2021년 이후 2년간 전 세계에서 모두 26억 건의 개인정보유출 피해가 발생했는데, 이는 10년 전인 2013년과 비교할 때 3배 이상 증가한 수치 라고 한다. 우리나라 또한 2020년 8월 이후 3년 동안 유출된 개인정보 건수가 6,505만 2,2232건에 달할 정도로 개인정보의 침해 사례가 많이 발생하였다. 이로 인하여 기업들은 자신들의 책임문제가 대두되어 고객의 개인정보를 적극적으로 수집·분석하여 마케팅에 활용하지 못하고 있다. 이 에 기업들은 관련 법률에 정보주체의 권리를 명확하게 설정하여 책임 범위 를 예측하여 고객들의 개인정보를 적극적으로 활용할 수 있도록 해 줄 것 을 요구하였으며, 고객들 또한 관련 법률에 그들의 권리를 명시하여 자신들 의 개인정보를 보호받기를 원하고 있다. 물론 우리나라는 2011년 개인정 보호법의 제정, 2020년 데이터3법의 개정 그리고 2023년 3월 14일 공포 되어 2023년 9월 15일 시행하는 개인정보보호법의 개정을 통해 정보주체 의 권리를 강화하기는 하였지만 여전히 미흡하다. 이에 이 논문에서는 2018년 5월부터 적용되는 EU의 일반 데이터 보호 규칙상 정보주체의 권리를 우리나라 개인정보보호법상 정보주체의 권리와 비교 검토를 통해 개선방안을 마련하고자 하였다. 그 결과 개인정보보호법 상 개인정보 열람권, 개인정보 전송권, 개인정보의 정정·삭제권, 개인정보 의 처리 제한권, 자동화된 결정에 대한 정보주체의 권리 및 이의제기권 관 련하여 일부 규정을 도입할 필요가 있다고 보고 그에 대한 개선방안을 제 시하였다.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an interdisciplinary subject based on computer science and has a history of more than 70 years. With the development of social industries, various service needs are developing rapidly, and AI is also playing a huge role in the application field of big data. This paper focuses on the analysis and application of AI in the subject classification system for high school students. The subject classification system adopts the characterization of subjects that a country have; and the amount of information data is huge. Different countries set up different subject systems according to the needs of social structure. In 2013, Qingdao Warwick International Education College (Warwick College) and Korean wisemento Co., Ltd. (Wisemento company) spent 4 years jointly researching and completing an analysis and assessment system suitable for Chinese subject classification system. Follow the subject and professional scoring method, the assessment system scientifically calculates trend scores and interacts with potential and career models to find the subject development direction, professional trend, future potential development direction, subject and career direction that are suitable for students. It provides trend data suitable for students’ subject development, provides scientific basis for students’ course selection, helps students understand themselves, and provides students with targeted career education development directions for subjects and careers. The education resources can be utilized effectively; student individual data also provides a basis for the management of education and teaching.

이 글은 웹소설 <소녀, 홍길동>(2019)에 나타난 남장 서사를 중심으로 고전소설의 남장 서사 주체와 비교를 통해 우리 시대의 주체성에 대해 진단하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 지금까지 로맨스 웹소설 연구에서는 로맨 스 장르의 문제성이나 웹소설의 상업성과 통속성을 폭로하는 것이 대부분이었다. 이 글은 주체성의 측면에 서 바라보았을 때 시대정신과 관련해 변화된 부분이 더 중요하다고 생각했다. 그래서 작품 속 남장 서사를 고전소설의 것과 비교해본 결과, 남장이 로맨스를 조장하는 수단으로 활용되고 있으며 무엇보다 욕망을 은폐시킨 주체의 모습을 발견할 수 있었다. 이런 로맨스 웹소설의 낭만적 사랑은 기존 로맨스 소설의 문법을 일정 부분 따르면서도, 조금 다른 방식으로 로맨스를 형상화한 것이다. 기존 로맨스에서는 완벽한 ‘나’를 찾으려는 욕망이 내재해 있고, 이것은 진정성의 주체를 생산한다. 그러나 <소녀, 홍길동>에는 이러한 시도들이 부재하며, 오로지 상대방의 욕망 안으로 주인공의 욕망이 한정되기에 사랑‘만’을 읊조리는 유아 적이고 자폐적인 주체, 즉 ‘포스트-진정성’의 주체가 생산되었다. ‘포스트-진정성’의 주체는 환상성에 기대 고 있고, 이 환상은 생존을 중시하는 사회와 속물주의에 근원하고 있다. 이에 필자는 웹소설 장르가 환상성 이 아닌 상상력을 기반으로 한 새로운 주체 생산으로 가야할 것을 제안했다. 그것은 유목적 주체로, ‘타자 되기’를 통해 미래에 다가올 시대에 발맞춰 K-서사의 올바른 방향을 설정할 수 있으리라 본다.

