최근 자연생태계에서 일어나고 있는 자생 민들레류의 감소와 서양민들레의 급속한 증가원을 종자 발아특성을 통해 알아보고자 한다. 각각의 종자는 무처리를 비롯하여 10일, 20일, 30일, 60일간의 저온처리를 실시하였으며 발아조건은 광조건과 암조건으로 실험하였다. 자생민들레의 경우에 광조건하의 무처리 대조구에서 28%의 발아율을 나타내었으나 60일간의 저온처리구에서 90%의 발아율을 나타내었다. 발아세와 평균발아기간도 30일 이상의 저온처리와 광조건하에서 양호한 성적을 나타내었다. 좀민들레의 경우에도 민들레와 거의 유사한 경향을 나타내어 30일 이상의 저온저리와 광조건하의 발아상태가 대조구에 비해 상대적으로 양호하였다. 그러나 서양민들레는 저온무처리구의 광조건에서 발아율 88.8%로 자생 민들레류에 비해 현저히 높게 나타났다. 또한 서양민들레 종자는 저온처리에 의핸 현저한 발아율 향상을 볼 수 없었다. 그러므로 30일 이상의 저온처리에 의해 휴면이 타파되고 발아율이 향상되는 자생 민들레류의 비휴면성인 성양민들에 비해 종 번식에 있어 상대적으로 불리하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

This study was performed to investigate the toxic effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Symphytum officinale in rat. For this experiment, 120 male and female rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were used. The experimental groups were divided into five: Group CM and CF served as normal control with its gender. Group EMl and EF1 were fed a 1% Symphytum officinal extract diet for 8 weeks. Group EM2 and EF2 fed a diet containing 2% extract diet. 4% extract diet into group EM3 and EF3 and 8% extract diet into group EM4 and EF4 were given. The results were as follows: 1. The major alkaloids of Symphytum officinale extract were symphytine, echimidine, and lasiocarpine. The amounts of total alkaloid were 168 ug PAs/ ml extract. And contents of PAs in leaves were 0.05% wt.. 2. Total serum bilirubin concentrations increased significantly in group EM2, EM3, and EM4. Group EFl, EF2, EF3,and EF 4 showed statistical significance for the group CF (p$lt;0.05). 3. Aspartate transaminase activities were increased significantly in group EM3 and EM4 (p$lt;0.05). Aspartate transaminase activities of EF1, EF2, EF3, and EF4 showed statistical significance for the group CF (p$lt;0.05). 4. Alanine transaminase activities increased significantly in group EM3, EM4 (p$lt;0.05). Alanine transaminase activities of EFl, EF2, EF3, and EF4 showed statistical significance for the group CF (p$lt;0.05). 5. Alkaline phosphatase activities increased significantly in group EM2, EM3, and EM4 (p$lt;0.05). Alkaline phosphatase activities of EF1, EF2, EF3, and EF4 showed statistical significance for the group CF (p$lt;0.05). 6. Histopathological analysis of liver specimens from group EM3 and EM4 showed focal necrosis, periportal necrosis and apoptosis. Hepatocytes obtained from group EM2 showed fatty change and hydropic degeneration in group EM3 and EM4. Chromatolysis and chromatin margination was shown in group EF2 and EF3. With the above results, it was demonstrated that the Symphytum officinale extract could induce functional change of liver, and histopathological change of liver in rats fed a diet containing extract. In conclusion, because of the risk of intoxication or adverse effect, the composition, dosage and mode of administration of herbal products should be monitored strictly. And this study serves as a reminder that herbal as well as orthodox medications may have serious side effects.

