본 연구는 다양한 식재료가 섞여있는 식품으로부터 노로바이러스를 효과적으로 검출하기 위한 시험법 개발에 관한 것이다. 각 식품이 가진 매트릭스가 매우 다르므로 모든 식품에 공통적으로 적용할 수 있는 표준화된 검출법이 현재로서는 없다. 본 연구에서는 발효식품(농후발효유,된장), 절임식품(깻잎장아찌, 단무지)과 생식제품을 대상으로 실험을 진행하였다. PBS, beef extract, 아미노산-NaCl 용액 등을 이용하여 바이러스에 오염된 대상식품들로 부터 바이러스의 탈리율을 비교하였다. 이로부터 다양한 매트릭스가 혼합된 식품들에 적용 가능한 탈리용액을 선별하였다. 식품의약품안전처가 제안하여 현재 국내에서 굴, 야채, 과일 등을 대상으로 바이러스 농축에 널리 사용되고 있는 식중독 바이러스 검출법인 EPCP공정(탈리-PEG 침전-클로르포름 처리-PEG 침전)과 PEG 침전과정을 한번으로 줄인 수정된 ECP공정(탈리-클로르포름 처리-PEG침전)의 효능을 비교해 본 결과 ECP공정은 EPCP공정과 비슷하거나 나은 효율로 바이러스를 농축할 수 있었다. 또 바이러스 농축 후 QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini kit를 이용하여 RNA를 추출할 경우 식품에 존재하는 RT-PCR방해 물질들이 효과적으로 제거되어 추가적인 처리가 더 필요하지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 수정된 공정을 이용하여 무를 추가한 6가지 식품을 대상으로 검출한계를 조사해 본 바 10-25 g 식품으로부터 3.125-12.5 RT-PCR unit까지 검출이 가능하였다. 이는 기존에 보고된 방법들의 검출한계보다 더 우수한 것으로 장차 다양한 식품을 대상으로 효과적인 바이러스 검출이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

The goniadid species, Glycinde bonhourei Gravier, 1904, is newly reported with the description and illustration from Korean waters. Our Korean materials of G. bonhourei have the following characteristics that are generally known as distinctive features from its congeners: the area II-1 on proboscis possesses unidentate papillae bearing broad base; the area IV on proboscis bears the papillae of duct’s foot-shaped with rounded teeth; the area V on proboscis has straightly conical papillae bearing slightly bifid tip; 4-16 micrognaths are arranged on the dorsal side; all parapodia have one neuropodial presetal lobe; uniramous parapodia are present on 19-26 anterior segments. As a result of the present study, the genus Glycinde is newly reported from Korean waters.

