Background : Exposure to Ultraviolet B (UVB) causes oxidative stress, inflammation, pigmentation and severe skin damage. Astragalus membranaceus (AG) has been used as a traditional medicine and have been studied various physiological activities. During the roasting process, bioactive substances is change including antioxidant substances. The aim is study the antioxidant effects and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitory effect of the roasted A. membranaceus (R-AG). on Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. Methods and Results : To prepare of R-AG samples, roasting machine was used. AG and R-AG were extracted to water and 70% ethanol. AG samples were evaluated the antioxidant potential by measuring the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2`-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging activities. Additionally, total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents was compared with antioxidant ingredients. AG and R-AGs were analyzed with HPLC determine the major compounds such as calycosin, mononetin and glycosides. The antioxidant activities of R-AG increased and changed in major compounds. In UVB exposed HDF cells, AGs did not affect cell viability and R-AG inhibited ROS more effectively than AG. Conclusion : From these results, R-AG can inhibit oxidative stress induced UVB in HDF cells.

Background : Scopolamine induces cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative stress, and the impairment of memory function. Therefore, oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction are important role of the brain pathology of amnesia. In this study, we investigated the impact of Safflower seed against oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction on scopolamine-induced amnesic mice. Methods and Results : Mice were orally pretreated with safflower seed (100 ㎎/㎏ body weight) or vehicle for 7 days, and scopolamine (1 ㎎/㎏ body weight) was injected intraperitoneally, 30 min before the behavior tests such as T-maze and novel objective recognition test on first day. To evaluate learning and memory function, the Morris water maze task was performed for 5 days, consecutively. The results showed that spatial perceptive ability and novel object recognition was significantly increased by preadministration of safflower seed compared with scopolamin-induced control mice in the behavior tests. Consistently, immuno blot revealed the elevated expression of superoxide dismutase 1 in the safflower seed pretreated mice, compared to the control mice. Moreover, protein expression of acetylcholinesterase was decreased in safflower seed pre-treated group. Conclusion : Subsequently, our results suggests that the Safflower seed extract improved memory impairment through inhibition of cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative stress.

Background : Gastrodia elata (GE) is a perennial herb that belongs to the orchidaceae and is used as a medicinal or food material. Known pharmacological agents include gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. It is used as medicinal herb that is traditionally used for headache, migraine, dizziness, epilepsy and infant seizures. It is used for medicinal herbs such as sedation, hypnosis, epilepsy treatment, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, neuroprotection, antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, Antioxidant, memory improvement, anti-aging, antiviral, anti-tumor. The purpose of this study was to find the extraction method with the highest oxidative stress inhibition and to optimize the pharmacological effect of the extract. Methods and Results : GE was freeze-dried to obtain 5 g, and then extracted into 50 ㎖ of water. Extraction temperature was 0, 30, 60 and 90℃ for 20, 40, 60 and 120 min, respectively. After centrifugation, the mixture was filtered through a 0.45 ㎛ filter. ABTS scavenging ability, DPPH scavenging ability, total phenol content, neuronal cell line (PC12) cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress scavenging activity in neurons were measured by this extract. ABTS scavenging ability, DPPH scavenging ability and total phenol content increased with increasing temperature and extraction time. However, at 60℃ and 90℃ extraction temperature, there was no significant difference. The cytotoxicity of 2 ㎎/㎖ of GE extract was significantly increased in the extract group of 90℃ after 20 hours. Conclusion : From the above results, the water extraction conditions to optimize the pharmacological activity of GE were 120 minutes at 60℃ or less.

