To confirm the industrial applicability of crabapple (Malus prunifolia; MP), which shows greater potential than conventional apples (Malus domestica; MD) as a raw material for developing immunostimulants, we compared the macrophage-activating effects of hot-water extracts (MP-HW and MD-HW) and fractionated the active components to identify their characteristics. MP-HW significantly enhanced the secretion of macrophage-activating factors such as NO, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-12, stimulating macrophages more effectively than MD-HW. Subsequently, when MP-HW was fractionated into a low-molecular-weight fraction (MP-L) and crude polysaccharides (MP-CP) through ethanol precipitation, MP-CP exhibited significantly higher activity than the other fractions. Furthermore, MP-CP, the macrophage-activating crude polysaccharides, was further fractionated into four sub-fractions (MP-CP-0, -I, -II, and -III) using DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B (Cl－ form), with MP-CP-III identified as the active fraction responsible for macrophage stimulation. In HPLC molecular analysis, the active fraction MP-CP-III displayed a nearly purified single peak around 115 kDa, and its main component sugars were identified as galacturonic acid, rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose, suggesting that they are pectic-like polysaccharides. In conclusion, polysaccharides derived from crabapple promote macrophage activation, confirming their industrial applicability as immunostimulants.

이 연구의 목적은 팀기반 프로젝트 학습에서 AI 활용이 간호대학생의 AI 리터러시와 활용에 대한 인식, 학습경험에 미치는 효과를 분석하는 것이다. 연구 대상자는 G광역시 A대학교 창의융합 교과를 수강한 1학년 174명이다. 팀기반 프로젝트 학습전·후 AI 리터러시 변화를 측정하였으 며, AI 학습경험에 대한 양적 분석과 의미연결망 분석을 실시하였다. 연 구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, AI 리터러시의 개념, 실제, 영향 영역에서 통계적으로 유의한 향상이 있었다. 둘째, 연구참여자의 93.7%가 AI 활용 이 문제해결 과제 수행에, 88.8%가 질문 능력 향상에 도움이 되었다고 응답하였다. 셋째, 의미연결망분석에서 학생들은 AI 활용의 장점으로 '정 보', '빠르게', '아이디어' 등을 핵심 키워드로 인식하였고, 어려운 점으로 는 '정보', '답변'과 관련된 '출처', '신뢰성', '정확성' 문제를 제기하였다. AI 활용 팀기반 프로젝트 학습은 간호학생의 AI 리터러시를 효과적으로 향상시키고 긍정적인 학습경험을 제공하였다. 그러나 AI가 제공하는 정 보의 신뢰성과 정확성에 대한 우려, AI에 대한 과도한 의존성 등의 문제 점도 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 향후 간호교육에 AI를 적용할 때 고려 해야 할 시사점을 제공한다.

Permeable blocks are effective in improving urban water circulation and alleviating heat islands and floods. However, they cause environmental problems owing to their dependence on cement and natural aggregates. In this study, a permeable block was developed, and its performance was verified using ferronickel slag (FNS) as a substitute. The block applied with FNS met the KS F 4419 standard, and an average flexural strength of 4 MPa and a permeability coefficient of 0.1 mm/s or more were secured. This study confirmed that natural aggregate collection could be suppressed, resource efficiency could be improved, greenhouse gas reduction could be achieved, and high value-added industrial byproducts could be used.

The purpose of this study is to explore the applicability of satellite-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data combined with pavement management system (PMS) indicators for effective road condition monitoring on mountainous local roads. Field survey data, including the International Roughness Index (IRI) and rutting measurements, were used as the ground truth, whereas Sentinel-1 and COSMO-SkyMed SAR images were processed using the time-series InSAR analysis to detect surface displacement and pavement deformations. In addition, a deep learning framework integrating PMS data and SAR imagery was developed, consisting of a swine transformer and CNN–LSTM networks for the classification and localization of pavement defects. The results demonstrated that X-band SAR backscatter values were correlated with IRI variations and that the proposed hybrid two-stage approach (CNN for surface damage and LSTM for rutting) enhanced the accuracy of defect detection compared with conventional single-model approaches. These findings highlight the potential of combining remote sensing and AI-based analysis with existing PMS datasets to provide a cost-effective and scalable solution for road asset management and maintenance prioritization.

