The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of mirror therapy on motor function recovery following a stroke through a systemic review and meta-analysis. In total, nine of the 48 studies were identified from search engines between 1997 and 2011, as well as from a review of the reference lists of each identified study. The quality of each study was assessed using Jadad scale, and the effect size was calculated as a Cohen's effect size using MetaAnalyst (Beta 3.13). The overall effect size of the mirror therapy was 2.005 (95% confidence interval=1.041~2.970) in a random-effects model. This finding suggests that mirror therapy is beneficial for improving motor function following a stroke. The results from the subgroup analysis according to categorical variables were as follows: First, the effect size was larger for an onset time of less than 1 year (1.166) than for a duration of 1 year or more (.668). Second, the effect size of unpublished dissertations (1.610) was larger than published articles (1.221). Third, motor recovery of upper extremities (1.609) had a greater effect than motor recovery of lower extremities (.903). The major limitation of this study is the relatively small study population. Therefore, further individual studies of mirror therapy should be conducted in order to generalize the effects. In addition, mirror therapy supervised by a physical therapist should be recognized as a potential approach to manage motor function following a stroke and recommended to patients to improve their motor function.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 뇌졸중 환자에서 FES의 중재효과를 알아보기 위해 체계적 고찰과 메타분석을 통해 연구결과를 종합하고, 그 효과를 결과 측정도구에 따라 표준화하는 것이다. 이 결과를 통해 FES의 중재에 관한 연구들을 비교하고 분석하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : EBRSR과 Cochrane 데이터베이스를 이용하여 선정기준에 적합한 23편의 연구를 검색하였다. 선정된 연구들은 질적 평가를 통해 준거분석 틀에 따라 대상자 특성과 연구 특성으로 나누어 코딩하였다. 그리고 사용빈도가 높은 측정도구를 선택하여, 평균과 표준편차 그리고 표본수를 가지고 주제에 따라 메타분석을 실시하였다. 결과 : 선정된 23편의 연구는 Pedro score 3점 이상의 무작위 실험연구로 다양한 FES 중재를 통해 효과를 극대화시키기 위한 연구들이 많았다. 주된 결과측정도구로는 상지기능과 운동활동지표 그리고 일상생활을 평가하는 도구가 사용되었다. 또한 FES의 효과를 극대화시키기 위한 노력으로 짧은 시간 동안의 집중적인 적용, 부착방법의 차이, 높은 강도의 자극, 특정과제와 함께 수행하거나 자발적이거나 능동적인 수행 등이 치료의 효과를 극대화시키는 것으로 나타났다. 일상생활활동에서는 유의한 효과를 발견할 수 없었다. FES 중재를 통한 상지기능, 운동활동지표에 관한 메타분석에서 상지기능에서는 유의한 효과를 보였지만 운동활동지표에서는 유의하지 않은 결과를 보였다. 결론 : 임상적으로 널리 사용되고 있는 FES는 뇌졸중 환자들에게 그 효과를 극대화시키기 위해 다양한 중재방법으로 적용되고 있었다. 특히, 특정 과제와 함께 적용되는 FES는 과제의 특성에 따라 효과차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 환자의 인지상태와 동기유발을 통한 개별화된 적용은 FES를 통해 상지기능 증진을 위해 유용하게 이용될 수 있 을 것이다. 더불어 국내 작업치료 연구에서도 다양한 중재방법을 적용한 FES의 활용이 필요하다.

이 논문은 정부보조금이 민간연구개발투자를 보완하는지 또는 대체하는지에 대한 선행연구문헌의 다양한 연구결과를 통합하여 최종결과와 연관된 구조적 요인이 무엇인지 메타분석 기법을 활용하여 분석하고자 하였다. 분석을 위해 선행연구결과에 대한 문헌의 다양한 특성을 자료의 분석기간, 자료의 수, 자료구조, 자료수준, 분석대상국가, 모형의 동태적 특성, 분석방법 등으로 변수화 하여 로짓분석을 하였다. 분석결과를 살펴보면 실증연구에 대한 선행연구문헌의 연구결과를 세부결과에 따라 구분한 경우는 자료의 수와 자료의 구조에 관련된 변수가 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 단일문헌의 결과를 평균적인 결과에 따라 통합하여 분석한 경우는 자료의 수준 및 분석대상국가가 연구결과에 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 정부보조금이 기업의 연구개발투자결정에 미치는 영향에 대한 기존 선행 메타분석과 비교하여 2000년 이후 최근까지의 자료를 추가하고 연구특성으로 다양한 분석방법을 변수화하여 포함하여 메타분석을 실시하였다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다. 또한 국내에서는 최초의 사례로 정부보조금이 민간연구개발투자에 미치는 영향에 대하여 다양한 해외 실증연구사례의 참조가 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

