In order to establish symbiotic host-bacterial relationships, symbionts in insects evolved a mechanism to overcome host immune responses. Here we provide the resistance of symbiotic bacteria on the insect immune system. As a result, through the transposon mutagenesis, we found a salivary gland (SG) susceptible mutant. The disrupted gene was identified as nlpB involved in lipoprotein synthesis. The nlpB, bla double deletion mutant was sensitive to SG like nlpB-Tn5 inserted mutant. This mutant increases outer membrane permeability. It provides an explanation for SG susceptibility, because the antimicrobial peptide in SG would be able to translocate across the outer membrane more easily than in the wild type. These results indicate that nlpB and bla are likely to be important factors in terms of determining resistance against SG of Riptortus that is connected with the successful colonization of the Riptortus midgut.

Dyslipidemia, defined as elevated triglyceride (TG), total- and LDL-C, and/or decreased HDL-C levels, is considered a principal risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family has been considered a key player in the prevention of dyslipidemia. The LDLR family consists of cytoplasmic membrane proteins and plays an important role not only in ligand–receptor binding and uptake, but also in various cell signaling pathways. Emerging reports state that various functional ingredients dynamically modulate the function of the LDLR family. For instance, oats stimulated the LDLR function in vivo, resulting in decreased body weight and improved serum lipid profiles. The stimulation of LRP6 by functional ingredients in vitro activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, subsequently suppressing the intracellular TG via inhibition of SREBP1, PPARγ, and C/EBPα. Furthermore, the extract of Cistanchetubulosa enhanced the expression of the mRNA of VLDLR, followed by a reduction in the serum cholesterol level. In addition, fermented soy milk diminished TG and total cholesterol levels while increasing HDL-C levels via activation of LRP1. To summarize, modulating the function of the LDLR family by diverse functional ingredients may be a potent therapeutic remedy for the treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases.

This study was designed to determine whether low-density lipoporoteins (LDL) extracted from egg yolk in extender improve the function of Korean Jeju Black Bull semen. The semen was cryopreserved with 5% ethylene glycol (EG) or 7% glycerol (G) extenders containing 10% egg yolk (EY), 4% LDL and 5% EY or 8% LDL. Frozen-thawed sperm were evaluated sperm motility, viability, membrane integrity and acrosome integrity. Post-thawed sperm motility has been significantly higher (p<0.05) in 4% LDL + 5% EY (; EG and ; 7% G) than 8% LDL (; EG and ;G). Treatment of 4% LDL + 5% EY-EG () has been significantly improved sperm viability compared to other treatments except 10% EY - EG. Moreover, in membrane integrity, swollen sperm ratio has been only significantly increased (p<0.05) in 4% LDL + 5% EY - EG () among all treatments. In assess to detect acrosome integrity, especially, AR pattern ratio has been significantly decreased (p<0.05) in 4% LDL + 5% EY - EG among all treatments. In sperm viability as time passes, between 4% LDL + 5% EY and 10% EY, there was no significant difference, but 8% LDL was significantly decreased sperm viability in EG (1 and 2 hrs) and G (30 min, 1, 2, 5 and 12 hrs) extender. However, there were no significant differences among all treatments except 8% LDL-G in sperm membrane integrity. 8% LDL-G has been significantly decreased swollen sperm ratio at 5 hrs after thawed. It is concluded from these results that 4% LDL + 5% EY to the freezing extender showed more positive effect on the frozen-thawed spermatozoa in Korean Jeju Black bull.

Growing evidence indicates that oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) may promote atherogenesis. Therefore, inhibition of LDL oxidation may impede this process. The inhibitory effected on the susceptibility of human LDL to Cu²+ or macrophages induced oxidation was investigated by monitoring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Organosulfur compounds of garlic oil contains diallyldisulfide, diallyltrisulfide, diallyltetrasulfide, and diallyl pentasulfide in order. Garlic oil inhibited LDL oxidation by Cu²+, or macrophages in a dose dependently, with a 20~60 μg, as increased TBARS assay. Garlic oil, at 60 μM, almost completely inhibited macrophages induced increase in electrophoretic mobility of LDL. When compared with several other antioxidants, probucol showed highest ability,and then garlic oil showed a much higher ability than natural occurring antioxidants, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid. The results suggested that garlic oil might play the inhibitory effects in the process of LDL oxidation.