Background : The chlorophyll fluorescence imaging as non-destructive imaging methods have been used widely for efficiently early detection of plant responses to various stresses. The information from images acquired from different condition has the potential to generate specific signatures for particular stresses. Light-energy absorbed by plants is distributed over three competing processes: photosynthesis, thermal dissipation and chlorophyll fluorescence emission. An increase in Chl-FI thus implies a decrease in photosynthesis. The stresses in growing stage will change the efficacy of photosynthesis. As a example, Chl-FI of plant infections was carried out previously for a number of different viral and fungal plant–pathogen systems. Therefore, image can be used for differentiation of various stress index. Methods and results : 2-years-old ginseng plants were transplanted to plastic pots and each stress factors were treated. The stress factors used in this study were high temperature, low temperature, fungicide, and fungal pathogen. High temperature stress was induced by placing pots inside incubator adjusted at 35℃. For treatment of low temperature stress, ginseng plants were stored at 5℃ refrigerator for 5 minutes. Pathogen stress was carried to inoculate mycelial disk. Alternaria panax was inoculated potato-dextrose-medium and cultured for 10 days at 25℃. Mycelial disk obtained from cultured plate were placed on the one leaf of ginseng. Azoxystrobin wp was diluted 500, 1,000 times in tap water and sprayed to ginseng plants. Chlorophyll fluorescence image was acquired from each plant that stress treated and analyzed with sigma plot software. Conclusion : Important value, Fv/Fm (maximum efficiency of photosystem II), Fp (peak fluorescence during the initial phase of the operating efficiency of the Kautsky effect), NPQ-lss (steady-state, non-photochemical), etc., were significantly changed by variable stress index. But it was impossible to differentiate kind of stress by acquired value.

국내 일부 시설재배지는 장기간 과도한 양분 투입 등에 의한 염류 집적 현상이 문제가 되어왔으며, 최근 이상기온에 따른 온도장해에 의한 피해도 발생하고 있다. 이러한 현상에 대해 친환경적으로 대처하기 위하여 고염류와 온도 스트레스에 대해 작물에 내성을 증강시키는 미생물을 선발하였다. 국내 토양에서 분리한 1,944균주중 고염류 또는 온도 스트레스 조건에서 세균의 생장과 식물생장촉진 관련 특성(IAA 생성, ACC deaminase 활성, 인산가용화능)을 고려하여 20균주를 1차 선발(전체 균주의 1.03%)하였다. 1차 선발한 20균주 중 토마토 식물검정을 통해 고염류 또는 온도스트레스에 대한 내성을 유도하는 7세균(1차 선발균주의 35%, 전체 균주의 0.36%)을 단계적으로 선발할 수 있었다. 선발된 세균은 16S rRNA 유전자의 염기서열 분석을 통해 모두 Bacillus 속에 속하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과로 선발된 7균주는 토마토의 고염류 또는 온도 스트레스에 대한 효과적인 미생물 제제로 활용이 가능한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

이 연구의 목적은 고등학교 교사를 대상으로 긍정정서 및 부정정서, 그릿, 스트레스, 삶의 만족 간의 관계를 검증하는 데 있다. 이 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 352명의 고등학교 교사들에게 긍정정서 및 부정정서 척도, 그릿 척도, 스트레스 척도, 삶의 만족 척도를 실시하여 자료를 수집했다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 그릿은 긍정정서 및 부정정서가 삶의 만족에 미치는 영향을 부분매개했다. 둘째, 그릿은 긍정정서 및 부정정서가 스트레스에 미치는 영향을 부분매개했다. 셋 째, 스트레스는 긍정정서 및 부정정서가 삶의 만족에 미치는 영향을 부분매개했다. 넷째, 그릿과 스트레스는 긍정정서 및 부정정서가 삶의 만족에 미치는 영향을 이중매개했다. 이 연구의 결과는 고등학교 교사들의 삶의 만족을 높이려면 교사들이 긍정정서를 많이 경험하고 부정정서를 적게 경험하도록 하며, 그릿을 높이고 스트레스를 낮추도록 해야 함을 시사한다.

본 연구는 영아반 교사의 직무스트레스와 교사효능감 및 교사-영아 간 상호작용의 관계를 살펴보고, 교사의 직무스트레스와 교사-영아 간 상호작용의 관계에서 교사효능감의 매개효과를 검증하기 위하여 실시하였다. 이를 위해 인천지역 보육기관에 취원 중인 만 0∼2세반 담임교사 241명을 대상으로 연구를 수행하였으며, 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 영아반 교사의 직무스트레스는 교사효능감 및 교사-영아 간 상호작용과 부적 상관을 보였으며, 교사효능감과 교사-영아 상호작용 간에는 정적 상관을 보였다. 둘째, 영아반 교사의 직무스트레스와 교사-영아 간 상호작용과의 관계에서 교사효능감은 부분 매개효과를 나타냈다. 본 연구결과를 통하여 영아반 교사의 직무스트레스가 교사-영아 간 상호작용에 미치는 직접적 영향을 확인하였으며, 직무스트레스와 교사-영아 간 상호작용의 관계에서 교사효능감의 매개효과를 검증함으로써 교사효능감의 중재 역할로서의 중요성을 시사하였다.

