본 연구에서는 시가독소 생성 대장균(STEC)을 검출하 기 위해 식품공전의 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)검사 법과 loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)를 비 교하였다. PCR 및 LAMP의 검출 한계(LOD) 및 정량화 한계(LOQ), 민감도, 특이성 및 효율성을 평가하기 위해 다 양한 식품에 STEC를 접종하였다. LOD는 PCR의 경우 104 CFU/mL 이하, LAMP의 경우 103 CFU/mL 이하로 측정되 었다. LOQ 값은 PCR과 LAMP 간에 차이가 없었다. 그러 나 4가지 식품군에서 민감도는 양념육이 최대 11.1%, 간 소고기가 최소 8.1% 차이가 났다. LAMP는 네 가지 음식 유형 모두에 대해 높은 민감도와 100% 특이도를 보였다. 따라서 LAMP는 식품 유형에 따라 검출률이 비슷하고 특 이도와 민감도가 식품공전 PCR보다 우수하기 때문에 STEC 에 대한 신뢰할 수 있는 분자 검출 방법이다.

Blockchain is an immutable ledger that records transactions and tracks assets using a common communication protocol. It stores a copy of the blockchain and implements a consensus function to verify transactions. Blockchain is applied to industries beyond finance, such as retail, to maintain security and transparency. Consumers with knowledge of blockchain technology are likely to be affected when evaluating products with blockchain embedded, impacting their product evaluation. The study investigates the impact of blockchain technology on consumers' product evaluation and how knowledge of blockchain and product quality moderate its effects.

In case of damaged spent fuels, it would require additional treatment for their transportation and storage to capture the radioactive fission products in a defined space. The canning container for the damaged spent fuels is one way to seal the radioactive fission products inside the container. In the Post Irradiation Examination Facility (PIEF) of KAERI, the Quiver container has been introduced for canning damaged spent fuels from Westinghouse Sweden. The main container body has been manufactured for particle-tightness of spent fuel. In addition, drying equipment is being prepared for gas-tightness of spent fuel. The drying equipment can remove water and fill the inert gas inside the container. Before drying inside the container, we evaluated the volatile fission products inventory because volatile fission products could be released during the drying process. Despite assuming highly conservative hypotheses for the inventory remaining in damaged fuel rods, the amount that could be released during the drying process was less and dose rate levels around the evacuation piping system were low.

This study was conducted to compare the quality characteristics of commercial tofu products from the market in Korea. Seventeen types of commercial tofu samples were taken and their physicochemical properties, including soluble solid contents, salinity, pH, total acidity and moisture (total solid contents), were analyzed. The hardness of tofu was negatively correlated with the moisture contents of tofu (r=－0.667**). The commercial tofu showed pH 5.80~6.24, total acidity of 0.016~0.034%, soluble solids of 1.50~3.45 °Brix, salinity of 1.20~2.30%, and moisture content of 79.91~87.57%, respectively. All 17 tofu samples sold in the Korean market were prepared using crude MgCl2 and sea water as a coagulant. The quality characteristics vary depending on the constituent’s of soybeans, and the ratio and amount of coagulants of tofu used. The origin of soybean seeds affected the yellowness of tofu; tofu made from imported soybean showed a higher b value than domestic soybean. These results are expected to be useful for understanding trends in the domestic tofu industry.

The introduction of the wholesalers system is being considered from various aspects in order to improve the problems of the listed auction system of wholesale corporations. The wholesalers system is a corporation that receives designation from the creator and purchases or consigns agricultural and fishery products to wholesale or broker sales, and has the advantage of reducing the distribution stage and distribution costs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the wholesalers system introduced to improve the problems of the listed auction system of wholesale corporations through a case study of market wholesalers handling fishery products.

We investigated the cytotoxic potential of three different commercially available absorbent feminine hygiene products and one transdermal patch using direct contact and extract exposure methods. Two different cell lines were used – mouse fibroblast L929 and normal human skin fibroblast CCD-986sk cell lines. The test samples were extracted using three different methods in accordance to International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Viability of cells was analyzed using MTT assay and morphology of the cells were also observed using phase contrast microscopy. Overall, the direct contact method using L929 cells showed that all the test samples had no toxic effect when exposed to extracts for 1 h. For the exposure method, no toxic effect was observed in both L929 and CCD986sk cells incubated with all the test samples regardless of the extraction methods used.