저밀도 리포단백질 수용체 관련 단백질 5(LRP5)는 간과 췌장을 포함하여 많은 조직에서 발현하며 아포리포단백질 E와 결합한다. 이와 같은 LRP5 유전자의 체내 기능을 규명하기 위하여 LRP5 유전자가 결손된 생쥐를 개발하였다. 먼지 LRP5 genomic DNA는 TT2 ES 세포로부터 분리하였으며 LRP5 유전자의 엑손 18에 neo 유전자를 삽입한 vector를 구축하고 TT2 ES 세포에 도입하였다. 178개의 G418 내성을 보인 세포 중 상동유전자 재조합에 의하여 targeting vector가 LRP5 유전자 위치에 삽입된 clone은 3개였다. 키메라 생쥐는 상실배기 수정을 ES 세포와 응집시켜 생산하였으며 생산된 키메라 생쥐는 C57BL/6 생쥐와 교미를 유도하여 heterozygous를 얻었다. 또한 이들 heterozygous간의 교배에 의하여 LRP5 유전자 결손 생쥐를 생산하였다. 이러한 생쥐는 LRP5 유전자의 체내 기능연구에 있어서 모델로 이용될 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구는 여자 축구선수 25명을 대상으로 혈중 지질성분과 철분지표를 조사 .분석하고, 훈련기 동안의 철분보충이 혈청 지질과 지단백 콜레스테롤에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 여자축구선수들의 평균연령은 23.3±2.5세였고, 평균 신장과 체중은 각각 164.4±5.7cm과 57.4±4.6kg이었고, 체지방율은 23.9±3.0%였다. 혈액 철분지표 분석결과 평균 적혈구 용적, 헤모글로빈, 총철결합력은 정상범위 내에 있었으나 낮은

Growing evidence indicates that oxidized low density Iipoprotein (LDL) may promote atherogenesis. Therefore, inhibition of LDL oxidation may impede this process. The effect of chitin sulfate on the susceptibility of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) to macrophages-induced oxidation was investigated by monitoring a thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). Chitin sulfate inhibited LDL oxidation by macro phages in a dose dependent manner, with a 50-100μM, as assessed by TBARS assay. Chitin sulfate, at 100 μM, almost completely inhibited the macrophage-induced increase in electrophoretic mobility of LDL. Also, chitin sulfate almost completely inhibit O₂^- at concentration of 100 μM. These observations suggest that chitin sulfate might be an effective in prevention of atherosclerosis.

The flavonoids are one of the most numberous and widespread groups of natural constituents. The low molecular weight of benzo-γ-pyrone derivatives are ubiquitous in plants and are vegetables, nuts, seeds, leaves, flowers, and bark. The flavonoids constitute of a large class of compounds, ubiquitous in plants, containing a number of phenolic hydroxyl groups attached to ring structures, conferring the antioxidant activity. Epidemiologic studies suggest that the dietary intake of antioxidants constitutes a risk factor for vascular disease, indicating that oxidation may be important in the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis. Elevated plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration are associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, LDL is oxidized by smooth muscle cells, resulting in several chemicals and physical changes of LDL. Oxidized LDL is responsible for cholesterol loading of macrophages, foam cells formation and atherogenesis. There have been insulficient tests of the protective effects of flavonoids against LDL oxidation to make definitive statements about their structure activity relationships. However, hydroxylation of the flavone nucleas can appears to be advantageous because polyhydroxylated aglycone flavonoids are potent inhibitor of LDL modification. This identification may lead to new and more effective antioxidant strategies for abrogating the atherosclerotic process, the leading cause of death and disability in industrialized societies.

This study was undertaken to evaluate antioxidative activities of substances isolated from marine resources against human low density lipoprotein (LDL). Methanol-water extract (80:20, v/v) of Sargassum ringgoldianum had the highest antioxidant activity and the active substance was purified by silica gel column chromatography by eluting chlorform : methanol mixture (80:20, v/v). The active fraction was separated to several spots on the TLC in chloroform : methanol (10:1, v/v) mixture. Antioxidative activity of band 4 of fraction 2 on TLC was highest than that of a-tocopherol against human LDL oxidation by the method of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). The band 4 of fraction 2 inhibited the copper mediated oxidation of human LDL with almost completely at 1 or 2 mg/ml.