양질(良質)의 천궁근(川芎根)을 생산(生産)하기 위한 우량품종(優良品種)을 선발하기 위한 목적(目的)으로 각(各) 주산지(主産地)의 재배산(栽培産) 종근(種根)을 수집하여 종근(種根)의 무게를 표준구(標準區)(20~25 g)와 소구(小區)(15~20 g)로 구분(區分)하여 재배(栽培)한 결과(結果)를 다음과 같이 요약(要約)하였다. 주당(株當) 생근(生根) 및 건조근(乾燥根)의 중량(重量)은 표준구(標準區)가 92.7 g 과 18.5 g 이었으며, 소구(小區)에서는 94.5 g 과 17.0 g 이었다. 지역간(地域間)에는 울릉산(鬱陵産)이 타지역산(他地域産)에 비(比)하여 많았다. 생근(生根) 및 건조근(乾燥根)의 수량(收量)은 표준구(標準區)의 경우 906.8kg/10a와 190.2kg/10a이었으며, 소구(小區)에서는 721.2kg/10a, 165.2kg/10a으로서 표준구(標準區)의 수량(收量)이 더 많았으며, 울릉산(鬱陵産)의 수량(收量)이 타지역산(他地域産)에 비(比)하여 많았다. 회분(灰分) 및 에테르엑기스함량(含量)은 각각(各各) 3.38~3.59%와 3.67~3.87%의 범위에 속(屬)하였으며, 대전(大田), 공주산(公州産)은 회분함량(灰分含量)이, 울릉산(鬱陵産)은 에테르엑기스함량(含量)이 비교적 많았다. 표준구(標準區)에서는 주당(株當) 근중량(根重量) 및 수량(收量)은 에테르엑기스함량(含量)과 고도(高度)의 정(正)의 상관(相關)이, 소구(小區)에서는 회분함량(灰分含量)과 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 인정(認定)되었다. 그러므로 천궁(川芎) 재배시(栽培時)에는 종근(種根)의 무게가 20 g 이상(以上)인 울릉산(鬱陵産)을 선정(選定)함이 수량(收量) 및 품질(品質)이 우수(優秀)한 천궁근(川芎根)을 생산(生産)할 수 있을 것으로 판단(判斷)되었다.

Background: Cnidium officinale Makino and Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. are important medicinal crops in Korea. However, there is insufficient information on the identification of thrips, which attack these plants. Until now, one species of thrips has been recorded as a main pest. Methods and Results: To identify the thrips emerging in C. officinale Makino and L. chuanxiong Hort., these plants were independently cultivated in two local areas. Thirty individuals of each plant species were selected randomly and surveyed for the presence of thrips. After confirming the existence of thrips, 100 thrips individuals were collected from each crop using the beating method. To identify thrips species, we performed PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based analysis using ITS2 primer sets. Six thrips species were identified: western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), flower thrips (F. intonsa), onion thrips (Thrips tabaci), chrysanthemum thrips (T. nigropilosus), chilli thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis), and grass thrips (Anaphothrips obscurus). The proportion of these species differed between the host plant species. Conclusions: Six thrips species were major pests of two medicinal crops. Integrated pest management is required to control these thrips species, and will enhance the yield and quality of C. officinale and L. chuanxiong.

Background: The leaf temperature (TLEAF) is one of the most important physical parameters governing water and carbon flux, including evapotranspiration, photosynthesis and respiration. Cnidium officinale is one of the important folk medicines for counteracting a variety of diseases, and is particularly used as a traditional medicinal crop in the treatment of female genital inflammatory diseases. In this study, we developed a model to estimate TLeaf of Cnidium officinale Makino based on black globe temperature (TBGT). Methods and Results: This study was performed from April to July 2018 in field characterized by a valley and alluvial fan topography. Databases of TLEAF were curated by infrared thermometry, along with meteorological instruments, including a thermometer, a pyranometer, and an anemometer. Linear regression analysis and Student’s t-test were performed to evaluate the performance of the model and significance of the parameters. The correlation coefficient between observed TLEAF and calculated TBGT obtained using an equation, developed to predict TLEAF based on TBGT was very high (r2 = 0.9500, p < 0.0001). There was a positive relationship between TBGT and solar radiation (r2 = 0.8556, p < 0.0001), but a negative relationship between TBGT and wind speed (r2 = 0.9707, p < 0.0001). These results imply that heat exchange in leaves seems to be mainly controlled by solar radiation and wind speed. The correlation coefficient between actual and estimated TBGT was 0.9710 (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The developed model can be used to accurately estimate the TLeaf of Cnidium officinale Makino and has the potential to become a practical alternative to assessing cold and heat stress.

