최근 나노 기술이 발전함에 따라 식품, 의약품, 바이오, 식품산업 등 다양한 분야에 나노물질이 널리 사용되고 있으며 독성에 대한 연구도 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 특히, 식품 산업에 있어 이산화규소 나노물질은 고결방지제나 향미성분의 운반체로 많이 사용되고 있다. 나노물질이 식품첨가물로써 다양하게 사용됨에 따라 그 독성에 대한 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있지만 식품 성분과의 상호작용에 의한 독성영향이나 생체이용률에 대한 연구는 미진한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다양한 식품 성분 중에서도 단백질 성분과 이산화규소 나노입자의 상호작용에 대해 규명하고자 하였으며 단백질 식품으로는 탈지분유와 탈지분유의 주 단백질 성분인 카제인을 선정하였다. 상호작용 반응은 저온(4°C), 상온(25°C), 고온(40°C) 조건에서 반응직후부터 7일차까지 관찰하였다. 단백질과 이산화규소 나노물질의 상호작용에 의한 물리화학적 특성 변화는 각 조건 별로 hydrodynamic size와 zeta potential을 측정하여 확인하였으며, 단백질형광 쇠기 감쇠를 비교하여 단백질과 나노입자의 quenching 정도를 분석하여 상호작용을 규명하였다. 그 결과, 이산화규소 나노물질과 카제인 반응 시 표면 전하의 특성이 변화하였지만 다른 조건에서의 물리화학적 특성 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 탈지분유와 카제인의 형광 쇠기 감쇠 비율은 유사한 경향을 보였고, 4°C 조건에 비해 25°C와 40°C 조건에서 더 많이 반응하며 나노물질의 농도가 증가함에 따라 단백질과의 반응 정도가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 전체적으로 40% 미만의 단백질 형광 쇠기 감쇠 비율을 나타내는 것으로 보아, 이산화규소 나노물질과 단백질은 약하게 상호작용하는 것으로 판단된다. 이와 같은 연구결과는 추후 식품첨가물로 사용되는 나노물질의 잠재적 독성영향과 관련된 연구의 기반으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

다양한 무기나노물질은 기존의 물질과는 다른 특성을 보유하고 있어, 식품첨가물, 식품포장재 및 보충제 등으로 식품산업에서 널리 사용되고 있다. 이와 같이 나노물질의 사용이 증가함에 따라 독성 및 안전성 평가가 함께 요구되는데, 상대적으로 이와 관련된 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 특히 나노물질은 작은 입자크기로 인해 기존의 물질과는 다른 특성을 보유하고 있어, 나노물질의 잠재적 독성 평가를 위한 독성동태 및 생체 내 거동 연구가 필수적인데 이 같은 연구를 위해서는 우선적으로 나노물질의 생체 내 정량기법 확립되어야 한다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 식품분야에서 널리 응용되고 있는 이산화티타늄(TiO2) 및 산화아연(ZnO) 나노물질의 생체 내 정량분석법 확립 및 정량결과에 있어서 크기 및 입자형태에 의한 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 정량분석을 위한 전처리 방법은 질산, 황산 및 과산화수소의 첨가량, 반응시간과 온도 등을 조절하여 확립하였으며, 이후 각 나노물질의 Zn와 Ti의 원자방출 특성을 활용하여 ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy)로 분석하였다. 최종적으로 각 정량결과의 회수율, CV (coefficient of variation), RE (relative error)값을 산출하여 확립된 정량분석법의 정확성 및 정밀도를 검증하였다. 그 결과, 본 연구에서 확립한 정량방법을 통해서 물질의 형태(이온 및 크기)에 의한 정량결과에 영향은 없음이 확인되었으며, 생체 매트릭스에 의한 효과 또한 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 최종적으로 분석된 정량결과가 정량분석의 기준치인 회수율 90%이상, CV 15% 이내, RE ±10% 이내에 들어오는 것이 확인되어 정량분석법의 정밀성 및 정확도를 검증하였다. 본 연구결과는 식품용 무기나노물질의 생체 내 정량분석법을 제시함으로써, 생체 내 거동 및 독성동태 연구를 통하여 향후 잠재적 독성 예측을 위한 기반 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

SSG(self-healing smart grouting) method, has the characteristics such as an improvement of durability and waterproofing, prevention of leaching and pollution. In this study, several tests were performed such as gel-time measurement, uniaxial compression test, permeability test, chemical resistance test to compare the engineering properties of SSG with the other chemical grouting method(LW, SGR). As results of tests, the SSG method has low possibility of groundwater and ground pollution caused by leaching, furthermore, it has advantages like long/short term waterproofing, strength and durability. Therefore the SSG method can be applicable in the fields as an alternative method where is the problems of existing chemical grouting method.

