내생포자는 다양한 스트레스에 매우 내성이 강하기 때문에 이를 효과적으로 제어하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 가열 처리로 포자를 제어할 수 있지만 이러한 열 공정은 식품의 텍스처와 색의 변화, 향기 성분의 손실, 영양성분의 파괴 등 품질 저하를 야기한다. 따라서 비가열 살균 기술인 광펄스(Intense Pulsed Light)를 통해 식품의 품질은 유지하면서 효과적으로 식품의 안정성을 증진시킬 수 있다. 광펄스 살균은 고전압 발생 장치를 통해서 제논 램프에 의해 200-1100nm 범위의 넓은 파장을 가진 빛을 아주 짧은 시간 안에 펄스의 형태로 가하여 식품 표면에 존재하는 미생물을 사멸시키는 기술이다. 본 연구에서는 광펄스 살균 기술을 이용하여 Bacillus subtilis 포자의 저감화 효과를 800 V에서 1400V까지 200 V 간격에서 최대 90초까지 처리한 후 평판계수법을 이용하여 확인하였다. Bacillus subtilis 포자의 사멸 정도는 전압이 증가할수록 처리시간이 길어질수록 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 800 V와 1200 V에서 50초간 처리한 결과 5.7, 6.1 log 정도의 사멸을 보였으며 1400 V에서는 50초 처리 만에 7 log 사멸을 나타내며 완전 사멸에 도달하였다. 포자는 생존 적절한 환경이 주어지면 영양세포로 발아, 성장을 하므로 이러한 기간 동안 광펄스에 대한 민감도 변화를 모니터링하는 것이 중요하다. 따라서 최대 6시간까지 배양하면서 포자의 발아 정도를 포자염색법을 통해 광학현미경으로 확인하고 이를 광펄스 처리하여 광펄스에 대한 민감도 변화를 비교, 분석하였다. 800, 1000, 1200 V 세 가지 조건 모두 배양 시작 후 1시간까지는 광펄스 저항성이 일시적으로 증가하다가 이후에는 점차 저항성이 감소함을 확인하였다. 6시간까지 배양시킨 포자의 발아, 성장 단계 파악을 위하여 600 nm에서 optical density를 측정하였으며 그 결과, 80분까지는 발아가 일어나며 그 기간 중 1시간 까지는 초기 발아단계로 판단되었다. 초기 발아 단계에서 가장 주요한 내부 물질의 변화는 바로 포자 내의 디피콜린산의 유출로 디피콜린산은 자외선의 민감도를 부여하는 물질로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서도 포자 안에 축적되어 있던 디피콜린산이 유출되면서 광펄스에 대한 저항성이 발아 초기에 약간 증가한 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 포자의 발아, 성장 단계와 광펄스 민감도의 변화 간의 관계를 파악하여 광펄스 살균 기술의 포자 저감화 가능성을 확인하였다.

