1945년 해방을 맞이한 후 1954년까지 한국은 해방과 미군정, 그리고 한국전쟁 등으로 거의 10년간 국토의 지도 제작에 대한독자적인 관심을 가질 수 없었다. 그 당시에 사용된 지도는 미군 지도가 유일하다. 현재 텍사스 대학이 소재하고 있는 1946년, 1951년에발간된 미육군지도창 제작 서울 지도가 온라인으로 공개되어 있다. 이에 반해 UTM 좌표계로 재편집된 1951년의 미군정 지도는 한국에서 희소한 자료로 판단된다. 이들 미군정 지도는 군사작전과 지형 및 도시경관 변화 연구에 매우 유익한 당시의 정보를 제공한다.이 연구의 목적은 1946년 초판 발행되고 1950년 재편집되었으며, 1951년에 발간된 미육군지도창에서 UTM 좌표계로 제작한 서울 중심부의 지도를 서지학적으로 분석하는데 있다. 먼저, 미군정 지도의 발달과정을 고찰한다. 그 다음으로, 온라인 공개된 미군 지도와 UTM 좌표계로 재편집된 미군정 지도의 서지학적 특성을 비교한다. 특히, 좌표체계, 축척, 방위, 투영법, 지명, 행정구역, 범례, 출처,용도 등 지도의 기본 구성 요소별 특징을 고찰하고 색필로 수기된 내용의 지리적 의미를 고찰한다. 본 지도는 서울의 토지이용과경관의 변화를 연구하는 기초가 될 것이다.

PURPOSES : This study evaluated the feasibility of implementing protected-permissive left-turn (PPLT) signals at three-leg signalized intersections. METHODS: A three-leg signalized intersection with permissive left-turn was first selected. A VISSIM simulation model was constructed using data collected from the test site. The VISSIM network was calibrated by adjusting related parameter values in order to minimize the difference between the simulated and surveyed critical gap. The calibrated network was validated by the number of waiting left-turning vehicles per cycle. Finally, the mobility and safety measures were extracted from simulation runs in which permissive, protected left turns as well as PPLTs were realized based on diverse traffic volume scenarios. RESULTS : The mobility-related measures of effectiveness (MOEs) of the case with PPLT outperformed the other two left-turn treatment scenarios. In particular, the average waiting time per cycle for the left-turn vehicles in the case with PPLT was reduced by 30 s. The safetyrelated MOEs of the case with PPLT were somewhat higher than those in the case with protected left-turns and much higher than those in the case with permissive left-turns. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the mobility- and safety-related MOEs generated from the VISSIM simulation runs, the use of PPLT seems to be feasible at three-leg signalized intersections where the left-turn is permissive and a pedestrian signal exists at the conflicting approach. However, in order to use the PPLT in earnest, it is necessary to revise the road traffic act, traffic signs, and related manuals.

PURPOSES: This study investigates the mechanical performance of carbon-capturing concrete that mainly contains blast furnace slag. METHODS: The mixture variables were considered; these included Portland cement content, which was varied from 10% to 40% of the blast furnace slag by weight. The specimens were exposed to different conditions such as high N2 and O2 concentrations, laboratory conditions and high CO2 conditions. Mechanical performances, including compressive and flexural strengths and carbon-capturing depth, were evaluated. RESULTS : The slump, air content and unit weight were not affected significantly by the variation in cement content. The strength development when the specimens were exposed to high purity air was slightly greater than that when exposed to high CO2. As the cement content increased the compressive and flexural strength increased but not considerably. The carbon-capturing capacity decreased as the cement content increased. The specimens exposed in the field for 70 days had flexural strength greater than 3 MPa. CONCLUSIONS : The results indicate that cement content is not an important parameter in the development of compressive and flexural strengths. However, the carbon-capturing depth was higher for less cement content. Even after field exposure for 70 days, neither any significant damage on the surface nor any decrease in strength was observed.