본 연구는 교사의 민감성, 행복감 및 직무스트레스가 만1세 영아의 교사 애착 형성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 인천, 서울, 세종시에 소재한 국공립, 민간 어린이집의 교사 중 만1세 영아를 담당하고 있는 영아반 교사 300명을 대상으로 설문을 진행하였으며, 불성실한 응답(7명)을 제외한 293부를 최종적으로 통계분석에 사용하였다. 본 연구에서의 자료 분석은 교사의 민감성, 행복감 및 직무스트레스와 만1세 영아반 교사의 애착에 대한 평균과 표준편차를 산출하였고, 교사의 민감성, 행복감 및 직무스트레스와 만1세 영아반 교사와 영아의 애착관계를 알아보기 위하여 Pearson의 적률상관분석을 실시하였으며, 단계적 중다회귀분석을 통하여 만1세 영아의 교사 애착 형성에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 교사의 민감성, 행복감 및 직무스트레스와 만1세 영아의 교사 애착형성과 상관관계에서 민감성과 행복감, 영아의 애착형성은 정적 상관을 민감성과 행복감, 영아의 애착형성은 직무스트레스와 부적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 교사의 민감성의 하위요인인 ‘적절성’, ‘즉시성’, ‘정확성’, 행복감의 하위요인인 ‘자기조절행복감’, 직무스트레스의 하위요인인 ‘동료관계’가 교사에 대한 영아의 애착형성에 유의미한 영향을 주는 변인으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 영·유아를 보육하는 교사의 행복감과 민감성을 향상시키고 직무스트레스를 줄일 수 있는 다양한 방안모색과 함께 이를 지원할 수 있는 정책에도 관심을 가져야 함을 시사한다.

전 세계적인 지구 온난화로 인한 가뭄은 농작물의 생산성을 저해하는 주요 원인 중 하나이며, 고온과 건조가 복합적으로 작용하여 식물 생장을 감소시킨다. 본 연구에서는 Bacillus velezensis YP2 균주의 식물 생육촉진 및 건조 스트레스 내성 증진 효과를 온실과 시설하우스 포장에서 조사하였다. 또한 B. velezensis YP2 균주의 처리 전과 후 케일 근권과 뿌리에서 배양법에 의한 상대 정량 방법으로 B. velezensis YP2 균주의 근권 및 뿌리 정착능을 분석하였다. 온실 검정 결과 YP2 균주 처리구에서는 무처리구와 비교하여 케일 유묘의 초장 26.7% 및 지상부 생체중 142.2% 증가시키는 효과가 있었다. 또한 B. velezensis YP2 처리구에서는 무처리구와 비교하여 39.4%의 건조 피해 경감 효과가 있었다. 시설하우스 포장 검정 결과에서도 B. velezensis YP2 균주 처리에 의한 케일의 생장촉진 효과와 건조 스트레스 내성 증진 효과가 있었으며, B. velezensis YP2 처리구에서 케일 잎의 상대수분함량이 무처리구와 비교하여 7, 10, 14일에 모두 높은 것으로 나타났다. B. velezensis YP2 균주의 뿌리 정착능 분석 결과, 균주 처리 21일까지 케일 근권 및 뿌리 균밀도가 무처리구와 비교하여 B. velezensis YP2 처리구에서 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 균주 처리 후 최소한 21일이 경과할 때까지 B. velezensis YP2 균주가 케일 근권과 뿌리에 정착하여 식물과 상호작용함으로서 생육을 촉진하고 식물의 물 이용률을 증가시켜 건조 스트레스 내성을 증진하는 데 관련이 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구 결과를 통하여 B. velezensis YP2 균주는 가뭄으로 인한 건조한 토양 조건에서 작물 생산성을 향상시키는 가능성이 있는 유용한 미생물로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Background : Oxidative stress and inflammatory response are important features of the brain pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to the antioxidant activity and biochemical characterization of safflower seed. Moreover, we investigated the impact of Safflower seed on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Methods and Results : First, in order to determine active ingredient contents of safflower seed extract, we were carried out total phenol content and total flavonoid content analyses. As a result, dried safflower seed were found to contain 35.4 ± 0.4 ㎎·GAE/g dry weight and 45.3 ± 7.5 ㎎·NE/g dry weight in boiling water extraction. Also, the major compounds of safflower seed from HPLC analysis were identified as serotonin and serotonin derivatives [N- (p-coumaroyl)serotonin and N-feruloylserotonin]. In addition, the antioxidant activity of safflower seed showed IC50 values of 331.4 and 168.2, respectively, against DPPH and ABTS in vitro. Finally, with regard to the memory improvement activity, the administration of Safflower seed extract significantly restored memory impairments induced by scopolamine in the behavior tests such as novel object recognition and Morris water maze test. Conclusion : The results of our study suggest that the safflower seed extract possess potent memory improvement activity and are also a good source of natural antioxidants. Further study is needed to identify the mechanism responsible for their memory improvement activity.