본 연구는 정상 성인에서 관상동맥질환의 위험인자로 알려진 혈액내 Lipoprotein(a)농도의 실태를 파악하고 이들 농도와 지질농도, 섬유소원, 공복혈당 및 일상생활요인과의 관계를 알아보고자 수행되었다. 연구대상은 서울지역 일부 초, 중, 고교 교사들로 의료보험 관리공단의 신검에서 건강상태가 양호하다고 판정받은 남자 80명, 여자 60명을 대상으로 혈액분석과 설문 조사를 1990년 11월 2일부터 11월 7일에 걸쳐 실시하였다. 혈액분석 결과에 따라 이 들을 정상군과 위험군으로 나누고 이들 군들 사이에서 Lipoprotein(a)농도와의 연관성을 알아보았다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 전체 대상자들 중 관상동맥질환 유발의 위험수준인 30㎎/dL을 초과하는 대상자는 140명 중 37명으로 26.4%에 달했다. 대 상자들의 Lipoprotein(a) 평균농도는 남자는 15.94± 12.70 ㎎/dL,여자는 17.92±17.58㎎/dL로 성별간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 2. 대상자의 연령에 따른 Lipoprotein(a)농도의 경우 연령간에 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 3. 대상자의 혈액을 분석하여 각 항목에 대해 정상군과 위험군으로 나눈 후 Lipoprotein(a) 농도와 각 항목들간의 유의성을 살펴본 결과 1) Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase와 Lipoprotein(a) 농도 사이에는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 2) 공복혈당, 섬유소원과 Lipoprotein(a) 농도 사이에도 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 3) 지질농도(총콜레스테롤, 고비중 지단백콜레스테롤, 저비중 지단백 콜레스테롤, 중성지방)와 Lipoprotein(a) 농도 사이에도 유의한 차이가 발견되지 않았다. 4) 일상생활요인과 Lipoprotein(a) 농도와의 경우 혈압, 비만도, 성별, 흡연 등에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 육식 섭취, 음주, 염분 섭취의 정도에 따라서 이들과 Lipoprotein(a)농도 사이에 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 5) 혈액분석 결과와 일상생활요소를 모두 통털어 Lipoprotein(a) 농도가 고려된 경우 나이와 육식섭취의 정도^(*)에 따라 정상군과 위험군에서 유의한 차이가 관찰되었다(p<0.05, p<0.01^(*)).

해양 미생물로부터 사람 Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL)에 대한 항산화 활성 균주를 검색 하였든 바 부산 인근연안에서 항산화 활성이 높은 Bacillus sp. RH-5를 분리 동정하였다. Bacillus sp. RH-5의 항산화 활성물질의 생산 거 배지는 1.0% glucose, 0.25% polypeptone, 0.25% yeast extract, 0.01% FeSO_4?7H_2O, 50% sea water이였다. 이때 최적 조건은 pH 7.0, 배양 온도는 30℃ 및 배양 시간은 48시간에서 항산화 활성이 가장 높았다. 사람 LDL을 1~5 μM CuSO_4 존재하에서 산화 시킨 결과 Bacillus sp. RH-5 배양액의 ethyl acetate 추출물의 500 및 1,000 ㎍/ml에서 산화가 억제되었으며 또 5 μM CuSO_4 존재하에서 산화시킨 LDL의 전기영동거리는 native LDL보다 다소 높았으나 LDL에 ethyl acetate추출물을 첨가한 경우 그 이동거리는 native LDL과 거의 비슷하였다.

This study was pcrformed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of silymarin against human low density lipoproteins(LDL) oxidation. Silymarin extracted from Silybum marianum was successively purified with solvent fractionation and followed by silica gel column chromatography. The active substances were separated by HPLC and the isolated active substances, silymarin were identified by IR, NMR, GC-MS as silymarin. Silymarin inhibited at the 5 uM Cu^(2+)-mediated oxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) in a dose dependent manner. Silymarin completely inhibited LDL oxidation at 50 ug/ml concentration. These findings suggest that silymarin may protect LDL against oxidation in atherosclerotic lessions.