Introduction This article analyzes retail store openings of luxury fashion brands in international markets. Our aim is to point out the relevance of this market entry strategy as well as to highlight the main destination markets and different trends over the 2004-2013 period. More precisely, this article analyzes the role of the retail direct channel as a means to manage relationships with consumers in international markets. The choice to develop retail operations in international markets is considered in this article as one of the key strategies implemented by luxury manufacturing companies. However, it seems to have received minor attention in the academic literature dealing with internationalization (Guercini and Runfola, 2014). Consequently, the main aim of this article is to propose empirical evidence to support the widespread use of this strategy by luxury firms, proposing the analysis of an original database built on the retail store operations of a sample of Italian fashion luxury companies over the period 2004-2013. The retail marketing strategy is a peculiar strategy within the luxury marketing strategies. As stated by Kapferer and Bastien (2012), in fact, through retail store openings (and distribution in general), luxury companies may implement and take advantage from what has been defined by the authors the “watchword of luxury brand management” (p. 233) namely “experience”. In fact, the literature in the field of luxury retailing has pointed out the role of the point of sale from a consumer point of view to experience the value of a company. The discussion on the consumer perspective is increasing in the literature as testified by various contributions aimed at analyzing and discussing how and what kind of experiences could be transferred by the opening of retail stores and in what terms the luxury retail strategy differs from other retail marketing strategies (Dion and Arnould, 2011). The opening of retail stores from luxury companies has been considered within the stream of research on the internationalization of the company. It has been pointed out that companies with luxury positioning can differentiate their offering with respect to mass market retailers and open retail stores even in culturally distant markets (Hutchinson et al. 2009). These openings, however, are considered more as ways of promoting the brand, rather than a structural international retail development (Moore et al., 2010). In fact, it has been noticed that luxury griffes open retail stores quite exclusively in primary locations (Hutchinson et al. 2009) and that most of the internationalization literature on retail stores openings by luxury firms is referred to the opening of flagship stores (Moore et al., 2010), a specific retail store format that from its nature, is mostly related to brand promotion than to an effective and stable retail development. In fact, retailing as international market entry strategy implies significant investment both in economic and cognitive terms (Mattila el al., 2002; Guercini and Runfola, 2010). The study of retail stores opening as an entry strategy in international markets remains an understudied field of study in the academic literature, as evidenced for example by Ilonen et al. (2011) in their study on the importance of branded retail in manufacturers' international strategy. Moreover, the authors point out that among other things, this remains a topic of interest but not yet analyzed in the case of the fashion industry. Following this reasoning, our article aims to answer to the subsequent research questions: RQ1 - What is the evolution over time of the distribution investments of luxury fashion manufacturing companies? RQ2 - Is there a difference between emerging markets and advanced markets for luxury retail store openings? RQ3 - What is the role of metropolitan areas and how does this evolve over time? Methodology and discussion We investigate these research questions in the case of Italian luxury manufacturing companies. In order to study the expansion of Italian luxury companies, we have exploited the information contained in the database that we have created expressly for the purposes of this research. The database has been compiled by examining any news contained in two specialized and highly recognized national fashion-sector publications - Fashion and Pambianco Week - regarding the opening of retail outlets in foreign countries by Italian luxury firms in the decade 2004-2013. For the purpose of this research we have considered as luxury brands those brands that are members of Altagamma, a association whose members are Italian companies that operate at the highest end of the market, and those brands that are recognized globally and by academics and empirical press as luxury brands, although not being members of Altagamma. The above process has identified 594 sales points opened by 39 Italian brands in 62 countries over the period 2004-2013. The top 10 brands for number of store openings over this period are the followings: Prada (64), Salvatore Ferragamo (59), Miu Miu (51), Ermenegildo Zegna (31), Valentino (29), Armani (26), Versace (26), Gianfranco Ferrè (25), Brioni (22), Etro (22). Hereafter we try to describe some preliminary findings regarding the three research questions advanced previously. RQ1 – What is the evolution over time of the distribution investments of luxury fashion manufacturing companies? Our analysis seems to show an evolution in this growth strategy over the period 2004-2013. In fact, if during the period 2004-2008 our analysis shows the opening of 261 single-brand outlets by the enterprises of our sample, during the period 2009-2013 the number of operations became 333 stores. This seems to highlight