Background: Problem-based learning (PBL) is presented as a superior teaching method compared to existing lecture-based learning. Objectives: To analyzed the effectiveness of creative problem-solving competency, class participation, and self-efficacy in physical therapy students after PBL. Design: Questionnaire design. Methods: This study involved 29 physical therapy students and analyzed changes in their creative problem-solving competency, class participation, and self-efficacy and the correlations between these measurement variables before and after PBL on the “Therapeutic Exercise & Practice” subject. Results: PBL in the musculoskeletal exercise therapy-related subject significantly improved class participation and self-efficacy (P<.05) compared to conventional lecture-based learning, but there was no significant difference in creative problem-solving competency. There was also a positive correlation between a higher level of class participation and higher self-efficacy (P<.05). Conclusions: PBL in the “Therapeutic Exercise & Practice” subject in the Department of Physical Therapy can be an effective educational strategy to increase students’ class participation and self-efficacy. Accordingly, instructors in this department should systematically construct the design of PBL curricula to improve the quality of educational content.

When exporting nuclear-related items, export control is required from two perspectives: the control of “Trigger List Items” as controlled by Nuclear Supplier Groups (NSG) and the control of the “Items Subject to the Agreement” as specified in bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreements. While Trigger List Items and Items Subject to the Agreement are largely similar, there are some items where they do not overlap. Furthermore, national law for controlling each item is different. The Trigger List Items are governed by the Foreign Trade Act, and the Items Subject to the Agreement (Internationally Controlled Items) are governed by the Nuclear Safety Act. As a result, the detailed procedures and requirements for controlling each item are quite distinct. For the Trigger List Items, export license must be obtained in accordance with the Foreign Trade Act. The details such as responsible authority, the items subject to license, license requirements and procedures, penalties are specified in the Public Notice on Import and Export of Strategic Goods. For the Items Subject to the Agreement, the process and obligations set forth in bilateral agreements and related administrative agreements are fulfilled in accordance with the Nuclear Safety Act. However, in contrast to the Trigger List Items, the details for complying with the agreements are not specified legally. Since most of the Items Subject to the Agreement are fall within the category of the Trigger List Items, the obligations in accordance with the agreements are reviewed and implemented during the export license assessment process. However, if the Items Subject to the Agreement are not are fall within the category of the Trigger List Items, there is a risk of control omission. For example, this applies to cases of exporting tritium and tritium removal facilities, which are not the Trigger List Items, to Canada and Romania. Moreover, since subjects to the agreement and compliance procedures are respectively different for 29 bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreements signed with different countries, it is difficult for enterprise to recognize the appropriate procedures and obligations under the agreement by their own. The bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreements establish legal obligations between state parties while NSG are non-legally binding arrangements. Therefore, it could be even more necessary to comply strictly with the agreements. Consequently, legal improvements are required for effective implementations of Nuclear Cooperation Agreements. While it may be challenging to institutionalize details of 29 Nuclear Cooperation Agreements, it is essential to legally specify key elements such as the list of items subject to agreements, responsible authority, requirements and procedures for implement the agreement obligations, and penalties. Furthermore, domestic awareness on compliance with Nuclear Cooperation Agreements is lower compared to the system of export license for Trigger List Items. The continuous outreach is also necessary, along with institutional improvements.

