Control charts are generally used for process control, but the role of traditional control charts have been limited in case of a non-contaminated process. Traditional x-s control chart has not been activated well for such a problem because of trying to control processes as center line and control limits changed by the contaminated value. This paper suggests modified x-s control chart based on robust estimation. In this paper, we consider the trimmed mean of the sample means and the trimmed mean of the sample standard deviations. By comparing with ARL value, the responding results are decided. The comparison resultant results of traditional control chart and modified control chart are contrasted.

Salivary proteins include numerous functional proteins which play important roles not only for the food-intake but also for the protective and defensive mechanisms. In the present study the compositions of salivary proteins were analyzed by different methods, including electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In hydrophobic protein HPLC analysis the parotid saliva gradually produced macromolecular complexes when agitated in refrigerator until 30 minutes. These salivary protein complexes were digested by neuraminidase, and then migrated more rapidly in native tris glycine gel than the control. Therefore, it was assumed that the glycosylated proteins of parotid saliva became gradually aggregated to form salivary protein complexes similar to those of whole saliva. The salivary protein complexes were easily degenerated in different experimental buffers, i.e., SDS buffer, tris glycine buffer, methanol, etc., and resulted non-specific patterns in electrophoresis and HPLC. Therefore, it was presumed that the salivary protein complexes was made by the hydrophobic interaction as well as electrostatic attraction between salivary proteins. These data indicated that to know the real pattern of salivary protein complexes in vivo the whole saliva should be analyzed by HPLC using non-adhering column with isoelectric buffer. Consequently, the whole saliva was analyzed by HPLC using reverse phase SuperoseTM column with 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer, and two prominent peaks of salivary protein complexes were consistently found in every people. These salivary protein complex peaks were relatively stable up to 6 hours after saliva collection when the whole saliva was kept in refrigerator during experiment. Therefore, it is suggested that the salivary protein complex patterns are characteristic macromolecular structures of whole saliva, which are also applicable as a diagnostic point in different saliva-associated diseases

본 연구는 미나리 수확 후 처리환경의 미생물학적 위해 요소를 조사하기 위해 4개 지역의 미나리 재배농가 9곳을 선정하였다. 미나리 재배농가로부터 다양한 시료를 채취 하여 위생지표세균과 병원성 미생물(Escherichia coli O157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus)에 대한 오염도를 조사하였다. 먼저, 9개 농가의 재배환경의 미생물 오염도를 분석한 결과 총 호기성 세균과 대장균군이 각각 0~7.00, 0~4.25 log CFU/g, mL, or 100 cm2 수준으로 검출되었다. 대장균(E. coli)은 몇몇 농가의 토양, 관개용수, 세척수 및 작업자의 손에서 양성 반응을 확인하였으며, 양성반응이 관찰된 농가의 경우 작물인 미나리에서도 양성반응을 보였다. 병원성 미생물 중 B. cereus는 토양에서 가장 많이 검출되었으며, 한 농가의 미나리를 제외한 모든 농가의 세척 후 미나리에서 평균 1.2 log CFU/g수준으로 검출되었다. 황색포도상구균은 세척 후 미나리에서 한 건 정성적으로 검출되었으며, 이외에 다른 병원성 미생물은 관찰되지 않았다. 미나리의 경우 손질 및 세척 후에도 오염도가 유사하거나 오히려 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과 미나리 생산농가의 수확 후 처리 시설 및 작업자에 의해 미생물의 교차 오염 가능성이 있으므로 이에 대한 위생관리를 철저히 해야 한다. 또한, 안전성이 확보된 미나리 생산을 위해서는 GAP와 같은 관리제도의 적용이 필요하다.