how, even in a period of international crisis, the retail strategy for luxury companies remained fundamental for growing abroad. The year 2008 is the year with the maximum number of stores opened by our companies (95 stores, roughly 16% of the total 594 stores opened), while the year 2004 is the one with the minimum number of stores opened, only 35 stores (roughly 6%). Moreover, each year from 2009-2011 accounts for over 70 stores. RQ2- Is there a difference between emerging markets and advanced markets for luxury retail store openings? In order to distinguish between “mature”, developed countries and “emerging” ones, we considered the first 24 countries that joined firstly the OCSE as “mature”, while all the remaining countries have been considered “emerging”. Our analysis reveals during the period analyzed a growing incidence by emerging markets compared to mature markets, given that emerging markets account for 60.9% of the openings. Moreover, in each year analyzed emerging markets overcome advanced markets for number of stores opened. However, traditional mature markets for Italian luxury (such as USA or Japan) as well as new emerging markets (such as China and Russia) are within the top destinations all over the period. If we consider only the first three markets for number of retail operations we may note some differences between the two sub-periods. In fact, during the period 2004-2008 the first three markets listed for decreasing number of operations were the USA (45 retail stores opened, 17,2% of the total number of stores), China (29 stores, 11,1% of the total) and India (19 stores, 7,3% of the total). During the period 2009-2013, China increased the number of operations, becoming the leading market with 74 stores, representing 22,2% over the total, followed by the USA (46 stores, 13,2% of the total) and United Arab Emirates (15 stores, 4,5%). The rising of China in the second period, is associated with an increasing importance of other emerging markets such as Brazil and South Korea, that in the previous period were not within the top international destinations. We should however stress that other mature markets, such as France and Japan still have key roles for Italian luxury companies. RQ3 – What is the role of metropolitan areas and how does this evolve over time? Our analysis shows that the major cities world-wide are present in our database. In total the companies in our sample have opened stores in 163 cities. Over the period 2004-2013 the top 10 cities listed for decreasing number of stores are the following: Shanghai (30), Hong Kong (28), New York (25), Moscow (24), Tokyo (22), Paris (21), Dubai (20), London (20), Los Angeles (20), Beijing (20). However, as evidenced by the data, while in the period 2004-2008, the total number of cities targeted by the companies were 83, in the following period 2009-2013 the number cities targeted became 127. This data seems to highlight how, over time, the presence of luxury firms is not only concentrated in the top cities around the world neither only in luxury streets, but affects a larger number of cities and locations. Take for example the case of the new rising Chinese cities of the II, III and IV tiers. To conclude, our research points out how retail strategy implemented by luxury manufacturing companies is one of the driving strategy for relating the company with consumers in international markets. This strategy seems to represent a relevant and widespread used strategy to enter in foreign market and to develop the brand further. Some considerations are due on the limitations inherent in the present study, which can also furnish some useful indications as to future work. The empirical evidence reported here is based on secondary research in market publications. Aside from collecting further, more up-to-date information, future research should be addressed to performing a number of enterprise case studies in order to acquire a better understanding of the phenomena at play through contacts with luxury enterprise managers with whom to share the main aspects involved in establishing sales networks in foreign countries. Moreover, the considerations advanced are based on empirical evidence drawn solely from study of the Italian luxury fashion industry. In this sense, future research should aim to check if any differences exist in retail store openings between the Italian fashion system and the luxury fashion industries of other economically mature nations (e.g., France, the UK, Japan or the USA). Although, our empirical analysis has some limitations, it seems to confirm that the retail market strategy is a key strategy to relate with consumers in international markets and to let them “experience” the brand. For manufacturing companies in the luxury field this strategy should not be considered only in terms of promotion, as typically associated with the opening of flagship stores abroad. Rather, it represents an effective retail strategy with important implications from a managerial point of view. Considering this latter point, future research should be directed towards the study of the different strategic behaviors aiming at pointing out different strategic groups within our companies, for example in terms of company size or destination markets. In general terms, future research should be directed towards the study of the link between retail stores openings and customer experience in international markets. This issue has a particular relevance in the case of the Italian fashion industry, where understanding the retail strategy of luxury companies may contribute to recognize potential bandwagon effects of other companies in this sector, such as small and medium sized companies with other positioning.