Background : Cnidium officinale M. is a medicinal plant used a lot of herbal and functional food ingredients. Recently, the area of cultivation has been increased due to the increase in domestic demand. By the way, this plant is very vulnerable to high temperature, and recently it is difficult to cultivate due to abnormal high temperature and so on. Therefore, in this study, in order to effectively reduce the high temperature of the field, we investigated the degree of temperature reduction and the growth condition of the plant after installed mulching, irrigation and the fog facilities. Methods and Results : In order to reduce the temperature of C. officinale M. cultivation field, the black and white double vinyl mulching, drip irrigation and fog spray treatment were applied and the results were as follows. The survey was conducted at about 2:00 pm on a clear day in August, and the temperature was about 33℃ at the time of measurement. In the case of only black vinyl mulching without watering, the soil temperature was 43.5℃, the surface temperature was 61.4℃, and the mortality rate of the C. officinale M. was 98.0%. The temperature of soil and surface were lowered to 33.1℃ and 38.6℃, respectively, when treated with black vinyl mulching and drip irrigation and fog spraying. In the case of black and white double vinyl mulching, the effect of temperature reduction was better. The soil surface temperature of the non-irrigation treatment was 37.9℃, the surface temperature was 48.5℃ and the mortality rate was decreased to 6.7%. In case of combined drip irrigation and fog spraying, soil temperature was reduced to 31.5℃, surface temperature was 35.8℃, and mortality rate was 0%. Conclusion : As a result of this study, the temperature of soil and surface dropped by up to 12. 0℃ and 25.6℃, respectively, when combined with black and white double vinyl mulching and drip irrigation and fog spray treatment. The mortality rate declined from 89.0% to 0%. Therefore, Therefore, if the results of this study are applied to the cultivation of C. officinale M., it is expected that the production stability will be improved.

Background : Due to changes in climate and cultivation conditions, the growth monitoring is an essential factor in improving crop productivity. With the recent development of image analysis technology incorporating ICT, it has become possible to constantly monitor the crop growth. As a medicinal crop specialized in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, Cnidium officinale Makino was examined for the possibility of growth diagnosis through image analysis for stable production. Methods and Results : The IP camera was installed at 2.5 m height in experiment field. The RGB image of every 06:00 was captured from July 1 to July 30 and used for analysis. The captured images were analyzed using the image analysis tool, Image J. The greeness was estimated by the average value of the green histogram. The canopy size was determined by the color range (red: 0-255, green: mean value-255, blue: 0-255) and was calculated as the ratio of pixels number of the entire image to those of the selected area. The growth temperature during investigation period was measured by Hobo MX2300. High temperature, excess of 28℃, was compared to stress response such as decrement of canopy size. The greeness and the canopy size are respectively represented by the quadratic function greeness = -0.0722GD2 + 6248.9GD – 1e + 08 (GD, growing day; R2 = 0.46) and canopy size = -0.0462GD2 + 3996.7GD – 9e + 07 (R2 = 0.93). From July 11, it began to exceed the growth limit temperature of 28℃, and the canopy size began to decrease from this period. Between the canopy size (C) and the accumulated temperature exceeding 28℃, there was a negative correlation, C = -0.13ATEC + 56.75 (R2 = 0.87) during the decreasing period. Conclusion : Extraction of color information in Cnidium officinale Makino using RGB image should be preceded by standardized setting, but it is considered to be useful tool for analyzing the change of quantitative characteristics over time. In the future, it is necessary to make a comparative study with the actual growth rate in the image diagnosis.

Background : Cnidium officinale Makino is a perennial herb of the family Umbelliferae, and an important traditional oriental medicinal plant in China, Japan and Korea. Cnidii Rhizoma, the dried rhizome of C. officinale have been used as traditional oriental medicine in Korea. It has been shown that the cnidii rhizomes are used in the treatment of pain, inflammation, menstrual disturbance, and anti-vitamin deficiency disease, and also act as a blood pressure depressant. In this study, we anticipated to establish the mass propagation system of C. officinale, which is a high economic value as medicinal herb, by plant tissue culture to solve the problem of root stocks contamination. Methods and Results : The whole study was carried out in the department of Herbal crop research, Eumseong, RDA. In this study, C. officinale root bud was used as a explant and it was surface sterilized by 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 minutes, then several times washed with ddH2O. Multiple shoots were induction them on MS, B5, SH media with 0.1 - 2 ㎎/ℓ auxin (NAA, IBA) and cytokine (BA, Zeatin). In this study we obtained, 7.4 multi-shoots per an explant, and the shoot growth was also favorable in the presence of 0.2 ㎎/ℓ Zeatin. Subsequent transfer of these regenerated shoots on 1/2 SH media resulted in root formation. Rooted plantlets were able to grow in soil after a short period of acclimatization. Conclusion : This experiment was comducted to identify the optimal in vitro propagation condition of C. officinale.