This study investigated the quality characteristics of gochujang based on the amount of green onion added and aimed to propose standardizing the green onion extract content in the gochujang manufacturing process. Green onion extract was used as a substitute for distilled water at 0% (CON), 4% (GO1), 7% (GO2), 10% (GO3), and 14% (GO4) of the total weight of distilled water. Among the quality characteristics, the pH significantly increased only in the GO4 group (p<0.05). Conversely, the moisture content initially decreased before increasing again. The total available solids and Brix significantly increased (p<0.001), as did salinity (p<0.05). In terms of color value, the L value (brightness) significantly increased, while the a value (red) and b value (yellow) significantly decreased (p<0.001). Regarding antioxidant activity, the polyphenol, DPPH, and ABTS+ radical scavenging activities significantly increased with higher extract content (p<0.001), and the flavonoid content also increased significantly. As the extract content increased, overall acceptance improved significantly, with the characteristic intensity evaluation scoring highest in the GO3 group (p<0.001).

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the experiences, essence, and structure of charge nurses operating in rotational appointment systems in tertiary hospitals. Methods: This qualitative study adopted a phenomenological approach. The participants were 11 charge nurses with rotational role experience working in tertiary hospitals in a metropolitan area. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews lasting an average of 40~60 minutes and, conducted between July 8 and August 30, 2024. Colaizzi's phenomenological method was used for data analysis, which led to the identification of 35 themes, 14 theme clusters, and five categories. Results: The study revealed five categories: (1) ‘Taking the first step as a charge nurse,’ (2) ‘Enduring the weight of being a charge nurse,’ (3) ‘Creating my own charge nurse role,’ (4) ‘Mixed emotions returning after completing the rotation,’ and (5) ‘Ready to take the leap to the next level.’ The findings indicated that charge nurses experienced significant personal and professional growth while performing their roles. They demonstrated leadership, coordinated tasks and personnel, supported staff development, resolved issues, and facilitated communication. This role had a positive impact on both individual professional development and organizational efficiency. Despite initial feelings of anxiety and fear, charge nurses embraced challenges and contributed to improvements in organizational culture and patient safety while setting new goals for continuous growth even after completing their roles. Even in the post-term, they continued to expand their perspectives as nursing managers, increased their influence, and set new goals while pursuing ongoing growth and development. Conclusion: This study provides an in-depth understanding of the experiences of charge nurses in rotational systems in tertiary hospitals. Given the crucial role of charge nurses in the nursing leadership pipeline, it is essential to establish comprehensive hospital-wide programs to nurture leadership skills among front-line nursing managers and create supportive policies that fully enable their engagement.

Ni-based superalloys are widely used for critical components in aerospace, defense, industrial power generation systems, and other applications. Clean superalloy powders and manufacturing processes, such as compaction and hot isostatic pressing, are essential for producing superalloy discs used in turbine engines, which operate under cyclic rotating loads and high-temperature conditions. In this study, the plasma rotating electrode process (PREP), one of the most promising methods for producing clean metallic powders, is employed to fabricate Ni-based superalloy powders. PREP leads to a larger powder size and narrower distribution compared to powders produced by vacuum induction melt gas atomization. An important finding is that highly spheroidized powders almost free of satellites, fractured, and deformed particles can be obtained by PREP, with significantly low oxygen content (approximately 50 ppm). Additionally, large grain size and surface inclusions should be further controlled during the PREP process to produce high-quality powder metallurgy parts.