Background/Aims: The ballooning time in endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (EPLBD) remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of the ballooning time comparing an immediate balloon deflation method with a conventional ballooning time of > 45 seconds. Methods: Between January 2010 and December 2010, 126 patients with bile duct stones treated with EPLBD and endoscopic sphincterotomy were divided according to the ballooning time: the immediate deflation group (n=56) and the conventional inflation group (ballooning time 45s to < 60s) (n=70). Results: The overall success rate and the success rate of the first attempt of ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography) were 96.4% (54/56) and 80.4% (45/56) in the immediate group and 97.1% (68/70) and 77.1% (54/70) in the conventional inflation group. There were no statistically significant differences in the overall success and the first attempt of ERCP success rate (p=0.99, p=0.66). The frequency of mechanical lithotripsy was 0% in the immediate deflation group and 7.1% in the conventional inflation group (p=0.065). Complications occurred in 3.6% (2/56) patients in the immediate deflation group and 8.6% (4/70) patients in the conventional inflation group (p=0.298). Conclusions: The ballooning time in EPLBD does not affect the outcomes of the treatment for bile duct stones. And the feasibility of the immediate deflation method in EPLBD is acceptable.

Silicon carbide(SiC) layer is particularly important tri-isotropic (TRISO) coating layers because it acts as a miniature pressure vessel and a diffusion barrier to gaseous and metallic fission products in the TRISO coated particle. The high temperature deposition of SiC layer normally performed at 1500-1650˚C has a negative effect on the property of IPyC layer by increasing its anisotropy. To investigate the feasibility of lower temperature SiC deposition, the influence of deposition temperature on the property of SiC layer are examined in this study. While the SiC layer coated at 1500˚C obtains nearly stoichiometric composition, the composition of the SiC layer coated at 1300-1400˚C shows discrepancy from stoichiometric ratio(1:1). 3-7μm grain size of SiC layer coated at 1500˚C is decreased to sub-micrometer (＜ 1μm) -2μm grain size when coated at 1400˚C, and further decreased to nano grain size when coated at 1300-1350˚C. Moreover, the high density of SiC layer (≥3.19g/cm3) which is easily obtained at 1500˚C coating is difficult to achieve at lower temperature owing to nano size pores. the density is remarkably decreased with decreasing SiC deposition temperature.

PURPOSES: The objective of this paper is to select the confidential intervals by utilizing the second moment reliability index(Hasofer and Lind; 1974) related to the number of load applications to failure which explains the fatigue failure and rut depth that it indicates the permanent deformation. By using Finite Element Method (FEM) Program, we can easily confirm the rut depth and number of load repetitions without Pavement Design Procedures for generally designing pavement depths. METHODS : In this study, the predictive models for the rut depth and the number of load repetitions to fatigue failure were used for determining the second moment reliability index ( ). From the case study results using KICTPAVE, the results of the rut depth and the number of load repetitions to fatigue failure were deducted by calculating the empirical predictive equations. Also, the confidential intervals for rut depth and number of load repetitions were selected from the results of the predictive models. To determine the second moment reliability index, the spreadsheet method using Excel’s Solver was used. RESULTS : From the case studies about pavement conditions, the results of stress, displacement and strain were different with depth conditions of layers and layer properties. In the clay soil conditions, the values of strain and stresses in the directly loaded sections are relatively greater than other conditions. It indicates that the second moment reliability index is small and confidential intervals for rut depth and the number of load applications are narrow when we apply the clay soil conditions comparing to the applications of other soil conditions. CONCLUSIONS : According to the results of the second moment reliability index and the confidential intervals, the minimum and maximum values of reliability index indicate approximately 1.79 at Case 9 and 2.19 at Case 22. The broadest widths of confidential intervals for rut depth and the number of load repetitions are respectively occurred in Case 9 and Case 7.