The activation of glial cells in the spinal cord has been contribute to the initiation and maintenance of pain facilitation induced by peripheral inflammation and nerve injury. The present study investigated effects of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A), injected subcutaneously or intracisternally, on the expression of microglia and astrocytes in rats. Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation was employed as an orofacial chronic inflammatory pain model. A subcutaneous injection of 40 μL CFA into the vibrissa pad was performed under 3% isoflurane anesthesia in SD rats. Immunohistochemical analysis for changes in Iba1 (a microglia marker) and GFAP (an astrocyte marker), were performed 5 days after CFA injection. Subcutaneous injection of CFA produced increases in Iba1 and GFAP expression, in the ipsilateral superficial lamia I and II in the medullary dorsal horn of rats. Subcutaneous treatment with BoNT-A attenuated the up-regulation of Iba1 and GFAP expressions induced by CFA injection. Moreover, intracisternal injection of BoNT-A also attenuated the up-regulated Iba1 and GFAP expressions. These results suggest that the anti-nociceptive action of BoNT-A is mediated by modulation activation of glial cells, including microglia and astrocyte.

본 연구는 Cymbidium 원종 및 주요 품종을 대상으로 RAPD 분석을 이용하여 이들의 유전적 근연관계를 비교하고, 또한 유전적 구별성과 균일성을 확인하여 이들 생화학적 표지를 품종식별의 지표로 활용함으로써 교배모본을 선정할 때 품종의 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 수행하였다. 심비디움의 PCR 반응조건 구명하고자 각각의 반응액 조건을 알아본 결과 PCR tube(0.5mL)에 10ng template DNA, 100ng primer, 200μM dNTP mixture, 1unit Taq DNA polymerase, 1.5mM MgCl2, 10mM Tris-HCl을 첨가하여 25μL로 조정하여 최적 반응액을 만들었다. PCR 반응 조건은 94oC에서 5분간 예비 변성시키고, 94oC에서 3분 변성, 37oC에서 1분간 primer 접촉 및 72oC에서 5분간 증폭시키는 과정을 45회 반복했을 때가 가장 효과적이었다. 선발된 10개의 primer로부터 87개의 밴드로부터 심비디움 원종 및 품종 30종의 군집분석을 한 결과, 유사도 0.647을 기준으로 2개의 군집으로 분류할 수 있었고, I 집단은 유사도값 0.660을 기준으로 3 소군집, II집단은 유사도값 0.737을 기준으로 3 소군집이 속하였다. II집단 C. ‘Place court’ 와 C. Pure Destiny ‘Ultimate’는 유사도가 0.920으로 높게 나타났다. 중형종인 C. ‘Juulyang’과 C. ‘Tropical Yellow’도 0.908의 높은 유사도 지수를 보여 근연관계가 가깝게 나타났는데 화색은 초록색과 노란색이며 설판의 색과 화형이 비슷한 특징을 보였다. 본 연구를 통해 심비디움 원종 및 품종 30종간의 유전적 근연관계를 밝힘으로써 이후 심비디움 육종 및 유전연구에 유용한 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

본 논문은 쇼팽의 마주르카 Op. 33/4에 대한 분석으로 이 곡이 내연하는 나폴리 화음의 몇몇 순간들에 초점을 맞추며 해당 맥락에서의 역할에 대해 논의한다. 반음계적인 중개화음으로 알려진 나폴리 화음은 이 작품에서 출현을 거듭하며 독특하고도 미묘한 음악적인 맥락을 형성한다. 장·단 3화음의 대조와 음역의 분리가 이끌어내는 마디17-22의 나폴리 화음은 뒤따르는 딸림화음에 대한 중개화음으로 작용하지만 쇼팽의 노스탤지어를 향한 동경으로 이해할 수 있으며, 곡의 말미에 등장 하는 나폴리 화음은 쉔커가 지적한대로 II로 전조되어 끝나는 것과 같은 느낌을 불러일으키기도 하 지만 와 사이의 상충을 통해 원조성으로 급격하게 복귀한다. 마지막 세 번째 나폴리 화음은 마디 41-47에 나타나는 것으로 이 곡의 백미라 할 수 있는 화려한 양식의 B 장조의 중간 단락을 이끌어낸다. 나폴리 화음에 부여하는 쇼팽 특유의 구조적 중요성과 맥락적 의미가 이 곡의 청취를 더욱 흥미롭게 한다.

Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) has a outstanding tensile hardening behaviour after a crack develops, which gives ductility to structures. Existing shear strength model for fiber reinforced concrete is entirely based on crack opening behavior(mode I) which comes from flexural-shear failure, not considering shear-slip behavior(mode II). To find out the mode I and mode II behavior on a crack in UHPFRC simultaneously, maximum shear strength of cracked UHPFRC is investigated from twenty-four push-off test results. The shear stress on a crack is derived as variable of initial crack width and fiber volume ratio. Test results show that shear slippage is proportional to crack opening, which leads to relationship between shear transfer strength and crack width. Based on the test results a hypothesis is proposed for the physical mechanics of shear transfer in UHPFRC by tensile hardening behavior in stead of aggregate interlocking in reinforced concrete. Shear transfer strength based on tensile hardening behavior in UHPFRC is suggested and this suggestion was verified by comparing direct tensile test results and push-off test results.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the behavior characteristics of new hollow reinforced concrete (RC) bridge pier sections with triangular reinforcement details and to provide the details and reference data. Among the numerous parameters, this study concentrates on the shape of the section, the reinforcement details and the spacing of the transverse reinforcement. Additional eight column section specimens were tested under quasi-static monotonic loading. In this study, the computer program, named RCAHEST (Reinforced Concrete Analysis in Higher Evaluation System Technology), was used. A innovative confining effect model was adopted for new hollow bridge pier sections. This study documents the testing of new hollow RC bridge pier sections with triangular reinforcement details and presents conclusions based on the experimental and analytical findings.

짠맛 증진 물질을 탐색하기 위하여 국내에서 시판 중인 간장, 액젓 및 어간장의 품질특성을 분석한 결과, 모든 제 품이 기준·규격에 적합하였으나 까나리액젓의 경우에 식 염의 농도가 기준규격을 약 3% 정도 초과하는 것으로 조 사되었고 ICP-AES를 사용하여 측정한 나트륨 함량으로부 터 환산된 식염 농도는 약 1% 이상 더 높게 나타났다. 풍 미 및 짠맛에 기여하는 성분인 저분자 펩타이드 및 아미노 산이 존재할 것으로 판단되는 수용성 고형분 및 총질소 함 량은 액젓류가 간장류에 비하여 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높게 나타났으며, 유리아미노산 함량을 탐색한 결과, 짠맛과 우 마미를 나타내는 glutamic acid, lysine 및 arginine의 함량 은 멸치어간장 > 저염간장 > 멸치액젓 > 새우육젓 > 양조 간장 > 복합어간장 > 전통간장 > 까나리액젓 > 전통청장 의 순서로 분석되었고 쓴맛에 관여하는 성분은 저염간장 > 멸치어간장 > 멸치액젓 > 새우육젓 > 양조간장 > 복합 어간장 > 전통간장 > 까나리액젓 > 전통청장의 순서로 분 석되었다. 뿐만 아니라 가수분해도 및 질소분포를 분석한 결과 멸치어간장의 경우에 가수분해도가 가장 높았고, 어 간장류에 존재하는 짠맛 증진 물질로 알려진 arginyl dipeptides와 같은 성분이 존재할 것으로 예측되는 아미노 산성 질소와 lowry N의 분율도 멸치어간장이 가장 높았다. 이러한 사실은 arginyl dipeptides가 존재할 것으로 판단되 는 GPC chromatogram의 분획 II가 멸치어간장에 가장 많 이 존재하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 짠맛강도 평가결과는 국내 저염 간장을 가장 짜게 느꼈으며, 전통간장 > 창녕 멸치어간장 > 전통청장 > 멸치액젓 > 새우젓 > 까나리 액 젓 > 제주 어간장 > 양조간장 > 소금물 순으로 짠맛을 강 한 것으로 나타나 장기간 숙성이 짠맛을 증진하는데 효과 가 있다고 판단된다. 시판 멸치어간장으로부터 무염의 짠 맛 증진 물질의 분리하기 위하여 MAR을 이용한 흡착 및 탈착 시험으로 탈염처리를 한 결과, 무염의 짠맛 증진 물 질을 분리할 수 있는 가능성은 확인하였으나 짠맛 증진 물 질의 손실이 예상되어 MAR을 이용한 공정은 짠맛증진 물 질의 분리에는 부적합하지만, 멸치어간장 제조방법에서 고 염처리, 장기간 숙성 및 쓴맛 등의 문제를 개선하면 짠맛 증진 물질을 생산할 수 있는 산업적 제조공정을 확립할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