세계적으로 꿀벌의 감소는 양봉산업에 대한 직접적인 피해와 간접적으로는 방화활동에 의존하는 식물들이 영향을 받아 농업적, 경제적으로 큰 손실을 초래한다. 이런 꿀벌 감소의 원인중 하나인 노제마병은 그 자체에 의한 피해와 더불어 다른 병원체에 대한 꿀벌의 감수성을 높여 그 피해를 가증시킨다. 국내 농가의 경우 80% 이상의 봉군이 노제마에 감염된 것으로 보고되어 있고, 현재 전 세계적으로 항생제 일종인 퓨마기린(상품명: Fumagillin - B)만이 유일한 방제제로 등록되어 있으나 그 효과는 미진한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 곤충병원성 곰팡이 342개 균주의 대사산물을 이용하여 스크리닝 방법으로 노제마의 포자 발아를 억제하는 균주의 항균활성을 평가하였고, 선발된 균주를 이용하여 서양종 꿀벌(Apis mellifera)에 대한 안전성 평가와 생물검정을 통해 꿀벌 노제마병의 생물학적 방제제로서 곤충병원성 곰팡이 대사산물의 적용 가능성을 확인하였다. 선발된 균주들은 Nosema ceranae에 대하여 증식억제 효과를 가지고 있으며, 꿀벌 노제마병의 생물학적 방제에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

방충포장 제조용 친환경 기피물질 조사와 적용 가능성 검증을 위하여 식물에서 발현되는 2차대사물질을 함유하는 식품공전에 등재된 식용, 약용식물 선정을 위한 후보군 84종을 조사하였다. 이것을 토대로 저장해충에 방충 및 기피효과를 보인다고 알려진 몇 종의 한약재를 선발한 후 추출물을 이용, 대표적 저장해충인 화랑곡나방과 어리쌀바구 미에 대한 기피효과를 조사하였다. 대상해충에 대한 기피효과의 적합한 분석을 위하여 기피물질 후보군의 추출방법과 물질농축도 등을 다르게 하여 한약재로부터 물질을 추출한 후 기피물질을 확보하였으며, 기피효과 시험은 여지확산법 을 이용하였다. 선정된 기피물질에 대한 기피효과는 화랑곡나방에서는 뚜렷하지 않았으나 어리쌀바구미에서는 7.1~69.3%의 기피효과를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 동일한 물질이라 하여도 해충 종에 따라 기피효과가 달라질 수 있음을 보이는 것이다.

곤충병원균인 Pseudomonas entomophila를 Riptortus pedestris의 체내에 주사하였을 때, 곤충을 사멸시키는 효과를 나타내는 물질을 찾기 위하여, P. entomophila를 배양한 배양액을 이온교환 크로마토그래피 및 크기배제 크로마토그래 피를 통해 살충 효과를 나타내는 물질을 정제 하였다. 그 결과 R. pedestris에 대해 살충효과를 보이는 독성 물질은 metalloproteinase의 일종인 AprA 단백질인 것으로 나타났다. 정제 된 AprA를 R. pedestris에 주사하였을 때, 곤충이 매우 빠른 속도로 사멸하는 양상을 보였다. AprA 단백질이 어떠한 작용 기전으로 R. pedestris에 독성 효과를 보이는지 알기 위하여, 정제 된 AprA를 R. pedestris의 체내로 주사한 후 hemocyte (혈구)의 숫자를 조사한 결과, AprA를 주사 한 직후에는 혈구의 숫자가 증가하였으나, 1시간 이후부터는 혈구의 수가 급격히 감소하기 시작하였고, 결국은 모든 곤충이 사멸하였다. 본 연구진은 AprA가 R. pedestris의 면역반응을 어떻게 억제하는지 알기 위해, AprA가 R. pedestris의 혈구를 제거하는 기작을 보고하고자 한다.