본 연구에서는 인진쑥 배지에서 배양한 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체 배양 추출물의 간세포 독성 및 간세포 보호 효과와 이 배양 추출물에 흑마늘 추출물을 혼합한 혼합액의 간세포 보호 효과와 항산화력을 측정하였다. 배양 추출물의 세포 독성을 농도별로 측정한 결과, 0.05 mg/mL의 농도 이상에서는 세포생존율이 유의적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 배양 추출물의 간세포 보호 효과를 측정한 결과, 물과 ethanol의 비율 5:5, 80˚C의 조건에서 추출한 추출물이 상대적으로 가장 좋은 간세포 보호 효과를 나타내었다. 이 조건에서 추출한 배양 추출물에 흑마늘을 혼합(배양 추출물:흑마늘 추출물=9:1, 8:2, 7:3)하여 간세포 보호 효과와 항산화력을 측정하였다. 측정 결과, 간세포 보호 효과는 흑마늘 추출물 첨가 시 유의적인 차이가 나타내지 않았으며, 항산화력 측정 결과에서는 오히려 흑마늘 추출물 첨가 비율이 낮을수록 상대적으로 높은 항산화 활성을 보여, 흑마늘 추출물의 경우, 적은 농도에서는 간세포 보호 효과 및 항산화력에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 추정되었다. 배양 추출물만으로(1.9 Brix, 15%) 액상과당 농도를 달리하여(10, 15, 20%) 제조한 음료의 관능검사 실시 결과, 액상과당 농도 차이가 단맛에서는 유의적 차이를 나타내었으나, 쓴맛, 향, 농도 및 전반적 기호도에 있어서는 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않았다.

본 연구에서는 항로표지 시뮬레이터에서 구축된 항로표지 데이터베이스를 쉽게 관리하고 활용할 수 있는 방안과 항로표지 배치에 대한 의사결정을 지원하기 위한 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 시나리오와 같은 계층 구조와 이력카드, 상태 부여 등을 통해 항로표지 데이터베이스를 관리하는 방안을 검토하고 항로표지 배치안에 대하여 시각적, 청각적, 정량적인 검증을 할 수 있도록 돕는 항로표지 운용 소프트웨어를 구현함으로써 본 연구의 목적을 달성한다. 항로표지 운용 소프트웨어는 항로표지 신설, 이설 등과 같이 자유로운 제어뿐만 아니라 조건 검색, 가상운항 및 정량 평가 결과 전시 등의 다양한 기능을 통해 항로표지 배치계획에 대한 의사결정을 돕는다. 이를 활용하여 여러 설계안에 대해 선박이나 선원에게 미칠 수 있는 영향을 예측하거나 설계안의 효율성 및 적절성 여부를 판단하는데 도움을 주고, 수월해진 검증 방법을 통해 더 다양한 설계안을 비교할 수 있기 때문에 항로표지 설계 및 배치 계획 시에 발생 할 수 있는 실패비용과 항로표지 관리비용을 감소시킬 것으로 기대된다.

An 18 years old female patient suffered from cerebrovascular occlusive disease, moyamoya disease, showed a huge cyst in her left mandibular body in the radiological observation. The lesion was asymptomatic and found during routine dental check. She had no experience of traumatic injury on her jaw. The cystic lesion was ovoid with irregular scalloping margin and multilobular image, and occupied the whole marrow space of mandibular body with slight expansion of buccal cortical bone. During operation the lesion showed an empty space covered with grayish white fibrous tissue. The luminal fibrous tissue and underlying bony tissue were curettaged and examined pathologically. In the histological observation the lesion was a pseudocyst lined by thick fibrous tissue. Some large vessels underwent atherosclerotic change, exhibiting thickened vessel walls which were partly distorted with hemorrhage and thrombi, and some small capillaries were extremely dilated with hemorrhage and subsequently resulted in perivascular ischemic change with chronic vasculitis. This mandibular cystic lesion was finally diagnosed as simple bone cyst (SBC) associated with moyamoya disease differentially from aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), traumatic bone cyst (TBC), periapical odontogenic keratocyst, and central giant cell granuloma. Therefore, it was presumed that the thromboembolic and atherosclerotic vessels of moyamoya disease might increase the hemodynamic pressure of mandibular bone marrow tissue and subsequently was able to induce SBC.