단일막이 가지는 저유량 한계성과 복합막이 가지는 용질 역확산 현상을 완화하기 위한 방법으로 지지층 내 금속 착물이 균일하게 정착된 PSF 고분자 지지층을 제조하였다. 부직포의 두께와 밀도를 조절하였으며 지지층 제조법 최적화 이후 Fe(II)-chelate 착물을 포함하는 정삼투 분리막을 제조하였다. 지지층 제조방법에 있어 고분자의 부직포 함침 속도 조절이 정삼투 분리막 지지층의 구조결정에 가장 중요한 역할을 함을 볼 수 있었다. 고분자의 상 전이 과정에 있어서 금속 착물과 같은 극성물질의 존재가 용매 -비용매 치환 속도에 영향을 주어 지지층 구조 조절을 유도하였으며 그 결과, 용질 역확산이 약 0.07 - 0.11 GMH의 값을 가지는 높은 제거효율의 FO막을 제조할 수 있었다.

WFIRST microlensing observations will return high-precision parallaxes, σ(π) . 0.3 μas, for the roughly 1 million stars with H < 14 in its 2.8 deg2 field toward the Galactic bulge. Combined with its 40,000 epochs of high precision photometry (∼ 0.7 mmag at Hvega = 14 and ∼ 0.1 mmag at H = 8), this will yield a wealth of asteroseismic data of giant stars, primarily in the Galactic bulge but including a substantial fraction of disk stars at all Galactocentric radii interior to the Sun. For brighter stars, the astrometric data will yield an external check on the radii derived from the two asteroseismic parameters, the large-frequency separation h
νnli and the frequency of maximum oscillation power νmax, while for the fainter ones, it will enable a mass measurement from the single measurable asteroseismic parameter νmax. Simulations based on Kepler data indicate that WFIRST will be capable of detecting oscillations in stars from slightly less luminous than the red clump to the tip of the red giant branch, yielding roughly 1 million detections.

We present observational results from optical long-slit spectroscopy of parsec-scale jets of DG Tau. From HH 158 and HH 702, the optical emission lines of H, [O i] 6300, 6363, [N ii] 6548, 6584, and [S ii] 6716, 6731 are obtained. The kinematics and physical properties (i.e., electron density, electron temperature, ionization fraction, and mass-loss rate) are investigated along the blueshifted jet up to 650′′ distance from the source. For HH 158, the radial velocity ranges from -50 to -250 km s-1. The proper motion of the knots is 0:′′196 - 0:′′272 yr-1. The electron density is 104 cm-3 close to the star, and decreases to 102 cm-3 at 14′′ away from the star. Ionization fraction indicates that the gas is almost neutral in the vicinity of the source. It increases up to over 0.4 along the distance. HH 702 is located at 650′′ from the source. It shows  -80 km s-1 in the radial velocity. Its line ratios are similar to those at knot C of HH 158. The mass-loss rate is estimated to be about  10-7 M⊙ yr-1, which is similar to values obtained from previous studies.