생강은 오랫동안 음식과 약초로 사용되어 왔다. 생강의 주요 생리활성성분으로 gingerol과 shogaol 등이 있으며 이들은 항산화와 항염 등에 효과가 있다고 알려져 있다. 하지만 생강과육에 대한 연구는 많이 진행되고 있는 것에 반해 껍질에 대한 연구는 전무한 실정이다. 아임계수 추출은 압력을 조절하여 끓는점과 임계점 사이에서 물을 액체상태로 유지시켜 추출하는 방법으로 gingerol과 shogaol 같은 비극성 화합물을 유기용매를 사용하지 않고 추출하는데 효율적인 추출방법이다. 본 연구의 목적은 아임계수를 이용하여 생강껍질에서 생강의 주요 생리활성성분인 6-gingerol과 6-shogaol의 최대 수율을 나타내는 최적 추출 조건을 찾는 것이다. 추출은 다양한 추출 시간(5-20분) 및 온도(110-190°C)에서 Dionex Accelerated Solvent Extractor (ASE, Model 350)를 사용하여 수행하였다. 6-gingerol과 6-shogaol은 HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)를 이용하여 분석하였으며 항산화능은 FRAP분석법에 의해 평가되었다. 6-gingerol 함량은 110°C에서 추출 시간에 따라 증가하였지만, 130°C와 150°C에서는 증가하다 시간이 길어질수록 감소했다. 이후 온도에서는 시간에 따라 함량이 감소하여 130°C에서 10분간 추출했을 때 6-gingerol이 가장 많이 함유된 추출물을 얻을 수 있었다. 6-shogaol은 110°C에서 검출되지 않았고 130°C 이상의 온도에서 검출되기 시작했다. 6-shogaol은 130°C부터 170°C까지 추출온도와 시간이 증가할수록 함량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 190°C에서는 15분까지 추출시간에 따라 증가하다 20분동안 추출 시 6-shogaol의 함량이 줄어 190°C에서 15분간 추출했을 시 가장 높은 수율을 보였고 이는 메탄올을 이용하여 60°C에서 2시간동안 추출한 추출물보다 높은 수율이었다. 이는 gingerol이 열에 의해 shogaol로 전환되는 성질이 있고 온도가 증가하며 6-shogaol의 추출이 이루어지다가 열에 많이 노출될 경우 6-shogaol이 다른 형태로 분해되기 때문으로 보인다. 항산화능 역시 6-shogaol의 함량과 유사한 경향을 보였으며 추출온도와 시간이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 생강껍질을 190°C의 아임계수를 이용하여 15분간 추출할 경우 6-shogaol의 수율을 최대로 하여 항산화능이 높은 추출물을 얻을 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 오직 물만을 이용한 아임계수 추출을 이용해 생강의 부산물로 버려지던 생강껍질의 활용가능성을 확인하였다.

Because of many benefits from raw seed sprouts, consumers have consumed them largely. However, despite of many benefits, raw sprouts has been implicated in food-borne diseases. The source of food-borne disease related to raw seed sprouts is thought to originate from seeds contaminated by pathogenic bacteria. So, Intense Pulsed Light (IPL), a non-thermal processing method, is an effective device for seeds to maintain microbial safety without loss of seed viability. The objective of this research was to determine the effects on microbial inactivation and quality in radish and wheat seed by IPL treatment and to figure out the correlation between inactivation of seeds and surface roughness value (Ra). At 5th day of germination, the average germination rate and shoot length of radish sprouts by IPL at total fluences of 121 J/cm2 were 95% and 5.8 cm. It was not significant compared to the control group. And log reductions of radish and wheat seeds by IPL showed 1.0 and 1.2, respectively. The results showed radish seeds have higher tolerance to IPL treatment than wheat seed. Also, radish seed had the rougher surface (Ra=2.85 μm) than wheat seed (Ra=0.55 μm). Therefore, IPL can decontaminate microbial population on seeds, but the effectiveness of IPL is dependent on the surface morphology of seeds.

Electrolyzed water(EW) was used for washing of mungbean sprouts to reduce microorganism counts. The aerobic bacteria and yeasts and mold counts in commercial mungbean sprouts were 7.67 and 7.70 log CFU/g, respectively, indicating that the contamination level of the sprouts was very high. Mungbean sprouts were washed EW produced at varying flow rates of brine and water streams. EW produced with 100 ml/min of brine and 300 ml/min of water showed the best performance in reducing microorganisms without affecting the sensory quality of mungbean sprouts. The EW washing showed no signification negative effects on reducing sugar, total phenolics and DPPH radical scavenging activity of mungbean sprout. For further storage of mungbean sprouts. EW washing was effective for reducing microbial counts during storage.

Numerous studies have been performed on the nutritional properties and health benefits of rice bran. However no previous reports have investigated rice bran-derived products as a biomaterial for bone formation. Thus, the aim of this study was fabricate composite filaments by combining the agricultural by-product rice bran and polycaprolactone (PCL), which has high biodegradability. It is suggest a possibility as a high value-added biomaterial capable of utilizing 3D printing. First, In order to investigate the optimal ratio of rice bran and PCL, the mixing ratios were set to 0%, 10%, 20%, 50% respectively, and the mixed filaments were defined as r-PCL filaments. The r-PCL filament was analyzed by FE-SEM and EDX for morphological characteristics and mechanical characteristics were analyzed by stress-strain, water contact angle, cytotoxicity test. Our findings confirm the possibility of manufacture environmentally friendly composite bio-filaments for FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) based 3D printing technology. Thus, we could establish biomimetic scaffolds based on bio-printer filaments mixed with agricultural by-product.