Plasma levels of lipoproteins were observed in vegetarians and non-vegetarians in order to compare the values between the two groups with different dietary habits, and among different age groups. All 162 vegetarians and 95 non-vegetarians were selected for this study. In detail, male vegetarians subjects were devided into three groups according to their ages, 20's, 30's and 40's. And three control groups were also selected at matching basis. Two groups each were selected for female subjects in their 20's and 40's. All ten groups were adopted and the lipids levels were compared appropriately. Plasma pre-β-lipoprotein levels of vegetarians and non-vegetarians were not significantly in all groups. And plama α-lipporoten levels of non-vegetarians were higher than the ones for vegetarians as compared with male of 20's, male 30's and female of 40's, and it was not significantly as compared with female of 20's. And plasma β-lipoprotein levels of vegetarians were significantly lower than the ones for non-vegetarians in all groups. Most of plasma lipoprotein levels measured were found to be lower in vegetarians and tended to be higher age groups of both vegetarians and non-vegetarians. And plasma α-lipoprotein levels which is known to be adversely related to atheroscherosis were higher in non-vegetarians, it can be concluded in this study that the plasma lipoprotein levels of non-vegetarians under Korea dietary patterns are quite acceptable.

In order to investigate the effect of ginseng saponins on the activity of lipoprotein lipase, it was attempted to conform the enzymatic hydrolysis of chylomicron with post-heparin induced plasma lipoprotein lipase of normal rabbit in vitro. And the activity of lipoprotein llipase was determined by the quantitative determination of liberated free fatty acids on the hydrolysis of chylomicron. As the result, it was observed that the ginseng saponins accelerated the hydrolysis of chylomicron by post-heparin plasma in vitro. And the optimum concentration of ginseng saponins for the activity of the lipoprotein lipase in the 2% bovine serum albumin was 10-4%. But ginseng saponins on the hydrolysis of chylomicron was influenced by the presence and the absence of albumin. And the optimum concentration of albumin and Na-cholate on the activity of lipoprotein lipase was each of the 10-6% albumin and 5mM Na-cholate. From these results, it seems that ginseng saponins might stimulate the intravascular hydrolysis of chylomicron.

The purpose of the study was to find an effect of medium chain triglyceride (MCT)diet on the serum lipids and lipoprotein of Sprague-Dawley rats when the were fed with cholesterol. All experiment-groups were fed with different diet such as soybean oil, shortening,MCT and MCT mixed with oil respectively. After fed to each group, the levels of serum lipids and lipoprotein among fed rats were examined and the data from the experiment were compared with a control group. The results obtained from the study are as follows : (1) The average boby weight gain in MCT diet and soybean oil diet groups were lighter than that of the control group, while the food efficiency ratio in each experimental diet group was almost same as than in the control group. (2) Total cholesterol levels in serum of all experimental diet groups were lower than that of the control group except the level in shortening diet group. Especially, the levels of total cholesterol in MCT diet and soybean oil diet groups were significantly lower than that of the control group. (3) VLDL, LDL-cholesterol levels of all experimental groups were almost same except the case of the MCT diet and soybean oil diet group which was significantly low. (4) The ratio of VLDL, LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol, so called, atherogenic index in serum of MCT and soybean oil diet groups were significantly lower than that of the control group. (5) The ratio of total cholesterol to phospholipids in serum of MCT diet group was decreased, because total cholesterol levels were decreased more than phospolipid levels. (6) The ratio of the serum VLDL, LDL to HDL in MCT diet group. in MCT and soybean oil mixed diet group, and in soybean diet group was decreased. In other wards, it means that the decrease of the serum VLDL, LDL in each group and the increase of the serum HDL.

Chlorogenic acid, formed of an ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid, which is naturally abundant in many plant species, was used as a model O-dihydoxy phenolic compound. In the previous study, we have reported that the isolated constituent from Apocynum venetum leaves has an inhibitory effect on Cu2+-induced oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Among them, chlorogenic acid showed the most potent anti-LDL oxidative activity than other compounds. For the reason, we investigated the inhibitory effect of the chlorogenic acid on Cu2+-induced oxidative modification of LDL, monitored a lag time in the conjugated-diene formation and TBARS formation, and measured TNBS free amino acid group, and form cell formation in vitro system. The TBARS- and diene- formation were strongly inhibited by chlorogenic acid (0~100 μg/ml) with dose dependent manner. On the other hand, TNBS reactive lysine amino groups on LDL oxidation were protected by chlorogenic acid- treated cell group. Therefore, chlorogenic acid inhibited to cholesterol accumulation in the isolated peritoneal macrophage.