목적 : 알코올 중독자를 대상으로 한 비약물적 치료 프로그램이 삶의 질, 심리사회 기능 및 알코올 소비량 감소에 효과가 있는지 메타분석을 실시하여 이러한 치료기법의 효과를 검증하였다. 검색방법 : 국내외 논문테이타베이스에서 검색어를 이용한 전자 검색과 관련 저널에서 수기 검색을 통하여 자료를 수집하였다. 선정기준 : 1990년부터 2011년 5월까지 포함하는 알코올 중독으로 진단받은 성인을 대상으로 비약물적 치료 프로그램에 대한 Ⅰ수준의 Randomized Control Trial (RCT)이며 결과변수로 표준화된 평가도구를 사용한 연구를 선정하였다. 자료수집 및 분석 : 문헌 선정은 두 명의 연구자가 독립적으로 선정하였고, 일치되지 않는 사항에 대해서는 토의과정을 통하여 일치되는 하나의 결과를 도출하였다. 선정기준에 적합한 논문을 대상으로 Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 프로그램을 사용하여 표준화된 평균차를 사용한 효과크기를 산출하였으며, 대상 논문들의 통계적 이질성, 민감도, 출판편의 검사를 실시하였다. 결과 : 선정된 총 9편의 연구 중 참여자는 총 6,726명 이었고 효과크기는 삶의 질 0.24, 심리사회 기능 0.35, 알코올 소비량0.31이었다. 심리사회기능과알코올소비량의효과크기는통계적으로유의한수준이었고(p<.001),“ 작은 효과크기”가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 통계적 이질성 검사에서 유의한 이질성과 출판편의는 없는 것으로 간주되어 본 연구 결과는 신뢰할 수 있음을 뒷받침해 준다. 결론 : 알코올 중독자에게 실시하는 비약물적 치료 프로그램은 심리사회 기능, 알코올 소비량에 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 정신보건 분야에서 근무하는 작업치료사들을 위해 알코올 중독자의 효과적인 치료 개입을 위한 근거로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

The aim of the study was to identify which fall-prevention program offered in community settings in Korea is the most effective in strengthening muscles. Muscle weakness is one of the major risk factors causing falls among the elderly. Randomized controlled trials and clinical controlled trials published between 1996 and February 2011 were included in this study. Seventeen of the 69 identified studies met the study's criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. The overall effect size of the program was .822 (95% confidence interval= .717~.927). The general strengthening exercise (1.608), dance sports training (1.538), Thera-band exercise for lower extremities (1.517), Seniorobic exercise (1.146), gait training (.959), balance training (.909), gradual resistive exercise (.888), and multifactorial fall prevention (.842) programs all show positive effects on muscle strengthening. Subgroup analyses found that more relative effects are seen in programs offered to the more elderly. In this study, the effect of increasing muscle strength on the prevention of falls can only be indirectly suggested; there are few available studies that report the frequency or history of falls in Korea. Further studies are needed to examine the direct effect of fall prevention exercise programs among the elderly.

Understanding the metapopulation structure and movement of a species are required for conserving the species. In this paper, migration patterns and connectivity of patches of a threatened butterfly, Pamassius bremeri Bremer, were postulated using the mark-release-recapture (MRR) technique in a habitat located in the mid-southern region of the Korean peninsula. A total of 194 individuals were captured (137 males and 57 females) and, of them, 93 individuals (73 males and 20 females) were recaptured during the MRR experiment. The migration analysis showed 23-150% immigration and 28-53% emigration. There were high correlations between the migrating individuals and the distance between patches, but there was no correlation between migrating individuals and patch size or between migrating individuals and the number of host plants. Consequently, the migration of butterflies occurred frequently between closer patches, while patch size and quantity of the food plant had minor effects on migration behavior. Additionally, males migrated more frequently than females. Analysis of the migration patterns of P. bremeri showed that the central patch played an important role on linking patch groups and more frequent migrations were monitored between nearby patches than between the remote patches. This study suggested that active migrations take place between the neighboring multiple patches and these are accelerated if there is a stepping-stone patch between them.