베리류의 주요 해충인 벗초파리(Drosophila suzukii)는 주로 냄새감각을 이용하여 기주식물을 찾아 과실에 산란하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 벗초파리의 안테나에는 수많은 냄새감각기(olfactory sensilla)들이 존재하며, 이들 냄새감각기들이 벗초파리의 기주탐색에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 판단된다. 곤충의 안테나에 존재하는 냄새감각세포들의 반응을 측정하는 GC-EAD(gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection) 기술을 사용하여 체리, 딸기, 블루베리 등에서 포집한 추출물로부터 벗초파리에 냄새활성을 나타내는 물질들을 동정하였다. 이 연구를 통하여 2-pentanol, propyl acetate, 2-ethylhexanal을 포함한 18 여개 물질들이 벗초파리의 냄새감각기에 큰 활성을 보이는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과는 유인제 등 벗초파리의 방제에 친환경적으로 사용될 수 있는 신호화학물질(semiochemical)의 개발에 유용한 정보가 될 것으로 사료된다

This study analyzed that the standard of school supplies affects the satisfaction of certification. Safety requirements of school supplies in the Republic of Korea is enforced by court duty certification. Therefore, a test was conducted to compare the safety requirements of the United States and Europe and the survey was conducted to know how much manufacturers and importers are satisfied with the certification. To prepare management measures for harmful substances contained in children's product, XRF(X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry) is utilized to analyze lead(Pb) and cadmium(Cd) in PA(paint), SP(sheet) and PVC(Poly Vinyl Chloride). The results of comparative analysis of ICP(inductively coupled plasma) is analyzed statistically with measured values.

In this study, we analyzed the concentration of cadmium and mercury in urine and lead in blood from 668 residents in the exposed and compared areas in Gwangyang-si and Yeosu-si, from July 2013 to December 2015. According to the lifestyle (past smoking, current smoking, passive smoking, drinking and exercise), the concentration of cadmium in urine was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Gwangyang. However, the concentration of cadmium in urine according to the lifestyle except drinking was higher in the exposed areas than in the compared areas in Yeosu. According to the past smoking and current smoking, the concentration of mercury in urine was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Gwangyang, but the passive smoking, drinking and exercise showed similar concentration levels both in the exposed and compared areas in Gwangyang. The concentration of mercury in urine according to the past smoking and current smoking was higher in the exposed areas than in the compared areas in Yeosu, but the concentration of mercury in urine according to the drinking and exercise was lower in the exposed areas than in the compared areas in Yeosu. According to the past smoking, the concentration of lead in blood showed similar concentration levels in the exposed and compared areas in Gwangyang, but regarding current and passive smoking, it was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Gwangyang. Especially, the concentration of lead in blood according to the drinking in Gwangyang showed statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The concentration of lead in blood according to the lifestyle was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Yeosu.

Numerical models of composite floor systems with various thickness of phase change material and sizes of circular spacers were developed based on finite element analysis. In order to perform a heat transfer analysis, thermal properties of steels were determined and those of phase change material were estimated from experiment results. In addition, the thermal insulation performance of composite floor systems with respect to different thickness of phase change material and sizes of circular spacers was predicted. To verify the validity of analysis, analysis results were compared with vertical furnace fire test results of equivalent conditions. As a result, available thicknesses of phase change material and sizes of circular spacers were proposed to satisfy the thermal insulation criteria of Korean Standards.

The UV/chlorine process is a UV-based advanced oxidation process for removing various organic pollutants in water. The process is becoming increasingly popular because of its effectiveness in practice. It is important to the safe and efficient operation of a UV/chlorine process that the optimal operating conditions for both target removal objective and saving energy are determined. Treatment efficiency of target compounds in UV/chlorine process was mainly affected by pH and scavenging factor. In this study, kinetic based mathematical model considering water characteristics and electrical energy dose calculations model was developed to predict of treatment efficiency and optimal operating conditions. The model equation was validated for the UV/chlorine process at the laboratory scale and in pilot tests at water treatment plants.