한반도의 선사문화는 遼河-黑龍江-烏蘇里河·綏芬河 등으로 경계 지워진 長白·千山山地을 중심 으로 하는 極東亞細亞農獵區에 해당된다. 이 지구는 신석기시대 이래 오랫동안 수렵·어로·채집 위 주의 비농경 생계 경제를 기반으로 하고 있었다. 극동아세아 농렵구 최초의 농경문화인 偏堡文化는 기원전 3,000~2,500년 사이 遼東半島 남단에서 성립되었다. 細條堆紋과 같은 토기 장식은 山東 膠東半島의 大汶口文化에서 유래되었을 가능성이 높 으나, 附加堆紋 통형관 등의 炊事器와 본격적인 농경 개시의 증거가 되는 桂葉形 有孔石刀 및 遼東半島 특유의 石墓 傳統 등으로 보면 紅山文化와의 관련성이 높다. 偏堡文化는 이후 천산산지 西北麓을 거쳐 沈陽등 遼中지역으로 북상하는 한편, 천산산지 南麓 서해 연안을 따라 한반도 鴨綠江·淸川江 하구 연안 일대를 거쳐 한반도 중남부지역으로 파급된다. 한반 도 중남부지역의 신석기 후기~말기의 二重口緣土器 등장의 배경이 되었으며 이어서 청동기시대 渼沙里類型 突帶紋土器로 정착되었다. 附加堆紋이 二重口緣土器로 대체된 羊頭窪文化 역시 천산산지 남록을 거쳐 압록강·청천강 하구 서해연안에 파급되어 新岩里II기 문화(新岩里 3지점 2문화층)로 나타나며, 이어서 원산만을 거쳐 한 반도 중남부지역으로 확산되어 可樂洞類型으로 정착된다. 그 이후 기원전 1,100년 전후 성립된 雙房文化는 북상하는 흐름에 비해 東傳의 기류는 상대적으로 약하여 직접적인 영향은 한반도 淸川江·大同江 유역 이북 지역에 국한되었다.

노린재류는 크게 3개의 아목으로 노린재아목, 매미아목 그리고 진딧물아목으로 나눌 수 있으며 국내에는 2014년 종목록 출판을 기준으로 현재까지 총 89과 2,001종이 기록되어져 있다. 이 중 2013년 발간된 국가 생물종 목록집 (노린재목I)은 빈대하목, 좁쌀노린재하목, 머리목노린재하목, 소금쟁이하목, 갯노린재하목, 장구애비하목, 노린재하목으로 구성되어 있으며, 모두 45과 348속 729종으로 정리되었다. 그 중 빈대하목에 속하는 종들이 약 50%를 차지하였다. 특히 빈대하목 중에서 장님노린재과는 최근 연구가 활발히 진행되어 무려 34종의 신종 및 미기록종이 추가되었다. 이를 포함하여 경제곤충지 (2001) 이후에 발표된 9종의 신종과 35개의 미기록종이 추가되었으며, 34종이 종, 속 또는 과가 변경 또는 수정되었다. 이어 2014년 발간된 국가 생물종 목록집 (노린재목II)은 매미아목(Auchenorrhyncha)과 진딧물아목(Sternorrhyncha)으로 구성되어 있으며, 모두 44과 1,272종으로 정리되었다. 특히 진딧물아목 중에서 진딧물과는 최근 국내 연구가 활발히 진행되어 다수의 종이 추가 수록이 되었다. 이를 포함하여 매미아목에서 1과 43종이 추가되었고, 진딧물아목에서는 9과 67종이 추가 집계되어 총 1,272종이 확인되었다,

Psyllids are a serious pests of pears cultivated in temperate and subtropical regions. Pear psyllids are a member of the large genus Cacopsylla (Psyllidae: Psyllinae). Among the 28 psyllid species that infect pear trees, Cacopsylla chinensis (Yang and Li, 1981) is considered the most harmful. Recently, we found new pear psyllid pest affected Korean pear (Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta) orchards. The psyllid is morphologically identical to C. chinensis and is herein reported as a new record. In this study, we conducted DNA sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I-leucine tRNA-cytochrome oxidase II (COI-tRNALeu-COII) and 16S rDNA regions to demonstrate the phylogenetic relationships among C. chinensis from pear orchards in Korea, and those recorded from China, Taiwan and Japan. The sequence of the COI-tRNALeu-COII and 16s rDNA regions were equivalent from Korea. Comparison of nucleotide sequences and phylogenetic analysis differentiated Korean psyllids from the Chinese and Taiwanese C. chinensis, but Korean and Japanese psyllids were closely related. The results suggest that Korean and Japanese C. chinensis are genetically homologous. It is presumable that these individuals descended from a single colony that was probably introduced recently.