Recently, additive-free sweet potato has been commercialized as a healthier snack food. However, these products are producing by semi-dried form to extend shelf-life, hence the products also possesses hard texture during chewing. To produce crispy sweet potato snack, this study was attempted to dry the semi-dried sweet potato instantly by a hot-press (HP) process. Mashed sweet potato was reformed and semi-dried at 65°C for varying time to provide various final moisture contents. The semi-dried samples were subjected to HP at the process temperature of 175-180°C for 2 seconds. As quality parameters, moisture content, brix, color, texture and sensorial test of the products were evaluated. Based on the results, optimal quality of the product was obtained by the semi-dried sample with 15~18% moisture at which the products exhibited good crispiness with bright yellow color. When the moisture content of the sample before HP was lower than 15%, the final products were normally broken during the HP process. In addition, extreme browning appearance was generated in this condition. Conversely, the sample with more than 18% of moisture was not completely dried by HP and the final product did not possess the crispy texture, although this product showed bright yellow appearance. Consequently, this study demonstrated the potential application of HP in sweet potato processing and the best condition was greatly affected by moisture content of sample prior to HP process.

Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the bakery products is important in order to establish healthy consumption patterns. Aronia and blackberry extract at different levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) were used to investigate their comparative effects on the physical properties and antioxidant capacity of cookies. The final cookies were evaluated for physicochemical and sensory properties as well as total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and FRAP assay. Substitution of aronia and blackberry extracts significantly (p<0.05) increased the moisture content and spread ratio compared to the control that did not contain the extract. However, types of the extract (aronia or blackberry) did not significantly affects the moisture and spread ratio of cookies at the same concentrations (p>0.05). The lightness and yellowness values of cookies were decreased while the redness value was increased by the amount of the extract compared to control (p<0.05). For textural properties, the hardness and chewiness of cookies were increased by the concentration of extract, and highest at 20% of both extracts. Polyphenol content in the cookies was increased with the concentration of the extract added into the cookies. Consistently, the antioxidant activity was significantly increased as the concentration of the extract was increased (p<0.05). Cookies with aronia extract showed higher antioxidant activity compared to that with blackberry (p<0.05), due to the presence of higher content of polyphenol. In terms of appearance, flavor, taste, texture and overall acceptability, the sensory evaluation scores of cookies with 20% aronia and 10% blackberry were significantly higher compared to the control (p<0.05). Based on above result, using more than 10% of the aronia or blackberry extracts would appropriate for making cookies.

For the development of processed food for hypoglcemia, it is important to construct model system to confirm factors that reduce the glycemic index in real food. This study was to investigate the relationship between the gel model system and real food the high amylose type of segoami using response surface methodology. The independent variables were concentration (X1; 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%) and steaming time (X2; 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 min). The predicted glycemic index (Y1) was analyzed as a dependent variable. The regression of pGI was 0.7343, indicating that the model fits the data well in the prediction test. The predict glycemic index of the gel was in the range of 71.38 ~ 83.78, depending on the gel preparation conditions and predicted optimum condition was 23.7% gel concentration and 43.8 minutes of gelatinization. The predict glycemic index of rice gel were decreased with an increase of gel concentration, rather than the steaming time. In order to confirm the effect on in vitro digestibility in real food, the real food (Garraedduk) was prepared by applying the optimal conditions. As a result, there was no significant difference between the predicted value (77.1) and the experiment value (76.6). This result showed that the in vitro digestibility in real food can be predicted by applying the gel model system.

용규 50% 에탄올 추출물의 생리기능성을 평가하기 위하여 항산화, 항암, 항염, 항고혈압 활성을 측정하였다. 항산화 활성을 평가하기 위하여 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거능을 측정한 결과 농도 의존적으로 활성이 증가하였으며, DPPH SC50과 ABTS SC50은 각각 4.37, 2.56 mg/mL로 평가되었다. 항암 활성을 평가하기 위하여 3종의 인체 암세포에 대한 증식 억제능을 평가하였다. AGS 위암 세포, HT-29 결장암 세포, HepG2 간암 세포에 대하여 용규 추출물은 각각 100 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL 이상의 농도에서 암세포의 증식을 억제하는 결과를 나타내었다. LPS가 처리된 대식세포에서 용규 50% 에탄올 추출물 처리에 의한 NO(nitric oxide) 생성 억제 효과를 조사한 결과 12.5 μg/mL 이상의 농도에서 NO 생성이 농도 의존적으로 감소하였다. 항고혈압 활성을 평가하기 위하여 용규 50% 에탄올 추출물의 ACE(Angiotensin-converting enzyme) 저해 활성을 측정한 결과 농도 의존적으로 ACE 저해 활성이 증가하였으며, IC50은 78.2 μg/mL로 평가되었다.