The loss of natural habitats and their fragmentation caused by human activities pose a great threat to biodiversity worldwide, reducing animal population to small, fragmented patches of natural habitat. In this paper, a metapopulation dynamics of Sericinus montela koreanus, a species of butterfly, was studied for two years by mark-release-recapture (MRR) techiques in the Musimcheon, Cheongju Korea. 2,749 individuals (males: 2,295, females: 454) were marked and released, with 343 individuals (12.5%) recaptured during the MRR experiment. Capture sex ratio and recapture sex ratios was both consistently male-biased. The Jolly-Seber model was used to estimate daily metapopulation size, survival rates, addition rate, and accidental deaths. We urge conservation biologists to consider the local population dynamics of species for the management of metapopulations in fragmented landscapes. In the case of the S. montela koreanus, continuing site protection is essential.

Yeats invents his own system of metaphors in the poem “Leda and the Swan.” The system urges Yeats to drive his poetry on unknown fields. Rather than following in the well worn tracks of Greek mythology, he tries to idealize a form of poetry that looks brief, yet carefully formed and worded: a metapoetic strategy by using related vocabulary at which he seems to excel. In the first stanza, he claims that Zeus visits Leda as a form of Swan and vividly draws in passionate language a picture of sexual intercourse by his sudden blow on Leda sleeping peacefully. His action looks like a rape on the surface, yet possibly interpreted in a different way, that is adultery between a god and a married woman; yet it thus turns out to be a historical moment worldly and spiritually at the moment of making love. Such words symbolizing as metaphors the relations of Lead and Swan in mythic stories are carefully crafted and allusively materialized to form a metapoetic allegory: a poetry that uses a system of related metaphors, violence and sex, to reflect implicitly on history in poetry and on its poetic program. Whether or not Yeats invents this metapoetic strategy, his poetic symbolism is strongly characteristic of his own connection to Greek symbolism as in mythic stories. Such a metapoetic approach as found in the poem can help us understand much about his own values on humanity, including why Yeats chooses to rewrite about such images, ideas, and poetic patterns as shown in Greek stories, and why−as in his discussion of violence and love put together in physical and spiritual beauty−he puts into question mythic literature and its literary criticism of love and battle just in the poem imitating Greek tales.

The minimum latency problem, also known as the traveling repairman problem and the deliveryman problem is to minimize the overall waiting times of customers, not to minimize their routing times. In this research, a genetic algorithm, a clonal selection algorithm and a population management genetic algorithm are introduced. The computational experiment shows the objective value of the clonal selection algorithm is the best among the three algorithms and the calculating time of the population management genetic algorithm is the best among the three algorithms.

This study is the result of meta evaluation for the self evaluation of defense R&D programs in Korea by using meta evaluating indicators. The overall meta evaluation result of defense R&D programs gained 74.3 points out of 100, so it was ecaluated as 'Goo

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise therapy on physical function of patients with anklyosing spondylitis (AS) through the systemic review and meta-analysis. The 54 studies were identified from computerized search of published researches on PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PEDro, KISS, KERIS database until February, 2008 and review of reference lists. The main search terms were the combination "ankylosing spondylitis", "exercise", "spondyloarthropathy and exercise", "ankylosing spondylitis and physical therapy". The subgroup analysis was performed by the publication year, quality score, type of disease, content of intervention, intervention provider, type of intervention, method of intervention, intervention period and the point of outcome measured. Two reviewers independently selected trials for inclusion, assessed the quality and extracted the data. The result was as follows: The 10 trials were eligible for inclusion criteria, then the systematic review and meta-analysis was assessed on effectiveness of exercise therapy. The meta-analysis of 10 studies based on the random effect model showed that the exercise therapy was beneficial in treating the diseases (effect size .55; 95% confidence interval -.3.75~.61). The findings suggest that the exercise therapy would be appropriate to manage the physical function of AS with evidence based on Meta-analysis. Therefore, the exercise therapy supervised by physical therapist should be recognized as the essential approach to manage the AS and necessarily recommended to improve physical function.

This study was conducted with respect to the causal factors revealed through the investigation of the recent airlines aircraft crash accident which occurred while aircraft was on the climb-out or on the final approach. This study also highlighted the importance of flight deviation and exceedance occurrences in consideration of Flight Operational Quality Assurance Program(FOQA). Twenty airline pilots participated in the flight experiment to perform ten(10) sets of simulated approaches and landings. As a result, Twelve(12) kinds of deviation events were discovered. In this respect, The FOQA program must be fully implemented to prevent any flight safety incident under the auspices of the Korea domestic aviation community as well.