Background : The continuous cropping of Cnidium officinale is a serious problem for the cultivation practices, which is an unelucidated subject. This study is concerned mainly with rhizosphere microbiome and meteological factors on the cause of physiological damage in the continuous cropping of Cnidium officinale. Methods and Results : Microbial population and community dynamics was evaluated with metagenomic DNA by IonTorrent PGM. Results of HPLC profiling revealed that metabolic components of symbiotic interaction with Cnidium officinale was not detected in cultivated soils. Proteobacteria groups such as nitrogen fixing bacteria, Pseudomonas and Burkholderia of rhizosphere soil in continuous cropped fields mainly decreased compared to the first cropped soil. Principle component analysis of bacterial community showed a significantly differentiated vector between first cropping field and continuous cropped fields. Although growth characteristics including height, leaf length, leaf diameter amd stem diameter etc., was not different with continuous cultivation year until mid-July, physiological damage was dramatically started from late July. Yield of Rhizoma in continuous cropped fields significantly decreased compared to first cropped field. Evapotranspiration of Cnidium officinale with lysimeter for summer season was evaluated. It showed high relationship between solar radiation and evapotranspiration with R2 = 0.7778 and 41% of solar radiation converted into evapotranspiration during 16 days. This result imply that evapotranspiration is mainly controlled by radiation energy in clear days. Water and heat cycle through evapotranspiration is suppose to be one of the important factors related with physiological disorder of Cnidium officinale. Conclusion : This result imply that physiological damage resulted from continuous cropping is involved in decrease of Proteobacteria at rhizosphere soils under stressed conditions.

In this study the physicochemical properties and antioxidant capacities of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) Jungkwa with different kinds of sweeteners were determined. Jungkwa made with different sugars (sugar, xylitol, honey or oligosaccharides) were compared in aspect of physiochemical properties, antioxidant activities, total phenolic contents and sensory evaluation. Moisture contents Jungkwa treated different kinds of oligosaccarides showed highest value, in the order of honey, xylitol and sugar. L* value of Jungkwa treated with xylitol was the highest, a* value of Jungkwa treated with honey, sugar Jungkwa were higher then others. Free sugar contents of Jungkwa treated with sugar showed the highest value in sucrose, glucose and galactose. Jungkwa with xylitol showed lowest value in all free sugar contents. Hardness and chewiness of Jungkwa treated with xylitol showed the highest value. The antioxidant activity measured by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and total penolic content were the highest in Jungkwa treated with honey, followed by Jungkwa treated with xylitol, oligosaccharides and sugar. Appearance and color of oligosaccarides and honey treated Jungkwa were preferred. In ginger taste, sweetness, chewiness were highest in sugar treated Jungkwa (not significant difference in treatments). As a result, honey treated Jungkwa has higher antioxidant activity and quality than other sugar treatments.

Background: In this study, examined the effects of an extract of a mixture of Angelica gigas, Cnidium officinale, Paeonia lactiflora, and Rehmannia glutinosa fermented by Leuconostoc mesenteroides, with enhanced value and functionality. In oriental medicine, a mixture of these herbs is called Samultang. Methods and Results: In this study, we evaluated the effects of a fermented extract of Samultang on oxidative stress, procollagen type I expression, and melanin production. Samultang was extracted with 70% ethanol, followed by inoculation with Leuconostoc mesenteroides to obtain the fermented extract. The evaluation of viability of B16F10 cells and human foreskin fibroblast (HHF) revealed that both ethanol and fermented extracts of Samultang were non-toxic. The results of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test showed that the fermented extract of Samultang (SC50 value = 100 ㎍/㎖) was a more effective DPPH free radical scavenger than its ethanol extract. In addition, procollagen type I expression was higher in cells treated with the fermented extract of Samultang than in cells treated with ethanol. In the non-toxic concentration range, the fermented extract of Samultang showed strong inhibitory effect on melanin production in α-melanocyte stimulatin hormone-stimulated B16F10 cells (IC50 = 37.9 ㎍/㎖). Conclusions: These results suggest that the fermented extract of Samultang has considerable protential as a cosmetic ingredient owing to its antioxidant, anti-wrinkle, and whitening effects.