The overconsumption ofsolid fatssuch as butter and shortening can cause health concernsrelated to cardiovascular diseases due to their high levels of saturated fatty acids. Therefore many researchers have madea great deal of effort to develop solid fat replacers. In this study, grape seed oil-candelila wax oleogelswere prepared and evaluated as a replacer for shortening in baked goods (specifically muffins). Muffin batters with increasing levels of oleogels exhibited lower viscosity. The reduced porosity of muffins by the shortening replacementwith oleogels could be expected from higherspecificgravity and lowerspecific volume. A stress relaxation test showed that more shortening replacement with oleogels produced muffins with a harder and springier texture. However, the use of the oleogels as a shortening replacer as a ratio of 1:3 by weight was effective in producing muffins with comparable quality attributes to the control with shortening. The ratio of saturatedto unsaturated fatty acids was significantly decreased from 2.81 to0.41 when shortening was replaced with oleogels. Hence, this study showed the possibility of oleogels as shortening replacement in the food industries. The use of oleogels instead of solid fat presents possible opportunities to formulate healthier bakerygoods.

The gastro-intestinal behaviors of foods influence their physiological functions in the human body. In-vitro methods simulating digestion processes have been extensively used to study the gastro-intestinal behaviors of foods due to more rapid and less expensive advantages. However, there is a lack of systematic studies to monitor the rheological changes of the food digesta in real time. In this study, rice-based products (specifically, extruded noodles) were prepared with three varieties of rice flours with different contents of amylose and their physicochemical properties and in-vitro digestibility were then characterized from a rheological point of view. The rice flours with higher amylose contents exhibited greater stability to dual mixing and higher degrees of starch gelatinization and retrogradation in thermo-mechanical measurements. In addition, greater elastic properties were clearly observed in the high amylose rice samples. The noodles which were produced with high amylose rice flour had a harder texture and reduced cooking loss. When the rheological changes of the extruded rice noodles were monitored in real time during the in-vitro starch digestion, the rice noodle digesta with higher amylose content exhibited greater viscosities throughout the simulated oral-gastric-intestinal digestion steps. The flow behavior of the rice noodle digesta consisted of the Power-law region and infinite shear plateau that were satisfactorily characterized by the Sisko model (R2>0.99). Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical and in-vitro digestibility of extruded rice noodles with different amylose contents. These results can provide a promising opportunity for the food industry to research in-vitro digestion and physicochemical characteristics of rice-based products.

The pace of development of Pickering emulsions stabilized by food-derived particles such as starches and proteins has recently soared to replace conventional emulsions using a large amount of chemical emulsifiers. The protein-stabilized emulsions cannot be transported to small intestine due to its degradation in stomach condition. The starch-stabilized emulsions have a low colloidal stability because of their large size, so they cannot be applied to beverages. In this study, to increase the colloidal stability of starch-stabilized emulsions, starch nanocrystals (SNC) obtained by sulfuric acid hydrolysis were used to stabilize emulsions, and ultrasonic treatment was added to further increase the colloidal stability. An oil-soluble dye (Nile Red) was used to visualize changes in the lipid phase during digestion. Lipid-labeled Pickering emulsions were passed through a simulated gastrointestinal tract consisting of mouth, stomach, and intestinal phases, and changes in lipid location and morphology were monitored using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The lipid droplets were slightly enlarged in the mouth condition, highly flocculated in the gastric condition, and completely digested in the small intestine condition. Our results show that the additional ultrasonication to the SNC-stabilized emulsions resulted in enhanced colloidal stability, and the SNC-stabilized emulsions produced by the above process were stable in the mouth and stomach conditions and completely digested in the small intestine condition. So, the SNC-stabilized emulsions produced through this study could be effectively applied to functional beverages as a chemical emulsifier-free delivery systems.