근자에 헌법기관인 중앙선거관리위원회를 둘러싸고 2가지 쟁점이 문제가 되고 있다. 중앙선거관리위원회를 비롯한 선거관리위원회의 정치적 편향성 문 제 그리고 친인척 특혜채용과 관련한 내부 비위 문제에 대하여 감사원이 선 거관리위원회를 직무감찰할 수 있는지 여부가 바로 그것이다. 민주적 선거제도의 구현과 국민의 참정권의 완전한 실현을 위해서는 선 거관리를 담당하는 선거관리위원회의 정치적 중립성 유지가 무엇보다 중요 하다. 현행 헌법 시행 이후 비교적 정치적 중립성 유지를 잘 해왔던 선거 관리위원회가 2010년 이후 공고화된 양당 체제에 따른 정치적 대립의 격 화 등 다양한 요인으로 인하여 정치적 중립성을 유지하지 못하고 정부와 여당에 우호적인 편향성을 빈번하게 드러냈었는데 2017년 문재인 정부 출 범 이후 이러한 편향적 경향은 짙어져 여러 차례 정치문제로 비화되었다. 이러한 정치적 편향성 문제에 더하여 2023년에는 선거관리위원회 전·현직 공무원의 친인척 특혜채용 의혹이 불거져 사회적으로 큰 문제가 되었다. 그리하여 선거관리위원회의 친인척 특혜채용 의혹에 대하여 감사원이 직무 감찰에 나서야 한다는 여론이 강하게 제기되어 중앙선거관리위원회가 감사 원 직무감찰 대상기관에 해당되는지 여부가 법적 쟁점으로 부각되었다. 본 논문에서는 중앙선거관리위원회가 정치적 편향성을 드러내는 구조적 원 인이 중앙선거관리위원회 위원 9인 중 8인을 비상임으로 하고 대통령이 임명 하는 위원 중 1인을 상임위원으로 호선하는데 있음을 논증하였고 여기에 현직 대법관이 위원장으로 호선되어 중앙선거관리위원회 위원장을 겸직하는 오랜 관행도 중앙선거관리위원회 정치적 편향성에 간접적으로 원인제공을 한다는 점을 살펴보았다. 그리하여 중앙선거관리위원회 위원 전원을 상임직으로 전환 하는 동시에 대법원장이 대법관을 역임한 자를 중앙선거관리위원회 위원으로 지명하고 해당 피지명자를 위원장으로 호선하는 개선방안을 제시하였다. 한 편, 중앙선거관리위원회가 감사원의 직무감찰 대상기관에 해당하는지는 헌법의 문리적 해석, 역사적 배경, 선거관리위원회가 담당하는 사무의 법적 성격, 기능적 권력분립주의 등을 고려할 때 직무감찰 대상기관으로 볼 수 없음을 논 증하였으며 선거관리위원회의 내부적 비위나 직무태만 등에 대하여는 중앙선 거관리위원회의 내부적 감찰 활동에 우선 맡기고 내부적 통제가 미흡한 경우 국회나 수사기관 등에 의한 외부적 통제를 고려해야 함을 개선방안으로 제시 하였다.

A bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (NCA) should define what is subject to the agreement and when. Nuclear Materials (NM) are the subject of NCA with almost all countries, and the definition used in these agreements is borrowed from Article 20 of the IAEA Charter. The IAEA’s definition of NM as consisting of special fissionable material and source material and describes the types of material each contains. In order to control the export of NM under national laws and implement NCA, not only the types of NM but also quantitative criteria are required. This is because controlling small quantities of NM is impossible, unnecessary, and would create excessive administrative burdens. For this reason, the NSG guidelines establish a quantitative threshold of NM requiring control. Nevertheless, no quantitative thresholds have been agreed upon for NM subject to a NCA. Whether NM transferred is subject to the NCA is primarily a matter for the supplier states to determine. The supplier states make the decision based on quantitative criteria defined in their own export control laws. ROK identifies NM that require export licenses by reflecting the same criteria as the NSG guidelines in Foreign Trade Laws and its Notifications. Less than 500 kg of Natural Uranium, 1,000 kg of Depleted Uranium, 1,000 kg of Thorium, and 50 effective grams of special fissionable materials do not require an export license and is therefore not subject to NCA. In the US, the quantitative threshold for requiring an export license is different from that of ROK. For example, special fissionable materials that are not Pu are required if the individual shipment exceed 1 effective gram or 100 effective grams per year. The difference in the quantitative thresholds for NM between the two countries mean that the same item may be subject to NCA under US standards, but not under ROK’s. For example, the export of 8 grams of highly enriched uranium (93%) contained in a neutron detector would not be subject to the NCA in ROK, but would be considered NM subject to a NCA and required a special license in the US. Of course, in order to ensure the application of safeguards and physical protection to all NM transferred between the two countries, the agreement may not include a quantitative threshold for NM. However, the absence of such a threshold can lead to different conclusions by the two countries on the same item and make it challenging to control retransfers. The definition of quantitative standards will be necessary in the supplementary administrative arrangement for the practical control and management of NM subject to the NCA.

본고는 국내 대학 중국 관련 학과의 교육 목표와 교육 현황을 이해하고 향후 발전 방향을 예측하고자 각 학과의 교과 과정 및 학과명에 관한 분석을 진행하였다. 편성 교과목 비율에 있어서 중국어 언어 교육이 가장 많은 비중을 차지하였고, 그 뒤로 ‘문화’, ‘문학’, ‘중국학’, ‘어학’의 순으로 높은 비중을 나타냈다. 다양한 융합교과목이 편성되어 있으며 대학 소재 지역에 따른 교과목 편성 차이도 존재했다. 2000년에 조 사된 교과목 현황과 비교해 볼 때, ‘중국어실습’, ‘문화’, ‘중국학’ 관련 교과목은 양적 증가를 보인 반면 ‘문학’, ‘어학’ 교과목은 감소한 경향을 보였다. 교과목 성격을 보면 개론성 교과목의 수가 줄어들고 특성화, 전문화된 교과목이 늘어났다. 학과명에 있어 서는 현재까지도 ‘중어중문학과’라는 명칭이 가장 많이 사용되고 있지만, 이전에 비 해 학과명 사용의 편중성이 줄어들고 다양화가 실현되었다. 학과명은 지역에 따른 경향성이 뚜렷하며 교과 과정과도 긴밀한 관련성을 보였다. 이전에 비해 학과명의 균형성, 다양화, 복합화, 특성화의 특징이 두드러졌는데, 이는 학과의 교육 목표와 발 전 방향이 다양해지고 특성화를 추구하는 변화의 추세가 반영된 것으로 보인다.

The main purpose of the Bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreement is to obtain the prior consent of suppliers in the case of peaceful use of items covered by the agreement, application of IAEA safeguards, reprocessing, enrichment or transfer to a third country. Reports on inventory changes and status for mutually transferred obligated items should be exchanged annually. According to the Agreement, items subject to bilateral agreement information must be exchanged with each other prior to direct or indirect transfer of controlled items. And the importing country proceeds with prior confirmation. After that, upon receipt of the target item, shipment notification and shipment confirmation are made, and an annual report on the target item is made. Such as the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), annual reporting and management of obligated items are made centered on institutions that use a lot of nuclear materials. But there are cases of delays in the agreement work due to the implementation, and discrepancies in data are occurring in the process of checking inventory details of obligated items. In addition, it was difficult to check the inventory of items subject to the agreement and the status of Export and Import status online, making it impossible for managers to monitor all aspects of bilateral agreements. Currently, there is generated to inconsistent in information between the annual report and the international transfer report in terms of Export and Import control. To solve these problems, KAERI is aim of promoting transparency in the international nuclear power sector and enhancing national reliability. And It is planning to establish an Export and Import management system for items subject to bilateral. In order to ensure the accuracy, it is going to enhance the efficiency of management methods such as new registration for new institutions when exporting and Importing items. This has the ultimate purpose of improving the efficiency of the implementation of the agreement items through the systemization of the database of agreement items and the management of the implementation of the agreement based on the sincere and timely implementation of the agreement.