PURPOSES: This study aims to evaluate the runoff reduction with permeable pavements using the SWMM analysis. METHODS: In this study, simulations were carried out using two different models, simple and complex, to evaluate the runoff reduction when an impermeable pavement is replaced with a permeable pavement. In the simple model, the target area for the analysis was grouped into four areas by the land use characteristics, using the statistical database. In the complex model, simulation was performed based on the data on the sewer and road network configuration of Yongsan-Gu Bogwang-Dong in Seoul, using the ArcGIS software. A scenario was created to investigate the hydro-performance of the permeable pavement based on the return period, runoff coefficient, and the area of permeable pavement that could be laid within one hour after rainfall. RESULTS : The simple modeling analysis results showed that, when an impervious pavement is replaced with a permeable pavement, the peak discharge reduced from 16.7 m3/s to 10.4 m3/s. This represents a reduction of approximately 37.6%. The peak discharge from the whole basin showed a reduction of approximately 11.0%, and the quantity decreased from 52.9 m3/s to 47.2 m3/s. The total flowoff reduced from 43,261 m3 to 38,551 m3, i.e., by approximately 10.9%. In the complex model, performed using the ArcGIS interpretation with fewer permeable pavements applicable, the return period and the runoff coefficient increased, and the total flowoff and peak discharge also increased. When the return period was set to 20 years, and a runoff coefficient of 0.05 was applied to all the roads, the total outflow reduced by 5195.7 m3, and the ratio reduced to 11.7%. When the return period was increased from 20 years to 30 and 100 years, the total outflow reduction decreased from 11.7% to 8.0% and 5.1%, respectively. When a runoff coefficient of 0.5 was applied to all the roads under the return period of 20 years, the total outflow reduction was 10.8%; when the return period was increased to 30 and 100 years, the total outflow reduction decreased to 6.5% and 2.9%, respectively. However, unlike in the simple model, for all the cases in the complex model, the peak discharge reductions were less than 1%. CONCLUSIONS : Being one of the techniques for water circulation and runoff reduction, a high reduction for the small return period rainfall event of penetration was obtained by applying permeable pavements instead of impermeable pavement. With the SWMM analysis results, it was proved that changing to permeable pavement is one of the ways to effectively provide water circulation to various green infrastructure projects, and for stormwater management in urban watersheds.

To study the characteristics of ZTO, which is made using a target mixed ZnO:SnO2= 1:1, the ZnO and SnO2 were analyzed using PL, XRD patterns, and electrical properties. Resulting characteristics were compared with the electrical characteristics of ZnO, SnO2, and ZTO. The electrical characteristics of ZTO were found to improve with increasing of the annealing temperature due to the high degree of crystal structures at high temperature. The crystal structure of SnO2 was also found to increase with increasing temperatures. So, the structure of ZTO was found to be affected by the annealing temperature and the molecules of SnO2; the optical property of ZTO was similar to that of ZnO. Among the ZTO films, ZTO annealed at the highest temperature showed the highest capacitance and Schottky contact.

For rear metallization with Al paste, Al back contacts require good passivation, high reflectance, and a processing temperature window compatible with the front metal. In this paper, the effect of the firing ambient during the metallization process on the formation of Al rear metal was investigated. We chose three different gases as ambient gases during the firing process. Using SEM, we observed the formation of a back surface field in N2, O2, and Air ambients. To determine the effect of the ambient on Voc, the suns-Voc tool was used. In this study, we described the mechanism of burn-out of organic materials in Al paste during the firing process. The oxygen ambient plays an important role in the burn-out process. We calculated the efficiency with obtained the back surface recombination velocities using PC1D simulation. It was found that the presence of oxygen during the firing process influenced the uniform back surface field because the organic materials in the Al paste were efficiently burned out during heating. The optimized temperature with oxygen flow shows an absolute efficiency of 19.1% at PC1D simulation.