막대한 예산이 투입된 정부연구개발사업에 대한 성과창출과 관리 등에 대해서 근래에 관심이 집중되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 정부연구개발사업의 혁신 및 사업화 성과 창출 경로를 추정할 수 있는 연립방정식 모형을 설계하여 산업에 따른 성과창출의 특성을 분석하였다. 이를 위해서 KEIT 산업기술혁신사업의 성과활용현황조사 데이터를 활용하였으며, 정보통신(IT) 산업과 화학(CT) 산업을 대상으로 하였다.이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 모든 기업들은 정부지원금을 통해 개발된 기술을 특허를 통해 보호하고 혁신을 파급시키는 역할을 하고 있었으나, 특허를 사업화하는 것은 IT 산업에서는 중소기업, CT 산업에서는 대기업으로 나타났다. 복합산업 성격인 IT 산업의 중소기업은 기업의 자체적인 혁신노력이 추가적으로 필요한 반면에 CT 산업의 중소기업은 기술개발과 사업화 성과 향상에 있어서 협력연구 등의 지원이 효과적이었다. 이러한 결과는 정부연구개발사업으로 창출된 성과를 향상시키기 위해서 정부 정책 및 과제 기획 시 산업별ㆍ기업별 특성에 따라 주안점을 달리 해야 한다는 것을 시사한다.

췌장내 부비장에서 발생하는 유표피 낭종은 매우 드문 양성 질환으로 대부분 건강 검진에서 우연히 발견되는 경우가 많고, CEA 또는 CA 19-9 등의 혈청 종양 표지자의 상승을 동반하는 췌장의 낭성 종양과 감별이 어려운 질환이다. 저자들은 건강 검진에서 CA19-9의 상승으로 복부 전산화 단층촬영을 시행하고, 췌장 미부의 낭성 종양을 진단받은 환자에서 내시경 초음파 유도 세침흡인검사 및 낭종액 분석을 시행하고 점액성 낭성 종양 의심하에 수술을 시행하였으나, 최종적 으로 췌장내 부비장의 유표피 낭종으로 진단된 증례를 경험 하여 보고하는 바이다. 췌장내 부비장 유표피낭종은 다른 악성화가 가능한 췌장 낭성 종양과 감별이 어려운 질환이지만, 내시경 초음파 검사, 자기공명 영상 등의 추가 검사를 통해 췌장 미부의 부비장을 수술 전에 진단하면, 추후 불필요한 수술을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 골재 다짐과 혼합물 모사를 위한 이산요소법에서의 골재 입자 모형화 방법을 다양한 실 험을 통하여 검토하였다. 일반적으로 골재의 동적거동을 모사하기 위한 골재 모형화 방법은 다면체, 겹쳐 진 구형, 구형입자 등을 이용하여 수행하지만 이들 입자를 이용한 수치해석적 모사방법이 다양한 실내 실 험결과에서 만족하는지에 대한 연구는 수행되지 못했다. 그러나 특정 실험조건을 만족하는 입자 모형화 방법을 선정하여 개별 조건에 대한 정확성을 향상시키는 것도 한 가지 방법이 될 수 있지만, 다양한 실험 조건을 모두 만족시키는 입자 모형화 방법을 찾는 것은 동적인 골재의 거동을 평가하기 위해서 매우 중요 하다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 19mm, 13mm, 10mm 골재에 대한 형상적 특성을 정량화하고 이들의 대푯값에 대응하는 입자의 부피를 결정하는 지난 연구결과를 반영하였으며, 이를 골재 입형실험, 슬럼프 실험에 적용하여 골재의 낙하시간, 높이, 퍼진정도, 무게 등 다양한 평가기준을 설정하여 입형 모 형의 결정방법을 평가하였다. 다음 그림 1은 19mm 골재에 대한 입형 결정방법에 대하여 정지마찰력과 회 전마찰력을 변화시키면서 측정된 이산요소법에서의 낙하시간 결과와 실내실험을 통하여 결정된 낙하시간 의 비교를 나타내고 있다.