푸마르산 전해수용액(0.5%, w/w, fumaric acid/slightly acidic electro-analysised water, FS), 활성칼슘 수용액(0.2%, w/w, CaO/distilled water, CaO), 그리고 유전체 방벽 방전 콜드 플라즈마(dielectric barrier discharge atmospheric cold plasma, DACP)를 이용하여 감귤에 접종된 Penicillium digitatum에 대한 저해 효과 및 외관 변화를 연구하였다. 처리 방법은 FS, CaO, CaO와 FS의 병합 처리(FSC), DACP, FS와 DACP, CaO와 DACP, 그리고 FSC와 DACP였다. DACP 처리 전압(34.0, 35.2, 그리고 37.1 kV)과 처리 시간(1, 2, 3, 4, 그리고 5분)을 변수로 하여 처리 조건 최적화를 수행하였다. 병합 처리시 DACP의 조건은 처리 전압 37.1 kV, 그리고 처리 시간 4분이었다. P. digitatum 저해 효과는 곰팡이 발생률(disease incidence, D.I., %)로 확인하였다. 처리 전압 37.1 kV, 처리 시간 4분의 DACP 처리가 사용된 FSC 처리에서 P. digitatum 저해 효과가 가장 높았다(D.I. 51.0%). DACP 처리된 감귤의 D.I.는 DACP 처리 전압이 높아질수록 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 처리 전압이 35.2 kV이하인 DACP 처리는 처리 후 귤의 외관에 영향을 주지 않았다. 연구를 통해 천연 세척 소재-콜드 플라즈마 병합 처리가 감귤의 저장성을 높이는 새로운 살균 공정으로 사용될 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

Chewing and swallowing disorders such as dysphagia are common in the elderly people whose number is reported to continuously increase throughout the world. With this trend, the aging populations have recently become the global focus of substantial research interest in a variety of industrial fields and the food industry is also no exception. Further studies are also necessary to establish the guidelines or criteria for controlling the food texture for the elderly with different living and cultural backgrounds. An experimental attempt was made to bridge the gap between instrumental and sensory texture in a model solid food system, providing a reference texture range for the elderly diets. For doing so, uniaxial compression was applied to measure the instrumental hardness of corn starch gels that was correlated with their sensory properties perceived by the elderly aged 60 and older. A polynomial trend line was satisfactorily obtained with the formula (y=0.2188x2-5.7917x+38.14) describing the relationship between instrumental hardness and starch concentration. When the instrumental hardness (stress) was correlated with the sensory hardness, a linear correlation was observed with a coefficient of determination (R2=0.879). However, the use of logarithmic transformation exhibited the improved correlation of coefficients. A fairly linear correlation (R2>0.96) was thus observed between the instrumental and sensory hardness by a semi-logarithmic relationship known as Weber-Fechner’s law scale. In principal component analysis, two principal components that accounted for 86.71% of the total variance, separated the gel samples in terms of hardness/springiness and moistness, respectively. The categories of the starch gel samples were subdivided into five groups with different stress ranges. As a result, five categories of food texture could be successfully provided with corresponding stress range and consumer languages that can be used as a reference tool to establish the guideline or criteria for developing the elderly foods.

본 연구에서는 야채 및 과일의 전처리 조건에 따른 특성 확인을 하기 위하여 초음파추출(25°C, 40°C) 및 효소처리(pectinex(ultra clear), cellulase)로 전처리한 시료를 실험에 사용하였다. 과일 및 야채 시료는 양배추, 단호박, 토마토, 오렌지, 사과, 적포도이며, 특성확인을 알아보고자 색도, 점도와 총 식이섬유(TDF)의 함량을 측정하였다. 양배추의 결과 색도는 sonication 25°C 처리군에서 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 점도는 전처리를 한 시료들의 점도가 증가됨을 알 수 있었고 그 중 cellulase 처리에서 가장 높은 점도 값을 보였다. 총 식이섬유의 함량은 sonication의 온도와 상관없이 수용성 식이섬유와 총 식이섬유 함량이 증가하였는데 그 중 총 식이섬유 함량이 약 0.5배 증가한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 단호박의 총 식이섬유의 함량은 ultra clear를 제외하고 모든 시료에서 컨트롤에 비해 증가되었는데 그 중 특히 cellulase에 의해 많이 증가함을 나타냈다. 토마토의 총 식이섬유는 ultra clear 처리한 시료를 제외하고 증가가 되었다. 사과의 총 식이섬유는 전반적으로 증가하였고, 특히 cellulase처리한 시료는 컨트롤에 비해 약 2배 정도 높은 식이섬유 함량을 나타냈다. 오렌지의 점도는 효소처리한 시료들은 점도가 모두 증가되었고, 총 식이섬유는 cellulase는 컨트롤 시료보다 약 2배 높은 값으로 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 적포도의 총 식이섬유는 컨트롤에 비해 cellulase는 약 4% 많았지만 전반적으로 다른 전처리 군은 컨트롤에 비해 낮은 값을 보였다.