To estimate pollution sources in the watershed with various industries, the simulation of contamination route and distribution of 2-methyl-4,6-dinitriophenol(DNOC) were performed with a numerical model Hydro Geo Sphere. This study was performed calculations of the load using the measured concentration and simulated flow rate. And, the river was divided by the sampling sites at the mainstream, and the contribution rate at downstream sampling sites was calculated for each section. The results showed the concentration of the downstream sampling sites were decided by the concentration of upstream sites, and the contribution rates of the tributaries were calculated below 10%. The results also showed that the impact of the potential sources in Section 1(Geumho1 ~ Geumho2) and Section 5(Geumho5 ~ Geumho6) was larger than in the other area. In Section1 and Section5, It seemed to require detailed investigation.

Dyslipidemia, defined as elevated triglyceride (TG), total- and LDL-C, and/or decreased HDL-C levels, is considered a principal risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family has been considered a key player in the prevention of dyslipidemia. The LDLR family consists of cytoplasmic membrane proteins and plays an important role not only in ligand–receptor binding and uptake, but also in various cell signaling pathways. Emerging reports state that various functional ingredients dynamically modulate the function of the LDLR family. For instance, oats stimulated the LDLR function in vivo, resulting in decreased body weight and improved serum lipid profiles. The stimulation of LRP6 by functional ingredients in vitro activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, subsequently suppressing the intracellular TG via inhibition of SREBP1, PPARγ, and C/EBPα. Furthermore, the extract of Cistanchetubulosa enhanced the expression of the mRNA of VLDLR, followed by a reduction in the serum cholesterol level. In addition, fermented soy milk diminished TG and total cholesterol levels while increasing HDL-C levels via activation of LRP1. To summarize, modulating the function of the LDLR family by diverse functional ingredients may be a potent therapeutic remedy for the treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases.

In this study, we investigated influent and effluent water pollutants in 53 Public Sewage Treatment Works (PSTWs) where industrial wastewater or landfill leachate is combined four times for two years from 2014 to 2015. Also, we analyzed the characteristics of heavy metals and volatile organic carbons at influent and effluent of these PSTWs caused by sewage treatment combined with industrial wastewater or landfill leachate. As a result, six heavy metals such as barium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel and zinc, and four volatile organic carbons (VOCs) including phenols, di(2-)ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), formaldehyde and toluene were observed above detection limits in most of PSTWs. Also, it was revealed that six heavy metals such as hexavalent chromium, mercury, cadmium, chromium, nickel and selenium, and four VOCs including 1,1-dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, naphthalene, and epichlorohydrin were observed more frequently according to precipitation. As a result of reviewing the monitoring data on “Water Quality Monitoring Networks” in lower watersheds of PSTWs, both heavy metals and VOCs were below detection limits, indicating that the effluent water had little influence on the watershed. Nevertheless for the better management of influent and effluent pollutants in PSTWs, it is necessary to establish the advanced management plans for water pollutants in PSTWs, which include a list of priority substances management, monitoring plans, and guidelines for industrial wastewater and landfill leachate combined in PSTWs.

In this study, swine and cattle farms located in Jeollanam-do were selected to analyze and evaluate the components of odorants in livestock facilities. In addition, a preliminary survey of the literature was conducted to establish a sampling and analysis method for phenol and indoles which are major components of odor emissions from livestock facilities, yet are not regulated by the laws. To establish a sampling and analysis method for phenol and indoles, Tedlar bag and Tenax-TA sorbent tube was used as background concentration of blank sample and samples according to the elapsed time. The results obtained indicate the GC/MS analysis with Tenax-TA sorbent tube sampling was an effective method for measuring the compounds of phenol and indoles. In the swine facility, the rankings of the odorants in order, from highest to lowest, were ammonia, sulfuric compounds, phenol/indoles, volatile fatty acids. The main odorants were hydrogen sulfide (41.3%) and 4-methylphenol (p-cresol, 13.9%). In the swine slurry storage, hydrogen sulfide (33.7%), ammonia (18.8%), and 3-methylindole (skatole, 15.7%) were the main odorants, and hydrogen sulfide (31%) and i-valeric acid (32.4%) were the main odorants in the cattle farms.