Limelight 사건의 연방 순회법원에서의 항소심 이전에는 단일 행위자(Single Entity)에 의하여 청구항의 모든 요소들이 실행될 경우에만 35 U.S.C. § 271 (a) 하에서 그 행위자에게 직접침 해에 대한 책임을 지게 하였고, 그로 인하여 청구 항의 모든 요소들이 복수의 행위자들에 의하여 공 동으로 실행되는 경우에는 공동으로 직접침해에 대한 책임을 지게 할 수 없는 문제가 있었다. Limelight 사건의 항소심에서는 이와 같은 문제 에 대하여 기존의 판례와 달리 굳이 단일 행위자 만이 아닌 복수 행위자도 공동으로 직접침해에 대 한 책임을 질 수 있다고 판결하였고, 그 법리 근거로서는 미 연방 특허법에 Common Law의 불법 행위 책임자론을 적용하여 해석함에 따르는 것이 었다. 그러나, 연방 대법원에서의 상고심에서는 연방 특허법과 Common Law는 태생적으로 전혀 별개의 법 체계에 속하기 때문에 항소심에서의 법 리 근거는 이런 사상에 부합하지 않음을 이유로 항소심 결과를 번복하고 파기 환송하며 기존 판례 를 재확인 하였다. 이 사건과 같은 판례가 아직 없는 한국법 체계 하에서 이와 유사한 사건의 결과가 미국의 경우와 같지는 않을 것으로 보인다. 그 이유는, 한국 민법 상의 학설은 미국과 달리 직접 침해가 성립해야만 간접침해가 성립된다고 보지 않기 때문에, 한국 특허법 체계하에서 다수 행위자들에 의한 공동 직 접침해 성립 여부를 따지는 일 자체가 무의미할 수도 있기 때문이다. 따라서, 한국 법적 학설과 유 사 판례를 고려하여 실제로 이와 같은 사건을 한 국에서 재판했을 경우, 미국과 달리 복수의 행위 자에 의한 공동 침해 성립이 가능하고, 이에 대한공동 책임을 지게 되는 결과 또한 가능하다.

이 논문은 구약성서와 유대주의, 그리고 시오니즘(Zionism)에나타나 있는 배타성이 기독교 선교의 공격성과 어떤 연관관계가 있는지를 선교 역사적으로 고찰한 연구이다. 기독교 신앙은 유대교에 뿌리를두고 있는 종교이고, 그 유대교는 타민족에 대한 배타적 선민(選民)사상을 뿌리에 두고 있기 때문에, 이 문제는 기독교 신앙의 정체성뿐만 아니라, 기독교 신앙을 믿지 않는 사람들, 즉 선교 현장의 타자(他者)를 대하는 우리들의 선교적 입장을 결정할 수 있는 중요한 문제이다.더 협소하게 논의를 전개시켜 나간다면, 이것은 선교학과 구약신학간의 대화를 통해서 해소되어야 할 신학적 쟁점이고, 이 논문 역시이러한 목적으로 연례 구약학회에서 발표되었다. 따라서 이 논문은 구약성서의 ‘전사로서의 하나님’에 대한 개념을먼저 살펴보고, 그 결과 나타난 유대주의의 공격성과 배타성을 역사적 으로 규명한다. 이런 전통에서 배출된 예수 그리스도의 ‘군대귀신들린 자’ 사건(막 5:1-20)은 유대주의의 공격성과 배타성을 극복할수 있는 성서학적이며 선교학적인 가능성을 제시하고 있다. 거라사(제라시)에서 군대 귀신들린 자를 축사하신 그리스도는 그를 유대의 땅으로 초청한 것이 아니라 고향 데가볼리로 돌려 보내셨다. 이것을 필자는 유대주의의 배타성과 공격성에서 벗어나 그리스-로마 문명과 공존할 수 있는 선교적 가능성을 제시한 것이라 보았다.이런 개방성으로서의 초대야말로 다원화되고 글로벌화 된 세상을 향한 선교적 복음의 미래라고 해석하였다.