본 연구에서는 현미컵케이크의 제조조건이 관능적 특성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 팽창제 함량, 수분함량, 쌀 종류를 달리하여 현미컵케이크의 소비자기호·관능검사를 실시하였다. 팽창제로 베이킹파우더를 사용하였고, 첨가량을 달리하여 소비자 기호도 평가를 한 결과 팽창제를 넣지 않은 시료는 함량이 증가할수록 외관, 향, 맛, 질감, 전체적인 기호도 면에서 좋은 결과를 나타냈다. 함량이 증가할수록 컵케이크의 부품성은 좋으나 이취 및 맛에서는 좋은 결과를 주지 못하였으며, 외관, 향, 맛, 질감 부분에서 전체적으로 좋은 결과를 나타내어 제품에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 수분의 함량에 따라 볼륨 및 식감에 큰 영향을 주기 때문에 관능검사를 진행하게 되었다. 수분의 양이 증가할수록 외관부분에서 좋은 결과를 나타내는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 현미 컵케이크의 식감을 개선하기 위해 현미 멥쌉, 찹쌀, 혼합하여 관능검사를 실시한 결과 외관, 향 면에서는 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았고, 현미 멥쌀을 사용하여 제조한 컵케이크에서 맛, 질감 등 전체적인 기호도면에서 가장 좋은 결과를 나타냈다. 적합한 비율의 2가지 레시피를 선정하여 특성과 기호도의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 현미컵케이크는 제품의 색과 형태, 부드러움, 촉촉함, 푹신한 질감이 전체적인 기호도와 0.4 이상의 양의 상관관계가 있다고 나타났다.

백연수(Leucaena leucocephala) 잎을 분쇄한 후 0~100% 농도의 에탄올 용액으로 추출하여 폴리페놀 함량 및 항산화 활성을 비교하였다. 백연수 잎 추출물의 수율은 순수한 물로 추출하였을 때 18.9%로 가장 높았고, 에탄올 농도를 증가시킬수록 감소하여 100% 에탄올 추출 시에는 2.1%로 급격히 감소하였다. 백연수 잎을 50% 에탄올로 추출하였을 때 수율은 14.5%였으나, 페놀성 화합물 함량이 121.3 μg GAE/mg solid extract로 가장 높게 나타나 50% 에탄올을 백연수 잎의 추출 용매로 선정하였다. 백연수 잎 50% 에탄올 추출물의 농도에 따른 라디칼 소거활성을 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 유리라디칼과 azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) 양이온라디칼을 사용하여 측정한 결과, 추출물의 농도 증가에 따라 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성이 증가하였으며, 이는 추출물에 함유된 페놀성 화합물의 농도와도 비례하였다. DPPH 유리라디칼과 ABTS 양이온라디칼의 절반을 소거하는 농도인 EC50은 각각 0.13 mg/ml과 0.67 mg/ml로 나타났다. 백연수 잎 추출물은 우수한 라디칼 소거활성을 가지고 있어 천연의 항산화제로 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