본 연구에서는 보육교사의 교사효능감, 보육교사 전문성, 자기성찰지능 간의 관계를 살펴보고, 교사효능감이 보육교사 전문성에 미 치는 영향에서 자기성찰지능의 매개효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 대구광역시 소재 어린이집에 재직중인 보육교사 250명을 대상 으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, SPSS 25.0과 PROCESS Macro 4.0을 활용하여 자료를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 교사효능감, 자기성찰지능, 전문성 간에는 유의한 정적 상관관계가 나타났다. 둘 째, 교사효능감이 보육교사 전문성에 미치는 영향에서 자기성찰지능 은 부분매개효과가 나타났다. 즉, 교사효능감은 매개변인인 자기성찰 지능을 통해 보육교사 전문성에 영향을 준다는 것을 확인하였다. 이 는 교사효능감이 높은 보육교사가 자신의 실천을 성찰하고 개선하려 는 태도를 통해 더 높은 수준의 전문성을 형성할 수 있음을 시사한 다. 본 연구결과는 보육교사의 전문성 향상을 위해서 자기성찰지능 을 중요성을 실증적으로 제시하였으며, 교사교육 및 재교육 프로그 램에 자기성찰 역량을 강화할 수 있는 교육적 개입이 필요함을 시 사한다.

As a technical alternative to strengthening global environmental regulations and increasing domestic oil costs due to the climate crisis, the government (Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries) has been implementing the technological development of hybrid commercial fishing boats since 2021. This study empirically analyzes the awareness of fisheries workers (n=568) and fisheries-related stakeholders (n=151) regarding the hybrid fishing boats and evaluates strategic competitive advantages of the boat-building technology using the VRIO (Value, Rarity, Inimitability, Organization) framework. The Korean fisheries sector currently faces worsening business conditions due to structural challenges such as resource depletion (57.6%), labor shortages (30.8%), and rising fuel costs (81.5%). Consequently, the tax-free fuel subsidy program has emerged as a critical factor for sustaining fisheries operations, with 91.9% of fishers identifying the program as essential for business stability and 63.6% indicating they would cease operations if the program were abolished. Under these circumstances, hybrid electric vessels are gaining attention as a promising alternative for reducing fuel costs, with 32.2% of respondents expressing a willingness to adopt such vessels. Conditional demand analysis revealed that 37% of fishers showed willingness to purchase if fuel savings reached 30~50%, with an average acceptable price increase of 16.8% over conventional boats and an average desired government subsidy rate of 56.3%. The VRIO results show that the technology holds competitive advantages in value, rarity, and inimitability, but falls short in the organization dimension. The results indicate the need for improvements in institutional infrastructure such as dedicated organizations, process standardization, and a structured supply system.

Purpose: This study was aimed to explore and analyze the experiences of nurses regarding department transfers following the sudden closure of a ward due to the collective resignation of residents. Methods: Data were collected from November 1 to 29, 2024, and a qualitative content analysis was employed. The participants were 11 nurses who were transferred to different departments following a ward’s sudden closure owing to the residents’ collective resignation. Results: A total of six themes and 24 sub-themes were identified. the first theme is ‘After the resident left, the ward was closed’. The second theme is ‘Various job placements were assigned after the ward’s unfortunate closure’. The third theme is ‘Difficulty adjusting to the new environment and leaning to adapt’. The fourth theme is ‘Changes in the nurse-physician relationships’, and the subtheme is ‘Surprised by doctors seeking nurses' opinions due to the absence of residents. The fifth theme is ‘Become an expert at adapting’. The sixth theme is ‘Worries about the future and a faint glimmer of hope’. Conclusion: This study highlights the challenges nurses encountered in adjusting to new departments following the unprecedented mass resignation of residents and the ensuing ward closure. Nurses initially faced difficulties, feeling expendable in the new environment. However, through the support and collaboration of their colleagues, they demonstrated resilience and adapted effectively. The study also noted that, despite the absence of residents, direct communication between medical staff and patients continued to function smoothly, facilitating their involvement in treatment planning alongside specialists and professors. Although departmental transfers can lead to increased job stress for nurses, successful adaptation during these transitions fosters professional growth by enhancing their knowledge, skills, and influence. Furthermore, knowledge sharing among nursing staff contributes to the overall development of the organization. To promote both personal growth and organizational advancement, nursing managers must actively listen to nurses’ perspectives about departmental transfers and provide compassionate support to assist in their adaptation. Creating an organizational culture that recognizes and values the contributions of colleagues who have undergone transfers is essential. By establishing a systematic approach that facilitates successful adaptation and fostering a positive, accepting nursing culture, departmental transfers can be transformed into an effective strategy for enhancing the professionalism and capabilities of nursing staff.