Background : Heat stress induced from high temperature are known to crucially affecting on physiological properties and yield in Cnidium officinale. Methods and Results : The effect of foliar application of mixture including a urea, ascorbic acid and calcium chloride on high temperature injury of Cnidium officinale. Photosynthesis and leaf temperature in Cnidium officinale were investigated after cultivating for 24 hours at 35℃. Net photosyntheis rate, transpiration was measured at 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of photon flux density and leaf temperature was analyzed by thermal image. Net photosyntheis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in mixture traetment were 2 times of higher than in control. Water use efficience was not different significantly. Leaf temperature was lower in mixture treatment (25.3℃) than in control (29.0℃). Conclusion : This result show that foliar application of urea, ascorbic acid and calcium chloride was reducing a high temperature injury through a improving photosynthetical capacity and decreasing leaf temperature of Cnidium officinale.

Background : Management of air temperature are known to primarily affecting on physiological properties and yield in plant. Methods and Results : The effect of air temperature on characteristics of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in Cnidium officinal were investigated using growth chamber after cultivating for 24 hours under controlled condition. Net photosyntheis rate, transpiration was measured at 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of photon flux density and chlorophyll fluorescence was analyzed by OJIP method. Net photosyntheis rate was highest in treatment of 25℃. Although transpiration rate was lowest, water use efficience was also in treatment of 25℃. Stomatal conductance was mainly influenced from ambient climatric factors such as vapor pressure deficit. As results of chlorophyll fluorescence by OJIP analysis, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII), PIabs and the relative activities per reaction center such as ABS/RC, DIo/RC were not changed at air temperature. Therefore, elevated air temperatue during short term influence the dark reaction in photosystem through controlling a water use efficience and transpiration. Conclusion : This result show that 25℃ of air temperature may be a adequate temperature to improving the efficiency of photosynthesis in Cnidium officinale.

Background : Nasturtium officinale L. which is commonly known as watercress is aquatic perennial herb distributed to Europe, Asia, North and South America. It consist of various nutrients and beneficial compounds such as vitamin B and C, provitamin A, folic acid, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and minerals. Recent studies have demonstrated the biological properties that include antidiabets, antiinflammatory, antioxidative, and anticancer. In this study, the effects of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on growth and development, accumulation of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates were investigated in watercress. Methods and Results : Length of shoot and root, and fresh weight of whole plants were measured every weeks (1 to 3 weeks) after sowing. These were significantly affected by different LED lights. Normally, length of shoot and fresh weight of white- and blue-light-radiated watercress were less than those of red-light-radiated watercress. Contents of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates were investigated in watercress under different LEDs treatment by HPLC analysis. Six phenolic compounds including catechin hydrate, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-cinnamic acid, and kaempferol were detected. Also, eight glucosinolates that include four aliphatic glucosinolates (glucoiberin, gluconapoleiferin, glucosiberin, and glucohirsutin), three indolic glucosinolates (4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin), and one aromatic glusinolate (gluconasturtiin). Mostly, white light treatment led to the higher production of their compounds than those of red- and blue-radiated. Conclusion : It is concluded that different LED lights have effect on growth rates and secondary metabolites production. Red light caused vigorous growth of shoot and affected their fresh weights. In addition, the accumulation of each compounds was varied depending on light colours and time of harvest.

Background : Ginger has been extensively used in foods and traditional medicines in Asian countries. Despite its frequent consumption in daily life, the mechanism of potential interactions between ginger components-drug has not been examined. To elucidate the mechanism of governing the effects of 6-shogaol, a primary constituent of dried ginger, on human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes an incubation studies were carried out using pooled human liver microsome (HLM). Methods and Results : CYP isoenzyme specific substrate was incubated with multiple concentrations of inhibitor, HLM and cofactors. 6-shogaol showed a potent inhibitory effect on CYP2C9, CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 29.20, 20.68 and 18.78 μM respectively. To estimate the value of the inhibition constant (Ki) and the mode of inhibition, an incubation study with varying concentrations of each CYP isoenzyme-specific probe was performed. 6-shogaol inhibited CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 noncompetitively (Ki = 29.02 and 19.26 μM respectively), in contrast, the inhibition of CYP1A2 was best explained by competitive inhibition (Ki = 6.33 μM). Conclusions : These findings suggest that 6-shogaol may possess inhibitory effects on metabolic activities mediated by CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in humans.