본 연구의 목적은 각 대학의 특성과 수업의 특성에 적합한 강의평가 문항을 개발하는데 기초가 되는 자료를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위하여 선행연구 및 여러 대학에서 현재 실시되고 있는 강의평가문항을 분석하여 강의평가문항 풀을 구성하였고, 이를 기초로 서울과 수도권에 위치한 4개 대학 600여명 학생들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 설문지는 공통형 문항과 수업특성별 선택형 문항으로 구성되며, 전체적 만족도, 학생에 대한 태도, 수업내용 및 진행, 시험․과제․평가, 수업성과 및 적절성, 이론중심 교수법, 실험․실습․실기중심 교수법 영역에서 총 109개 문항이 선정되었다. 설문조사의 분석방법은 내용 분석 및 빈도 분석이었다. 분석 결과, ‘성실’, ‘존중’, ‘열의’, ‘분명한 수업 목적’, ‘주의 깊은 답변’이 강의평가문항으로 구성되어야 하는 가장 기초적인 요소로 분석되었다. 이는 대학의 특성과 관계없이 연구에 참여한 모든 학생들의 공통적인 의견으로 강의평가 문항을 개발할 때, 가장 크게 고려해야 할 요소라고 할 수 있다. 이런 점을 고려하여, 각 대학에서는 본 연구에서 제안한 강의평가 문항의 풀을 활용하되 각 대학의 특성과 규모를 고려한 평가 문항이 개발되어야 할 것이다.

A 67 years old female showed diffuse erosive ulceration at left buccal mucosa. She had received tegretol to treat the patient’s pain and anxiety of trigeminal neuralgia for 18 months. Otherwise her medical history was nonspecific. Under the clinical diagnosis of lichen planus she received anti-inflammatory therapies using antibiotics and steroid ointment, which were not effective. Consequently her oral ulceration was gradually expanded and aggravated. In the biopsy examination mucosa epithelium was irregularly keratinized and focally detached from underlying connective tissue by thin cleft spaces, accompanied with inflammatory cell infiltration into the subepithelial area. The epithelium was generally acanthomatous with short rete ridges. Many spots of acantholysis were found in the basal and suprabasal layers of epithelium, into which melanocytes were migrated. Particularly, many keratinocytes not only in the spinous layer but also in the suprabasal layer contained atypical keratohyalin granules in their cytoplasms. In the immunohistochemistry the epithelium was rarely positive for PCNA and IgK, but strongly positive for HSP-70, and many keratinocytes showed strong positive reaction of lysozyme in their cytoplasms. Taken together, with the characteristic cytotoxic changes of keratinocytes, which are usually found in the oral epithelium damaged by certain drug abuse, the present case of pemphigus-like oral lesion was diagnosed as drug-induced pemphigus caused by long time intake of tegretol, carbamazepine derivative. The acute oral drug-induced pemphigus should be differentially diagnosed from oral lichen planus, recurrent aphthous ulceration, oral leukoplakia, candidiasis, autoimmune pemphigus, etc., in order to treat properly in the absence of biohazards of systemic therapeutic drugs

Bleeding from pancreatic pseudocyst is a rare complication. Furthermore, massive upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding from gastro-cystic fistula formation and intracystic bleeding are both extremely rare and are also potentially fatal. A 53-year-old male was referred to the emergency room with melena and hematemesis. An urgent endoscopy revealed a massive gastric hematoma but showed no specific bleeding focus. Gastrocystic fistula formation and intracystic bleeding leakage to the stomach were suspicious in the follow-up endoscopy. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan demonstrated splenic artery pseudoaneurysm and extravasation of contrast media into the cyst that was abutted to the greater curvature side of the stomach. A splenic artery embolization was performed and no further bleeding occurred after embolization. Upper GI bleeding from gastro-cystic fistula and intracystic bleeding are rare but possible. Therefore, this possibility should be considered in the unknown cause of an upper GI bleeding in a patient with pancreatic pseudocyst.