본 연구는 빙과류의 종류별로 미생물학적 안전성 평가를 수행하기 위하여 시중에 판매되고 있는 아이스크림의 종류별로 일반세균수를 측정하였다. 또한 냉동저장 중 아이스크림에서 미생물의 생존가능성을 확인하기 위하여 저장온도를 달리하여 S. aureus, B. cereus, L. monocytogenes 와 E. coli를 빙과류의 종류별로 각각 접종하여 저장기간에 따라 생균수를 측정하였다. 시판중인 빙과류 중 빙과 2제품과 비유지방아이스크림 1제품에서는 10 CFU/mL 이하 로 검출되었으며, 이외의 빙과류 제품에서는 1.04-2.10 log CFU/mL이 검출되었다. 측정한 16종의 빙과류 모두 식품공 전상의 세균수 기준 이하로 측정되어 빙과류에서의 미생물 오염수준이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 빙과류에 미생물을 접종 하여 각각 -5oC, -10oC, -18oC에 저장하여 주기적으로 생균 수를 측정한 결과 저장기간에 따라 모두 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 모든 저장조건에서 생균수가 감소하였으며 냉동저장 중에서는 온도가 높을수록 더 많은 미생물이 사멸하였다. 특히, 빙과제품에서는 -5oC에서 모든 균이 1~4주 이 내에 사멸하였는데 이는 빙과제품의 낮은 pH와 접종 후 냉동조건에서 생긴 빙결정들에 의한 것으로 사료된다. 냉동조건에서 미생물은 증식하지 않았으며 효소의 반응 또한 냉동온도에서는 매우 천천히 일어나기 때문에 맛의 변화는 장기간 저장해도 잘 일어나지 않을 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 빙과류의 유통기한에 있어서 저장 및 유통 온도가 잘 지켜진다면 미생물학적 안전성은 확보가 될 것으로 사료되며, 품질변화 중 조직감의 변화를 고려해야 한다. 빙과류의 유통기한에 관한 연구를 위해서 미생물학적 안전성뿐만 아니 라 유통 및 저장 중 온도변화에 따른 빙결정 생성과 같은 조직감의 변화와 지방산패 등 이화학적 분석을 포함한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

The objective of this study is to establish the shelf life of non-pasteurized whole egg, egg yolk and egg white liquid. Each sample was stored for two weeks at 5oC, 10oC, 15oC, and 25oC, and then sensory, microbial, and physicochemical tests were performed periodically. The estimation of shelf life was based on the microbial standards of total viable counts and coliforms. The chemical properties highly correlated with the sensory evaluation were also used. Our results showed that the shelf life was the most influenced by microbial properties. Exceptionally, however, whole egg and white liquid stored at 5oC and 10oC with limited bacterial growth were affected by chemical property. The shelf life of the three non-pasteurized liquids was calculated to be less than one day at over 15oC. At 5oC and 10oC, the shelf life was calculated to be 5 d and 1 d for egg yolk liquid, 5 d and 5 d for egg white, and 7 d and 5 d for whole egg, respectively. Therefore, it is advisable to establish reasonable shelf life in the more specific manner based on consideration of these findings.

The aim of this study was to evaluate pretreatment methods for 27 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in various sewage samples using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) and online solid-phase extraction with LC-MS/MS. Extraction efficiencies of PPCPs in the solid phase under different experimental conditions were evaluated, showing that the highest recoveries were obtained with the addition of sodium sulfate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dehydrate in acidified conditions. The recoveries of target compounds ranged from 91 to 117.2% for liquid samples and from 61.3 to 137.2% for solid samples, with a good precision. The methods under development were applied to sewage samples collected in two sewage treatment plants (STPs) to determine PPCPs in liquid and solid phases. Out of 27 PPCPs, more than 19 compounds were detected in liquid samples (i.e., influent and effluent) of two STPs, with concentration ranges of LOQ-33,152 ng/L in influents and LOQ-4,523 ng/L in effluents, respectively. In addition, some PPCPs such as acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, and ofloxacin were detected at high concentrations in activated sludge as well as in excess sludge. This methodology was successfully applied to sewage samples for the determination of the target compounds in STPs.