This study compared the stability of odor compounds in three different types of polymer sampling bags. Tedlar, PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and aluminized polyester bag were used. A sample was collected from the interior of a new automobile which was parked in an outdoor parking lot. It was found that the Tedlar bag showed lower stability for odor active compounds than the PET bag. Meanwhile, the PET bag had good stability for odor compounds compared to the aluminized polyester bag. The PET bag showed a stability for the molecules smaller than toluene that was comparable to the canister, but showed a lower recovery for molecules bigger than C7. The FID signal of the sample in the PET bag was reduced by 1.7times after 3days storage compared to 24 h storage. The number of detected odor active compounds was reduced by half, and odor intensity was also decreased by 2~3 degrees. Considering the factors of repeated use, usability and price, a PET bag covered with a black plastic bag was the most appropriate approach for odor sampling in an automobile interior.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of Chamaecyparis obtus extract to reduce odor emissions released from the swine feeding operations. Finisher pigs [Landrace × (Yorkshire × Duroc)] with an initial body weight averaging 50 kg were housed separately in two rooms with eighty eight pigs in each room at a swine feeding operation site. C. obtus extract was sprayed in the room by ceiling sprayer for one minute at twice per day during two months. Concentrations of odorous compounds from air in the room of the swine feeding operation were analyzed at four times during two months. Levels of butyric acid, valeric acid, i-butyric acid, ivaleric acid, skatole, methylmercaptan, and trimethylamine tended to decrease in C. obtus extract spray treatment group compared to the non-spray treatment group (P > 0.05). Odor activity values of butyric acid, valeric acid, skatole and trimethylamine were higher than other odorous compounds and decreased by 72%, 76%, 54% and 20%, respectively, in C. obtus extract spray treatment group compared to the non-spray group. Taken together, C. obtus extract showed an odor reducing capability in the air of a swine feeding operation suggesting that it possesses anti-bacterial properties as well as having a dust removal and masking effect.

Bloom of small centric diatom Stephanodiscus is quite occasional in winter season in temperate freshwater ecosystems. It often leads to degradation of water quality and affects the quality of supplied drinking water. In a previous study, we have found that naphthoquinone (NQ) 4-6 derivate is an effective tool for efficient mitigation of natural S. hantzschii blooms. In the present research, polylactide (PLA) and agar foam were used as immobilized agent for NQ 4-6 to improve the efficiency of NQ 4-6 compound releasing process for its application under various field conditions. Mesocosm experiments at 10 ton scale suggested that the abundance of S. hantzschii was continuously increased in the control and upon treatment of the mesocosm with immobilized NQ 4-6 from PLA and agar foam. Their algicidal activities were 78.8% and 77.1%, respectively, on S. hantzschii after 10 days. In the mesocosm experiments, the dynamics of biotic (bacteria, HNFs, ciliates, zooplankton) and abiotic (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, nutrients) factors remained unaffected. They exhibited similar trends in the control and treatment groups. Therefore, the immobilized NQ 4-6 from PLA and agar foam has potential to be used as an alternative algicidal substance to effectively mitigate natural S. hantzschii blooms under various field conditions. In addition, it not only can be used to control S. hantzschii, but also is an effective technique. The immobilized NQ 4-6 showed stable controlled release in desired system.

There are more than 30,000 chemical substances handled in domestic university laboratories. Among them, hazardous materials are selected and managed as designated substances by the standards of 19 Ministries and 16 Acts. However, domestic safety-related laws and regulations are used to manage industrial risk factors based on industrial activities. In case of installing a university chemical laboratory in accordance with the installation standards applicable to general workplaces. It is not suitable to use as a laboratory installation standard that can be applied to a chemical laboratory installed at a university such as a problem occurs in applying to a university using a small quantity of dangerous substances in a small amount. In order to establish the laboratory structure and facility standards that are appropriate for the laboratory characteristics and apply systematic laboratory safety, the National Security Administration shall apply the special handling standard of chemical experiment to places where handling less than 30 times the designated quantity of chemical substances for chemical experiments. On August 2, 2016, the regulations for the enforcement of the Dangerous Goods Safety Management Act and the standards for the structure and facilities of the university chemical laboratory were enacted. In this study, we investigated the domestic chemical substances laws and regulations to determine the chemical substances that are over-regulated in the relevant laws, and define them as substances against accidents. The management criteria for the substances were analyzed. The R value for the designation of the designated quantity by the concept of the space in the management standard was calculated.