Commercial Larva Zophobus atratus is sed as pet food, sold in pet stores under the name‘giant mealworms’. Zophobus atratus is also considered for the human alterative food in the future. In this study, we are aimed to compare the effects of the supplements including agricultural by-product for commercial Larva Zophobas atratus. One hundred Zophobas atratus larvae were divided into group I (wheat bran 100%, N=20), group II (wheat bran 70 % and rice bran 30%), group III (wheat bran 70 % and soybean meal 30%), group IV (wheat bran 70 % and red ginseng meal 30%), group V (wheat bran 70 % and red perilla meal 30%). The body weights of commercial Larva Zophobas atratus were significantly improved in the agricultural by-products supplemented groups. From these results, it is considered that the agricultural by-products were effective for larval growth in Zophobus atratus rearing with alternative diet.

In industrial situation, electronic and electro-mechanical systems have been using different type of batteries in rapidly increasing numbers. These systems commonly require high reliability for long periods of time. Wider application of battery for low-power design as a prime power source requires us knowledge of failure mechanism and reliability of batteries in terms of load condition, environment condition and other explanatory variables. Battery life is an important factor that affects the reliability of such systems. There is need for us to understand the mechanism leading to the failure state of battery with performance characteristic and develop a method to predict the life of such battery. The purpose of this paper is to develope the methodology of monitoring the health of battery and determining the condition or fate of such systems through the performance reliability to predict the remaining useful life of primary battery with load condition, operating condition, environment change in light of battery life variation. In order to evaluate on-going performance of systems and subsystems adopting primary batteries as energy source, The primitive prototype for performance reliability analysis device was developed and related framework explained.

The molecular mechanisms of the carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are highly variable and result in different features of tumor progression, i.e., local tissue destruction and metastasis to regional lymph nodes. A case of OSCC arising from proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) was analyzed for its protein expression profile by immunoprecipitation (IP) – high performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC) by using 72 antisera and comparing results with those of KB cells. OSCC arising from PVL showed stronger expressions of proteins associated with cell proliferation (MPM2, PCNA, eiF5A, DHS, DOHH), cell survival (pAKT, MDM2, survivin), matrix proteolysis (elaffin), tumor suppression (p16, p21, PTCH1), the WNT/β-catenin pathway (SHH, WNT1, APC, β-catenin, snail), proinflammation (TNFα), angiogenesis (HIF, CMG2, vWF), and cellular protection (HSP-70, FAK, caveolin) and of oncoproteins (STAT3, 14-3-3, K-RAS, PUMA, PIM1) and growth factors (EGFR, bFGF) than KB cells. On the other hand, KB cells showed stronger expressions of proteins associated with apoptosis (caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, PARP, FAS, FASL, TGase-1, BCL2, BAD, BID, BAK, FLIP), matrix proteolysis (MMP-2, MMP-9), transcription signaling (NFkB, p38, E2F-1, HO-1), and tumor suppression (p53, RB1, PTEN) and of oncoproteins (DMBT1, CEA) and growth factor (TGF-β1, c-erbB2, VEGF) than OSCC arising from PVL. These data indicate the cells of OSCC arising from PVL are more resistant and more robust than KB cells. Furthermore, they suggest the oncogenic signalings of OSCC arising from PVL play important roles in the aggressive growth and rapid tumor metastasis to regional lymph nodes

Control charts are generally used for process control, but the role of traditional control charts have been limited in case of a contaminated process. Traditional x control charts have not been activated well for such a problem because of trying to control processes as center line and control limits changed by the contaminated value. This paper is to propose robust x control charts which is considering a location parameter in order to respond to contaminated process. In this paper, we consider x, that is trimmed rate; typically ten percent rate is used. By comparing with p, ARL value, the responding results are decided. The comparison resultant results of proposed two control charts are shown and are well contrasted.