터 오디농축액의 첨가량이 증가할수록 항산화성이 높아지고, 지질산패를 억제되는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 항산화성의 증가로 인해 오디 농축액을 넣은 약과가 넣지 않은 약과보다 지질산패가 억제되는 것으로 사료되며, 약과 제조시 오디농축액을 첨가하면 저장성이 증대된 약과를 생산할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study is a basic study on the development of functional substances involved in obesity prevention, lipid metabolism, and immune regulation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks. Allium monanthum extracts (AME) were administered orally to obesity-induced rats, and their lipid-lowering, antioxidative and various types of biological effects related to the immune system were examined. Blood free fatty acid and triglyceride concentrations decreased as the dose of AME increased. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations in the blood decreased as the dose of AME increased. The total cholesterol concentrations in the liver of the AME-treated groups were lower than the control group. The thiobarbituric acid reactive concentrations were lower in the plasma and liver of all AME-treated groups than the control group. Plasma AST and ALT activities did not show any significant differences among the treatment groups. IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations in the liver tended to decrease as the dose of AME increased. TNF-α and IL-10 concentrations did now show any significant differences compared to the control group. Lower expression levels of TNF-α, Apo-B and Apo-E genes were found in the AME-treated groups. Taken together, these results indicate that AME may show positive effects in lipid lowering, antioxidation and anti-inflammation.

본 연구는 산마늘추출물이 과산화지질을 급여한 비만쥐의 지질강하, 항산화효과 및 염증매개물질의 생산에 미치는 영향을 검토했다. 그 결과 혈장 FFA, TG, total cholesterol 및 LDL-cholesterol 농도는 산마늘추출물 처리군 들에서 감소했으며, 혈장HDL-cholesterol 농도는 산마늘추출물 처리군 들에서 증가했다. 간장 내 total cholesterol 농도 및 TG 농도는 산마늘추출물 처리군 들에서 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 혈장 및 간장의 TBARS 농도는 산마늘추출물 처리군 모두가 대조군보다 낮은 경향을 보였다. 간장 GSH-Px, SOD 및 CAT활성치모두가 산마늘추출물 처리군 들에서 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 혈장 NO, Ceruloplasmin 및 α1-acid glycoprotein 농도는 산마늘추출물 투여군 들이 대조군보다 낮은 경향을 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과는 산마늘추출물에 지질강하, 항산화 및 항염증작용에 효과를 나타내는 기능성물질이 내재하고 있음을 시사한다.

The effects of gamma irradiation at medium dose levels on commercial starches (corn starch/CS, sweet potatostarch/SS, and potato starch/PS) were investigated in terms of its color and lipid oxidation. The CS, SS, and PS samples were irradiated at 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 kGy by a Co-60 gamma irradiator and used for measuring Hunter's colors and TBA value. Irradiation doses applied did not cause apparent changes in Hunter color parameters between the control and irradiated groups. But, the decrease in lightness (L value) for CS and the increase in both redness (a value) for SS and yellowness (b value) for PS were observed, respectively, thereby resulting in slight increase in overall color difference (ΔE) upon irradiation. Browning intensity observed with the naked eye for gelatinized starches by irradiation doses was also gradually increased along with irradiation dose, which was more remarkable in SS. The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of samples showed a dose-dependant increase with ≥ 0.9964 of R2 (p<0.05).