Under the bilateral nuclear cooperation agreements (NCA) and its administrative arrangement (AA), Korea annually exchanges the inventory of subject items (including nuclear materials (NM), non-nuclear materials, equipment, and related information) with US, Canada and Australia. Also, the government performs export control procedures such as notification or prior consent during importing and exporting of relevant items. It makes NCA a means of realizing the nuclear non-proliferation regime. However, it raises difficulties in management because the entity that uses and treats those items are end-user, not the authorities of AA, the government agency of each country. Accordingly, to increase the accuracy and effectiveness of item management at the national level, it is required to establish a system for the individual company that has the NCA items, considering the characteristics of each company. In this study, significant companies are classified into more than three types, and the management system of the items subject to the agreement is analyzed. Each company’s item management status has different characteristics depending on its role (position) within the entire nuclear fuel cycle, the type of facility, its possessed items, the main form of national trade, and the frequency of domestic movement. Those differences lead to diversity in the management systems currently owned by each company. For example, from the perspective of nuclear materials, institutions requiring bulk management have systematically organized their management system and obligation code program compared to the ‘item institutions’ that can track batch history for all facility inventory changes. Although Domestic law imposes only the duty of origin management on NMs, fuel manufacturers or research institutes have established their standard obligation codes to manage multiple obligations. The non-nuclear materials and equipment can be easily tracked and controlled by individual items. However, the management of NCA items is a complicated task involving various processes, from importing goods to using, storing, managing inventory change, selling to others, or fulfilling the obligations of AA when exporting. In particular, when the movement of items within a company or international trade occurs frequently, or when the end-users are diverse, the management difficulties increase. So a system that can accurately convey and track items subject to the AA is needed. In addition, since various entities are related, it is necessary to improve understanding of NCA items to increase the system’s utilization and effectiveness. The comparison result and requirement for system improvement based on the review above will be reflected in the history management system for items subject to NCA under development.

The ROK conducts several export procedures, communications in connection with transfers; exchange of information on export plan, shipments, and receipt of nuclear materials, in accordance with bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreements (NCA) and Administrative Arrangements (AA) signed with US, Canada, and Australia. Also, the inventory amount of items subject to NCA has reported annually. This study reviewed the export procedures and management methods for spent nuclear fuel subject to NCA. The re-transfer procedures start with obtaining consent from the original exporting country. It is impossible to retransfer nuclear material without consent, whether long-term or individual case-bycase. If the material has multiple obligations, prior consent from all of those countries is required. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the foreign obligated materials correctly. In general, nuclear fuel is subject to multiple obligations of all countries through which the materials have passed during the front-end fuel cycle. Then the new obligations are imposed on those irradiated materials or their by-products after ‘used-in’ or ‘produced through the use of ’ equipment subject to NCA. For example, fuel assemblies manufactured under CANDU fuel fabrication equipment subject to ROK-Canada NCA or burned in nuclear reactors where US equipment is installed have obligations based on Canada or US agreements. In order to impose obligation to irradiated materials, the principle of proportionality is applied as stipulated in each Agreement. According to the AA between US and ROK, nuclear materials used in the equipment transferred under the Agreement and produced through them are differently controlled. After the cycle in the reactor with US-made equipment, uranium in the irradiated fuel is considered a material used in the equipment. So it would be appropriate to apply obligation proportionality according to its origin, regardless the US-made equipment. Meanwhile, the obligation under US NCA is given to the entire amount of produced plutonium in the irradiated fuel. Although the contribution to the production of fuel is to be discussed case-by-case basis in the case of Canadian obligation, applying a similar method is proper. Since the fuel is burned in the form of bundles or assemblies, it is impossible to separate the spent fuel into uranium and plutonium physically. However, as discussed above, to clarify the rights and obligations pursuant to Agreement and ensure accuracy in inventory management, the obligation codes should be imposed on irradiated fuel as not a single item but separated individual substance of materials. Moreover, when an obligation swap occurs for the irradiated fuel, its movement and combustion history should be considered to prevent confusion in confirming multiple obligations and implementing export procedure.