해양심층수는 수심 200 m보다 깊은 심층(深層)에 위치하고 있어 차가운 온도를 유지하고 있으며, 대장균 및 일반세균 등에 의해서도 오염 되지 않은 깨끗한 해수이다. 해양심층수는 산업적 가치가 높은 재생순환형 자원이기 때문에 이를 상업적으로 이용하기 위한 활동이 활발히 전개되고 있다. 해양심층수를 기존 식육가공품의 염지제 대체제로서, 최적인 해양심층수 처리수를 적용한 시제품을 일반 식육가공품 소세지와 비교하여 안전성과 품질특성, 미네랄 함량차이를 알아보았다. 이를 통하여 해양심층수의 염지액 대체제로서의 가능성을 검토하고 이를 이용하여 제작한 식육가공품의 품질을 검토한 결과, 안전성과 품질특성에서는 일반 식육가공품 소세지와 차이가 없었으나, 미네랄 함량은 해양심층수를 적용한 축산가공품이 더 높았다. 이를 통하여 해양심층수는 소금의 대체제와 청정미네랄로 그 활용도가 높아서 해양심층수를 이용한 새로운 식품시장이 크게 활성화될 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 식품공전 규격 검사에 의한 안전성 평가 시험방법을 이용하여 품질검사항목 분석에 의한 품질특성 평가 및 유통기한 경과에 의한 안정성을 검토하고, 시험군과 대조군간의 미네랄 함량 시험을 진행하여 그 함량을 비교, 분석한 결과 후속 연구를 통한 식품, 의약품 및 축산업에 다양하고 차별화된 식육가공품을 제조할 수 있는 가능성이 있다고 판단하였다.

We investigate how two concurrent multimodal sensory primes affect consumers’ evaluation of green products. More specifically, we study how an action of physical cleansing—which enables consumers to smell cleaning scents and offers them a sensation of physical cleanliness—influence their subsequent green detergent choices. Based on the theory of embodied cognition (Barsalou, 2008), we theorize that the two sensory inputs can simultaneously prime morality and cleaning effectiveness—two related yet different concepts—, which can be diagnostic for green product evaluations. The results of two studies show that both the cleaning effectiveness and the primed morality affect how consumers judge a green detergent. On the one hand, consumers infer how effective the detergent is from its scent strength and artificiality – the milder and the more natural the scent is perceived to be, the ―greener‖ and the less effective the detergent is judged to be compared to a regular, non-green alternative. On the other hand, the act of physical cleansing primes the sense of moral superiority of consumers relative to ―others.‖ The consumers who feel morally superior to others then underestimate how attractive the green detergent is going to be to ―other consumers‖ in the market (i.e., to the rest of the market). Our research contributes to both the psychophysiology and the green marketing literature. Regarding the former, we demonstrate a novel multisensory interaction effect by investigating how the brain deals with two competing primed concepts at the same time. Regarding the latter, our findings explain why making people feel moral does not always promote green or ethical consumption (Khan & Dhar, 2006; Mazar & Zhong, 2010). Apart from the account of moral licensing, we further identify that self-based green choices are largely utilitarian and driven by a pragmatic self-interest rather than by morality.