본 연구는 중고령 노인의 자아 탄력성과 성공적 노화의 관계에서 여가 몰입 매개적인 역할을 하는지 검증하여 실천 방안을 모색하는데 기초자료를 제공 하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 D지역 노인복지관, 문화센터 등에서 여가 프로그 램을 이용하는 중고령 노인을 대상으로 하였으며, 최종 자료분석에는 241부 를 활용하였다. 본 연구결과, 첫째, 중고령 노인의 자아탄력성이 높을수록 여 가몰입이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 중고령 노인의 여가몰입이 높을수 록 성공적 노화가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 중고령 노인의 자아탄력성 과 성공적 노화의 관계에서 여가몰입의 부분 매개효과로 나타났다. 이 결과 는 중고령 노인의 자아 탄력성과 성공적 노화 관계에서 여가활동 몰입의 매 개효과를 검증함으로써 중고령 노인의 성공적 노화를 위해서는 여가활동 몰 입으로 여가활동을 활성함으로써 성공적 노화를 이룰 수 있다는 결과를 검 증하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

본 연구는 가톨릭 민족주의와 프로테스탄트 합병주의라는 이분법적 환 원주의를 강화시키는 아일랜드의 기념 정치를 탐구하기 위해 마이클 롱리가 사용한 기억 시학을 분석한다. 첫째, 롱리의 기억 시학은 양귀비꽃 이미지를 사용하여 제1차 세계대전과 북아일랜드 분쟁을 상징적으로 연결시키며, 기념 정치의 이분법을 극복한 다. 둘째, 롱리는 포스트-1916세대의 노스탤지아를 통해 역사적 희생자들 간 연대의 비전을 제시한다. 그는 과거에 실현되지 않은 가능성들을 탐구하는데 있어 세계대전과 북아일랜드 분쟁의 희생자들을 병치시켜 당대 지배적인 기념 정치를 탈신화한다.

The purpose of this study was to develop a more accurate model for predicting the in-situ compressive strength of concrete pavements using Internet-of-Things (IoT)-based sensors and deep-learning techniques. This study aimed to overcome the limitations of traditional methods by accounting for various environmental conditions. Comprehensive environmental and hydration data were collected using IoT sensors to capture variables such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and curing time. Data preprocessing included the removal of outliers and selection of relevant variables. Various modeling techniques, including regression analysis, classification and regression tree (CART), and artificial neural network (ANN), were applied to predict the heat of hydration and early compressive strength of concrete. The models were evaluated using metrics such as mean absolute error (MAE) to determine their effectiveness. The ANN model demonstrated superior performance, achieving a high prediction accuracy for early-age concrete strength, with an MAE of 0.297 and a predictive accuracy of 99.8%. For heat-of-hydration temperature prediction, the ANN model also outperformed the regression and CART models, exhibiting a lower MAE of 1.395. The analysis highlighted the significant impacts of temperature and curing time on the hydration process and strength development. This study confirmed that AI-based models, particularly ANNs, are highly effective in predicting early-age concrete strength and hydration temperature under varying environmental conditions. The ability of an ANN model to handle non-linear relationships and complex interactions among variables makes it a promising tool for real-time quality control in construction. Future research should explore the integration of additional factors and long-term strength predictions to further enhance the model accuracy.

The purpose of this study was to derive an optimal mix design for bridge deck pavements that can compensate for the limitations of latexmodified concrete (LMC). To address the limitations of LMC, this paper proposes the incorporation of silica fume into LMC. Concrete mixtures with varying ratios of latex and silica fume were prepared, and tests for compressive strength, flexural strength, and chloride-ion penetration resistance were conducted to compare and analyze the fundamental performance of each mix. Latex contributed to the improvement of the initial pore structure and significantly affected the chloride-ion penetration resistance in the early stages of curing. However, its influence gradually diminished over time. In contrast, silica fume induced additional C-S-H formation and further improved the pore structure through pozzolanic reactions as time progressed, thus exerting a greater impact in the later stages of curing. The L7-SF8 variable demonstrated the best performance in terms of compressive strength and chloride-ion penetration resistance. Given the characteristics of bridge-deck pavements, this variable is considered the most suitable for ensuring long-term durability. Therefore, this paper proposes a mixture of 7% latex and 8% silica fume as the optimal mix design.