In April 2015, the government of the Republic of Korea and the United States of America signed a new Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (NCA). Subsequently, in April 2016, the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC) of the ROK and the Department of Energy (DOE) of the US signed the Administrative Agreement (AA) under the new Nuclear Cooperation Agreement. Accordingly, when Korea imports items subject to the Korea-US agreement, it is required to determine the inventory of imported agreement items and notify the United States of the inventory amount every year. In addition, when re-exporting an agreement item to a third country, prior consent of the original exporting country (USA) must be obtained. Nuclear companies that import items subject to the Korea-US Atomic Energy Cooperation Agreement must report their inventory to the government every year, but the standards and procedures for managing the inventory are not clearly stipulated in the national law. This makes it difficult for the government to verify the adequacy of the report submitted by nuclear companies, adding to the administrative burden on both the government and the companies. Accordingly, it is required for the government to establish and operate a system for history management system for import and export items subject to the agreement so that related information can be recorded and managed at each stage, such as first import of items to Korea, generation, disposal, and exports to third countries. This system provides history management functions such as initial import information record for items imported through import/export procedures according to administrative agreements, change of owned company due to domestic movement, deletion of inventory due to loss/disposal, deletion of inventory due to export or addition of inventory due to derived materials. Through this system, operators can easily manage agreement items, and the government can obtain reliable information on agreement items in close to real-time. In addition, when this system applies to exports of items subject to the agreement, the number of items subject to the agreement exported by Korea can be provided first so that the importing country can more quickly check the items subject to the agreement. It is expected to contribute to securing control of the items subject to the agreement and reducing concerns over nuclear proliferation.

The Nuclear Safety Act defines items defined in nuclear cooperation agreements with each country as internationally regulated materials and requires that import and export procedures be implemented according to each agreement. In particular, the US, Canada, and Australia, which are major nuclear power suppliers, describe detailed procedures related to imports and exports in administrative agreements attached to the agreement. This paper compares and analyzes the import and export procedures of agreed items in the three major countries and proposes procedures and precautions that nuclear companies should follow for smooth import and export. The import/export procedure, according to the annexed administrative agreement, is divided mainly into Direct-transfer, Indirect-transfer, and Re-transfer. Direct transfer refers to direct import and export between countries that have signed an agreement. The four-step process of prior notice, written confirmation, shipment notice, and receipt confirmation is commonly required for direct transfer. However, in the case of Canada, if the previously related information is the same, the shipping notification and receipt confirmation procedure may be omitted. Australia only defines items included in the notification without a separate form in the administrative agreement. Indirect transfer means transferring items originating from the other two countries that signed the agreement through a third country. All three countries stipulate that item transferred by indirect transfer are also subject to the agreement, and Canada stipulates separate advance notifications and shipping notifications for indirect transfer. Australia manages indirect transfers by including information from third countries in the exchange-related information between the two countries. The US does not have a specific procedure for indirect transfer, but it is presumed that it was omitted because it was difficult to confirm the time of shipment when the US exports through a third country. Re-transfer is a procedure to obtain consent from the original exporting country in advance when exporting items held in Korea to a third country. There are two types of consent based on re-transfer, the long-term consent method, and the individual case-by-case method. Long-term consent is a method of long-term consent for re-transfer to an agreed-upon country by agreeing in advance on a list of countries where re-transfer is possible. In the long term, the procedure will be reflected in domestic laws in detail and managed through an IT-based management system so that operators can smoothly implement such complex import and export procedures.