Quand on apprend une languε 하rangère ， il est reconnu que le système de la languε matεmεIIε constitue toujours pour l'apprεnant de langue étrangère un P이ot de repère fondamental. Cela signifie que 10rs de 1’εnsεignement d’une languε étrangère, iI faut tenir compte de cε qui existe déjà chez 1’ appren때t， à savoir la langue matemelle, et y 5Upεrposer une nouvεIIε pratique et connaissances. Aussi, compte tεnu dε l’importance de la langue maκmelle ， cette étudε consiste à proposer l'enseignεmεot de la grammaire française pour des apprenants coréens portant sur la contrastivité métalinguistiquε entre le français εt Iε coréen. Pour ce faire, notrε intérêt est centré sur les tεrmεs grammaticaux qUi ne constituent qu’une partie du rnétalangagε gramrnatical. En particulier, nous prεnons ici pour exernplε le complémζnt d’objet indirect qui est trζs révélateur de cεttε différence ζntre la terrninologiε grammaticale coréenne et cε11ε française. Ce qui va montrer la nécessité de tenir compte des différences métalinguistiques commençant par la terminologie grammaticale pour renouveler les descriptions grammaticales d헤 à existantes.

  It has lately been difficult to share the research outcomes information due to the information system not being compatible with one another. To solve this problem, it is believed that a metadata standard needs to be developed for all the institutions to

본 연구는 산저항성을 가진 새로운 폴리비닐알콜계 투과증발막을 이용한 불화에탄올(TFEA)과 메타크릴산(MA)의 에스테르화 반응에 관한 연구이다. TFEA와 MA의 에스테르화 에스텔화반응에 사용된 폴리비닐알콜계 막은 PVA와 EGDE의 열 가교반응을 통하여 제조되었다. 에스텔화 반응의 반응조건 - 반응온도, 산 촉매의 양, 초기 몰비(불화에탄올/메탄크릴산)- 등을 달리하여 에스텔화 반응에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 실험 결과, TFEMA 전환율은 반응온도 촉매의 양, 초기몰비가 증가함에 따라 향상되었다. TFEMA 전환율이 90% 이상을 위한 경제적인 반응조건은 90℃ 수식 이미지의 반응온도, 2.5 wt%의 촉매 양, 그리고 1.7의 초기 반응 몰비였다.

본 연구는 에스텔화 막반응공정에 의한 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl metacrylate (TFEMA)의 생산을 위한 선행연구로, 가교된 poly(vinyl alcohol)막을 이용하여 TFEA (2,2,2-trifluoroethanol)/water과 MA (methacrylic acid)/water 혼합용액을 대상으로 투과증발특성을 연구하였다. 산 저항성을 가진 가교된 PVA막은 PVA와 EGDE를 같이 녹인 수용액을 Teflon plate 위에 캐스팅한 후 140℃에서 열 가교시킴으로써 제조하였다. 제조된 막의 특성을 알아보기 위해 FT-IR과 팽윤도 측정을 실시하였다. TFEA/water 혼합용액에 대한 투과증발실험은 가교제인 EGDE농도와 운전온도를 변화시켜가면서 실시하였으며, MA/water 혼합용액에 대한 투과증발실험은 최적화된 PVA막을 가지고 실시하였다. 투과증발실험결과로부터 제조된 막은 TFEA와 MA의 에스테르화 반응온도인 80℃ 이상에서 96%의 TFEA 및 MA 수용액에 대해 각각 100, 900 이상의 매우 높은 물에 대한 선택도와 0.1, 0.3;kg/m2h의 투과도를 얻을 수 있었다.

Glycosyl acrylate and methacrylate were synthesized by lipase-catalyzed esterification of vinyl acrylate and vinyl methacrylate with β-methyl glucoside in t-butanol as a reaction medium. At the optimum conditions of initial concentration of 150g/l β-methyl glucoside, molar ratio of 1 : 3, 5%(w/v) lipase(Novozym 435) and 50℃, we attained up to 100% conversion for enzymatic glycosylation of vinyl acrylate and vinyl methacrylate by supersaturated solvent process. The polymerizable glycosyl acrylates and methacrylate are expected to have biomedical application as hydrophilic monomers and hydration modifiers to be used for biocdmpatible hydrogel.