This study aimed to develop a pavement management system suitable for the climate and traffic characteristics of Gangwon Province. This research focused on analyzing the asphalt pavement performance characteristics of national highways in Gangwon Province by region and developing prediction models for the current pavement performance and annual changes in performance. Quantitative indicators were collected to evaluate the condition of national highway pavements in Gangwon Province, including factors affecting road performance, such as weather data and traffic volume. The Gangwon region was then classified according to its topography, climate, weather, traffic volume, and pavement performance. Prediction models for the current pavement performance and annual changes in performance were developed for national highways. This study also compared the predicted values for the Gangwon region using a nationwide pavement performance-prediction model from other studies with the predicted values from the developed annual changes in the performance prediction model. This study established a foundation for implementing a pavement management system tailored to the unique climate and traffic characteristics of Gangwon Province. By developing region-specific performance prediction models, this study provided valuable insights into more effective and efficient pavement maintenance strategies in Gangwon Province.

This study aimed to improve the accuracy of road pavement design by comparing and analyzing various statistical and machine-learning techniques for predicting asphalt layer thickness, focusing on regional roads in Pakistan. The explanatory variables selected for this study included the annual average daily traffic (AADT), subbase thickness, and subgrade California bearing ratio (CBR) values from six cities in Pakistan. The statistical prediction models used were multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector regression (SVR), random forest, and XGBoost. The performance of each model was evaluated using the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE). The analysis results indicated that the AADT was the most influential variable affecting the asphalt layer thickness. Among the models, the MLR demonstrated the best predictive performance. While XGBoost had a relatively strong performance among the machine-learning techniques, the traditional statistical model, MLR, still outperformed it in certain regions. This study emphasized the need for customized pavement designs that reflect the traffic and environmental conditions specific to regional roads in Pakistan. This finding suggests that future research should incorporate additional variables and data for a more in-depth analysis.

This study aimed to evaluate the performance criteria of low-noise asphalt pavements under laboratory conditions. Laboratory tests were performed on eight porous and three non-porous asphalt mixtures. Draindown, Cantabro, tensile strength ratio (TSR), and dynamic stability tests were conducted to evaluate durability. The functionality was assessed using sound-absorption and indoorpermeability- coefficient tests. The laboratory results showed that all mixtures satisfied the quality standards for the draindown and TSR tests. In the dynamic stability test, all the mixtures demonstrated adequate rutting resistance. For porous mixtures, the Cantabro test results indicated sufficient shatter resistance and the indoor-permeability-coefficient test confirmed proper drainage performance. All mixtures exhibited satisfactory sound absorption, with the porous mixtures exhibiting slightly better sound absorption than the non-porous mixtures. Both porous and non-porous mixtures are durable and functional and are used in Korea. Future field tests are required to evaluate the noise reduction performance under different conditions and to compare the in-situ performance results with those from laboratory tests.

Purpose: To highlight the experiences of nurses who are promoted through a career development system that recognizes and rewards their expertise based on their clinical experience. Methods: This study involved 11 nurses who voluntarily participated at Clinical Nurse III level or above from a tertiary hospital. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews from March 4 to 28, 2024, using semi-structured and open-ended questions. Analysis was performed using the Colaizzi' phenomenological method. Results: The results of the study were derived into 32 themes, 13 theme clusters, and 5 categories: ‘The promotion process you chose to grow as a leader’, ‘A rugged climb to professional recognition’, ‘Glorious CN III title’, ‘Reborn as a professional nurse’, and ‘The career ladder system needs improvement but it is essential’. Conclusion: This study revealed the experiences of CN III nurses who were promoted through the career development system. Nurses hope that this system will allow them to articulate their expertise more clearly and be rewarded for their valuable experiences. By assessing the career development needs of the nurses, we aimed to better recognize their skills and enhance the significance of their experiences.