In the past, scholars and policy makers have tried to educate as well as incentivize practices like recycling to avoid reduce landfill stocks and create new objects from past used materials. Such products have been commercialized more and more by big brands (i.e. Adidas and Levi’s) and by famous fashion designers (i.e. Stella McCartney). While more academic literature has focused on drivers for consumers’ motivations to engage in recycling activities, there has been little research investigating consumers’ underlying psychological factors to favour recycled products over standard ones. In this study we address this issue by experimentally testing consumer evaluation and intention to adopt recycled products through an implicit theory – or mind-sets-framework on. In a set of three studies we demonstrate how consumers holding and incremental mind-set – who believe that trait like intelligence, morality or personality are malleable and transformable over time – are more keen top adopt products made of recycled materials. In contrasts, individuals with an entity mind-set – who instead believe human traits are fixed and non-mutable- are more sceptical to embrace such products. In Experiment 1 we demonstrated that the chronic incremental mind set of individuals influences their intention to acquire a recycled – over a non-recycled – coffee mug. In Experiment 2, we demonstrate through a laboratory experiment that this preference for products made out of recycled materials is stable in individual with an incremental min-set – over their entity min-set counterpart – even below the liminal attention threshold. Finally, in Experiment 3 we demonstrate that by attributing the merit of the transformation in a different object to qualities that are embedded in the materials used (rather than to the process to transform them) can make recycled products more appealing also to individuals with an entity mind-set. The results of these studies contribute to the literature on implicit theory by investigating another area in consumer psychology (intention to adopt recycled products) so far unexplored. On a managerial point of view, this study suggests how highlighting the effort spent by a company in creating the product can attract consumer (especially incremental theorists) to intend to buy the product, while highlighting the qualities of the material used can attract more entity theorists.

This study tried to investigate the difference of the legibility in different age groups (young and old) with same near visual acuity and to provide preliminary guidelines for the text sizes in the pesticides products based on the legibility experiments. To achieve the objective, legibility evaluation experiments were conducted to test the effects of different age(20s, 50-60s), gender, font type(thick gothic-type and fine gothic-type), thickness (plain and bold), and number of syllables(2 and 3 syllables) in the same near visual acuity(0.6). The results showed that legibility 50s was higher than 20s. And 20s are appealed higher discomfort than 50s. Considering these experimental results, it was recommended that the 14 pt or larger characters (100% readable size) should be used the important information such as toxicity, and the minimum character size was 7 pt (50% readable size) for other information.

한약추출 부산물의 영양 성분과 사료 가치 평가를 위해 일반성분, 미네랄 조성과 아미노산을 정량 분석 하였으며, 폴리페놀 함량과 플라보노이드 함량 그리고 항산화 활성에 대한 상대 정량 분석을 하였다. 시험에 사용한 10가지 한약추출 부산물은 인삼(Ginseng radix alba), 백복령(Hoelen), 감초(Glycyrrhizae radix), 당귀(Angelicae gigantis radix), 천궁(Cnidii rhizoma), 작약(Paeoniae radix), 황기(Astragali radix), 생강(Zingiberis rhizoma crudus), 대추(Ziziphi fructus), 진피(Aurantii nobilis pericarpium)로서 한약재 중 빈번하게 사용하는 약재이다. 한약추출 부산물의 화학적 조성을 살펴보면 조단백질 함량은 2.02%~19.71% 수준이며, 조섬유소 함량은 5.71%~30.33%, NDF 함량은 12.13%~83.41%이며, 분석 결과 한약추출 부산물간의 차이가 심했다. 한약추출 부산물의 수분, 조단백질, ADF, NDF, Ca, P, 라이신과 메치오닌 평균 수치는 각각 7.78%, 10.01%, 26.44%, 55.44%, 0.39%, 0.32%, 0.45%, 0.12%였다. 조단백질 함량은 백복령을 제외하고 한약추출 부산물이 평균 10.01%이고, 펩신 소화율의 평균은 68.17%로 볏짚, 옥수수 사일리지보다 높았다. 시험에 사용된 한약추출 부산물의 미네랄 조성 중 Ca과 P의 함량은 농후사료나 조사료와 같은 단미재료(볏짚, 옥수수) 보다 높았으며, 독성 중금속인 Cd, Pb 그리고 As는 모두 검출되지 않았다. 한약추출 부산물의 폴리페놀 함량, 플라보노이드 함량, 항산화 활성이 높은 수준 이였다. 그 중 폴리페놀 함량은 진피, 플라보노이드 함량은 당귀, 항산화 활성은 작약에서 가장 높은 수치를 보였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 한약추출 부산물들은 반추동물 사료로서 사용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.