Background: Gluteus medius muscle is important for the stability of hip joint. The sufficient core stability can be contributed to the performance of gluteus medius muscle in standing position. In addition, the external support may affect core stability in standing position. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigated the effectiveness of the external support on the strength and muscle activity of hip abductor muscle during hip abduction in standing position in subjects without core stability. Methods: Fifteen subjects participated in this study. The subjects were evaluated by using the double-leg lowering with bent knees to measure the core stability. The strength and muscle activity of hip abductors was measured in standing position with the condition with and without external support using the tensiometer sensor and the surface electromyography. The paired t-test was used to investigate the difference between hip abductor strength and activity according to external support. The level of statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. Results: The hip abductor strength and muscle activity of gluteus medius muscle with external support were significantly greater than those without external support during hip abduction in standing position (p < 0.05). Conclusion: During hip abduction in standing position, the external support may be contributed to the improvement of the hip abductor strength and muscle activity of gluteus medius especially in the subjects without core stability.

이 글은 2025년부터 순차적으로 적용될 2022 개정 교육과정안과 중등교원 양성체제 개편안에서 한문과와 관련된 내용들을 살펴보고, 그간 한문과에서 제안된 사항을 포함하여 향후 시급히 결정되어야 할 과제들을 점검해 본 것이다. 2022 개정 교육과정 편제안에서 가장 주목되는 점은 현행 고등학교 수업량의 기준이 되는 ‘단위’ 를 ‘학점’으로 전환하는 ‘학점 기반 교육과정’을 도입하겠다는 것과 ‘고교학점제’ 도입을 통해 모든 학생의 개별 성장 및 진로 연계 교육이 가능하도록 하겠다는 ‘교과목 재구조화’라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 현행 180단위에서 174학점으로 감소하는 교과 수업시수를 어떻게 조정하느냐가 쟁점이 될 것인데, 수십 개 교과가 묶여있는 ‘생활･교양’ 영역의 경우, 최소 16학점을 유지할 수 있도록 요구하여야 한다. 또한 ‘공통과목’ 개설이 어려울 경우를 대비하여 ‘일반’, ‘융합’, ‘진로’로 이루어진 ‘선택 과목’을 정교하게 구조화하는 것도 중요하며, ‘공동교육과정’이나 ‘학교 밖 교육’ 제도를 적극적으로 활용할 수 있도록 준비하여야 한다. 아울러 학점제형 내신평가제는 대학 입시와 직결되므로, 이것이 한문과에 어떤 영향을 끼칠지도 면밀히 검토해야 한다. ‘한문과 교육과정’의 경우, 교과의 성격과 목표, 교육환경의 변화 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 교과 역량을 도출하고, 내용체계와 성취기준을 재설정하는 한편 이를 실현할 수 있는 교수·학습 방법을 제시할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 다교과 역량 함양과 교원양성기관 특성화를 명분으로 한 교원양성체제 개편안은 소인수과목의 전문성을 훼손할 뿐만 아니라 존립을 위태롭게 할 수도 있으므로 적극적인 대응이 필요하다.

Background: The myofascial release technique is known to be an effective technique for increasing posterior fascia flexibility in short hamstring syndrome (SHS) subjects. But therapeutic mechanism of myofascial relaxation remains unclear. Recently, the theory of autonomic nervous system domination has been raised, however, a proper study to test the theory has not been conducted. Objectives: To investigate whether the application of the myofascial release technique can induce changes in the autonomic nervous system and affect the secretion of stress hormones and myofascial relaxation. Design: Quasi-experimental study. Methods: Twenty-four subjects with SHS were randomly divided into two groups. In the experimental group, the suboccipital muscle inhibition (SMI) technique was applied to the subjects for 4 min in supine position, and in the control group, the subjects were lying in the supine position only. A forward flexion distance (FFD) was conducted, blood pressure, heart rate, and cortisol levels were measured before and after the intervention and 30 min after intervention to determine myofascial relaxation and stress hormone levels. The evaluation was conducted separately in blind by an evaluator. Results: A FFD decreased in the experimental group, no change in cortisol was observed. On the contrary, a decrease in cortisol appeared in the control group after 30 minutes. Conclusion: The myofascial release technique is an effective treatment to increase the range of motion through posterior superior myofascial chain, but there is no evidence that myofascial release technique can control the autonomic nervous system.