본 연구에서는 노인복지정책을 통해 한국 복지국가의 유형 및 특성, 한국 사회의 생산체제와 사회 불평등의 관계를 파악하고자 한다. 한국은 2018년에는 ‘고령사회’에 진입할 것으로 전망되고 있으며, 고령 사회로의 진입은 사회의 다양한 분야에 영향을 끼치고 있는데 주택, 의료, 사회복지 등 여러 분야에 영향 을 끼침으로써 사회비용을 증가시키고 있다. 즉 고령화 사회는 노인의 문제 좀더 나아가 그 부양가족만의 문제 뿐만이 아닌 전 국가적 문제로서 노령화에 따른 다양한 사회문제를 해결하지 못할 경우 전 국가적 부담과 사회적 재앙이 될 수 있기 때문에 국가 사회적 대응책이 시급하다. 노인의 빈곤은 노년기 경제생활의 취약성과 전생애에 걸쳐 누적되는 빈곤에 대한 위협, 가족이전 소득에 기대고 있는 공공부조의 취약 등을 들 수 있다. 이러한 현황 분석을 통하여 바람직한 노인정책을 방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 사적 이전 소득의 감소로 인한 공공부조 정책의 공고성, 노인 건강정책과 장기요 양서비스의 현실화, 퇴직제도의 개선과 사회복지 서비스의 욕구에 맞는 현실성 등을 제시하였다.

An ejector is an fluid transportation simplified device that generate relatively low pressure utilizing the kinetic energy of pressured fluid to provoke suction of another fluid, mix the two and discharge the mixture against a counter pressure. In this study, a parameter analysis was conducted to predict the ejector performance against various operating conditions. It was revealed that the loss coefficient of the nozzle, pressure ratio, flow rate and size of suction area has the greatest effect on the efficiency of the eductor and showed efficiency of eductor is proportion to increase of flow rate.

The characteristics of temperature variation for laser diode welding system have been analyzed with numerical investigation. The laser diode is assembled with a cap and stem by projection welding. Resistance heat, in this process, is generated by electric current at the contact surface between cap and stem within a very short time. Temperature variation of laser diode is largely affected by the welding time and the heat generated from the surface. Maximum temperature of each component in the laser diode should be lower than the melting point except for cap and stem in order to prevent welding defect. Temperature distribution of each component in the laser diode is also affected by thermal conduction mechanism. Welding defect near the insulator occurs when the resistance heat is high. Appropriate resistance heat supply to the laser diode was about 400W. The results from this study could be applicable for optimal design of laser diode welding system.

This study aims to integrate sports uniform design into fashion as an effective communication means by analyzing the uniforms of women's pro basketball and volleyball teams in the country. As part of the research method, a literature review was conducted on the domestic pro sports background and women's basketball and volleyball uniforms. For empirical research, an analysis was performed of the uniforms of 12 teams in total: six women's pro basketball teams and six women's pro volleyball teams in the 2013~2014 league. The following results were obtained. First, in terms of formativeness, sleeveless shirts and shorts are basic in both basketball and volleyball. However, there are remarkable differences between the two. Shirts in volleyball are tighter, with the body figure visible, and shorts are shorter in length than those in basketball. Most basketball uniforms have a V-neckline and are collarless, while volleyball uniforms have a standup collar in all teams. Second, both basketball and volleyball apply the representative color of the sponsoring company and the team's typical color, but common colors, such as blue, navy, and white, are used in many teams, which fails to represent a uniquely differentiated image. Third, the logo or symbol of a sponsor is excessively applied to both basketball and volleyball uniforms. This downgrades the uniform's own esthetic features. Fourth, a fashionable uniform design, that reflects the bodily characteristics of women and the characteristics of the sports game would be a beneficial communication tool for all the tiers to become involved in participation and entertainment.