The red ginseng is known to have effects on antioxidativity and cytotoxicity. Nanoscale active substances have various advantages such as improved bioavailability and permeation ability into the cell. However, few studies conducted with the nanoparticles of red ginseng due to its low yield rate and difficulty of manufacturing the product in pilot scale. This study, therefore, investigated the size effects of ultra-fine powder of red ginseng on antioxidativity and cytotoxicity. Red ginseng powder (6, 8, or 158 μm) prepared using a pilot scale was provided by a local company. Antioxidativity was measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays, and cytotoxicity was tested by methylthiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The results of DPPH and ABTS radical electron donating ability IC50 of red ginseng were ranged from 2.27 to 3.34 mg/ml and 2.94 to 3.09 mg/ml, respectively, which were not significantly different between all samples. However, the results of cytotoxicity clearly showed a pattern of decreased toxicity in 6 and 8 μm power compared to 158 μm powder. Unexpectedly, particle sizes of red ginseng did not significantly affect antioxidativity. It is believed that these were related to the process of pilot scale production. These phenomena are also believed to be caused by aggregation of low size power particle that increases water holding capacity. From our result, it is concluded that this range of particle size of red ginseng affected the reduction of cytotoxicity.

인삼의 다당체와 펩타이드는 우수한 생리활성에도 불구하고 단순한 열수 추출로는 완전히 회수되지 않아 인삼 잔사에 다량 잔존하게 된다. 인삼으로부터 다당체와 펩타이드의 회수율을 높이기 위해 단백질분해효소와 당질분해효소를 스크리닝하였다. 단백질분해효소는 Alcalase, Protamax, Neutrase, Flavozyme를 사용하였고, 당질분해효소는 Viscozyme과 Pectinex를 사용하였다. 인삼 분말에 효소를 처리하지 않은 대조군은 단백질 회수율이 4.1%, 총당 회수율은 29.0%로 매우 낮게 나타났다. 단백질분해효소인 Alcalase 처리군의 경우, 가장 높은 단백질 회수율(6.7%)와 총당 회수율(45.2%)을 나타내었고, Protamex, Neutrase, Flavozyme 순으로 추출 수율이 낮아졌다. 당질분해효소인 Viscozyme과 Pectinex는 단백질 회수율이 둘다 4.2%로 낮게 나타나 거의 효과가 없었고, 총당 회수율도 Viscozyme 30.5%, Pectinex 42.9%로 나타나 단백질분해효소인 Alcalase 처리군에 비해서도 낮았다. 또한 단백질분해효소인 Alcalase와 당질분해효소를 조합하여 사용하였을 경우에도 Alcalase를 단독으로 사용하였을 때와 차이가 나타나지 않았다. Alcalase 반응 조건을 최적화하여 인삼을 효소분해하였을 때, 대조군에 비해 당질은 15% 더 추출되었고, 펩타이드 회수율은 85% 향상되었다.

The physicochemical and sensorial properties of fibrous tofu with the addition of different sized defatted soybean flour (DSF) were investigated. Coarse DSF (DSF-150; D50 = 279 μm), fine DSF (DSF-63; D50 = 105 μm), and super-fine DSF (DSF-JM; D50 = 5.0 μm) were prepared via conventional sifting followed by jet-milling with the milling pressure of 7 bars. Tofu was made with the 5% addition of coarse DSF (TDSF-63), fine DSF (TDSF-150), superfine DSF (TDSF-JM), and without DSF (TC). The yields of tofu were slightly decreased as coarse and fine DSF were incorporated while the yield of tofu with super-fine DSF was statistically identical with that of control tofu (p<0.05). Tofu with larger DSF (TDSF-63 and TDSF-150) showed less smoother texture and less pure in color, while tofu with superfine DSF (TDSF-JM) resulted in little changes in physical and organoleptic qualities, which were verified by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), texture profile analysis (TPA), and color measurements. Each fibrous tofu samples were prepared by mixing soymilk with 5% of DSF from sifting (150 μm, 63 μm sieve) and jet milling process which mentioned as TDSF-150 (DSF average particle size), TDSF-63 (D50 = 105 μm) and TDSF-JM (D50 = 5 μm), respectively. The fibrous tofus were compared to the normal tofu (TC). TDSF-JM has higher yielded (50.98%) among tofu samples. The moisture content of TC, TDSF-JM, TDSF-150 and TDF-63 were 75.81%, 75.47%, 69.89% and 69.80%, respectively. TDSF-JM and TC were having similar L-a-b index. Texture properties of TDSF-JM were similar with TC. On the other hand, TDSF-150 and TDSF-63 has statistically significant higher hardness value and lower point on springiness and cohesiveness compared with TC. Sensory evaluation with quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method shown that hardness, mouth feel and beany flavor intensity were decreased with the decreasing of particle size of DSF.