본고는 코로나19 사태로 인해 갑작스럽게 시행한 2020년 1학기 한시 전공 온라인 수업 방식을 되돌아보고 개선방안을 모색하였다. 필자는 온라인 원격수업은 대면 수업과 달리 학생들의 반응을 현장감 있게 확인할 수 없고, 학생들과의 의사소통에 제한이 있으며, 각종 프로그램의 활용을 위한 노력이 필요하다는 점을 체감했다. 그 과정에서 무엇보다도 온라인 원격수업에서 학생들을 집중시키는 방법이 중요함을 느꼈다. 이에 본 연구를 통해 온라인 원격수업에서도 학생들의 능동적이고 자기주도적인 학습 참여, 교수자와 학생들 간의 원활하고 활발한 의사소통, 주의력과 흥미를 높이는 학습 콘텐츠 활용 등이 학습능률을 높이는 수업의 핵심요소임을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 한시는 음악적 요소(운율)와 회화적 요소(심상)가 돋보이는 문학 장르라는 점에서 다양한 디지털 자료들을 적극적으로 활용한 수업 방법은 학습효과를 높여주었다. 이를 통해 학생들이 한시 를 흥미롭게 느끼고 그 정서적 요소(분위기)까지 공감하게 되면, 의미적 요소(주제, 생각, 사상 등)에 대해서도 이해력이 깊어짐을 실감할 수 있었다. 또한 온라인 원격수업에서도 학생들이 작품을 직접 번역해 보고, 적극적으로 느낌과 감상을 얘기해 보고, 그것이 나의 삶과 오늘날 세상에 어떤 의미가 있는지 생각해 보고, 이러한 학습활동을 학생 간에 나눌 수 있도록 교수자가 도와주는 것이 중요하다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 이와 같은 점들을 고려하여 온라인 원격수업을 한시 교육 방법의 창의적인 전환의 계기로 삼는다면, 한시의 풍부한 예술성과 다양한 문학 콘텐츠들이 오늘날 대학생들에게 더 가까이 다가갈 수 있으리라 기대한다.

인공지능 및 머신러닝도 소프트웨어의 일종이므로 미국의 소프트웨어 발명의 특허적격 관련 판결들을 참고할만하다. Alice 판결 이후 미국 CAFC는 컴퓨터 관련 발명에 대한 특허 적격성을 부정하는 다수의 판결들을 내렸으나, 반대로 특허 적격성을 긍정한 판결들도 있다. 머신러닝의 특수성을 감안하여 특허적격을 검토하기 위해서, 학습 데이터, 학습 알고리즘 및 학습완료 모델로 나누어 살펴본다. 먼저 학습데이터 관련하여, 데이터 그 자체만으로는 특허적격을 인정받기 어렵지만 데이터 간의 구조적 상호관계가 정의되어 이로 인해 컴퓨터가 특정한 기능을 수행할 수 있다면 이는 컴퓨터 프로그램에 준하여 볼 수 있다. 학습 알고리즘에 관하여서는, 최근 미국의 하급심에서 그 발명이 특정 분야나 응용과 관계가 없고 단지 기계를 통한 데이터의 실행일 뿐이어서 일반적인 추상적 개념이라는 이유로 특허적격을 부정한 사례가 있다. 또한 학습완료 모델은 학습 알고리즘에 기반하여 구체적인 학습 데이터를 이용해 학습이 완료되어 파라미터가 조정된 결과이므로, 학습 알고리즘과 유사하게 특허적격성 문제를 판단 할 수 있다고 보인다. 다만, 학습이 완료된 경우는 특정한 기술분야에 인공지능을 구체적으로 접목시킨 경우가 많을 것으로 예상된다. 우리나라의 경우 아직 인공지능 발명의 특허적격이 문제된 사례가 없는 것으로 보이고, 특허청의 심사기준에도 인공지능 발명의 성립성에 구체적인 기준이 없다. 특허청의 심사기준을 구체적인 사례와 함께 명확히 하는 것이 필요해 보인다.