Purpose - This study is to investigate the relationship among emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and job stress of foreign life insurance consultants focusing on the mediating effect of self-efficacy. Regarding job security, in general foreign life insurance companies in Korea have more severe working conditions in terms of required contract performance. For foreign life insurance consultants, they are assumed to need higher level of emotional intelligence and self efficacy to meet the conditions. In this study, focus is cast on these aspects. Research design, data, and methodology – Basically the research is conducted upon questionnaires responded by foreign life insurance consultants. That is, data are collected from 255 sample of insurance consultants who work for a foreign owned life insurance company. The Questionnaire measure the level of emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and job stress of insurance consultants. The data are analyzed using pearson's correlation coefficient and hierarchical multiple regression, descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Durbin-Watson test. Results – The general characteristics of respondents are gender, age, marital status, education level, income monthly, career length, change jobs no, working day per week, call no. per week, meeting no. with client per week, contract regularity, contract no. per month and cancellation contract per year. The mean of emotional intelligence is 2.63, self-efficacy is 3.44 and job stress is 2.20. Emotional intelligence is composed with mean value of self emotion appraisal(3.93), other’s emotion appraisal(3.78), regulation of emotion(3.29) and use of emotion(3.52). The mean of self efficacy is composed with mean value of self-confidence(3.41), self-regulated efficacy(3.59) and preference task difficulty(3.30). The job stress is composed with mean value of job requirement(2.61), lack of job autonomy(1.99), conflict of personal relations(1.99), job instability(2.38), organizational system(2.19) and inappropriate compensation(2.07). There is a significant positive correlation between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy. The emotional intelligence and self-efficacy are significantly negative correlation with job stress. The self-efficacy is showed a mediating variable between emotional intelligence and job stress. Conclusions - To decrease job stress level, foreign life insurance company should find the factors to improve the emotional intelligence and self-efficacy of life insurance consultants, and develop appropriate plans using a mediating role of self– efficacy between emotional intelligence and job stress.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of combination of air temperature and soil water content on the growth, physiological disorder rate, and yield of hot peppers. The study was carried out in a typical plastic house (open on one side and with ventilation fans on the other side), which was maintained with gradient air temperature (maximum difference in air temperature: 6°C). The deficit irrigation (DI) treatment commenced 65 days after transplanting. The height of plant and fresh and dry weights of the stem increased at high air temperature (ambient + 6°C, extreme high temperature; EHT). Furthermore, the leaf area decreased significantly with the DI treatment. There were no significant differences in the stem diameter, number of branches, and fresh and dry weights of the leaves among all the treatments. The net photosynthesis rate of the full irrigation (FI) treatment was higher than that of the DI treatment. The photosynthesis rate at ambient air temperature was 19.7 μmol CO2m-2·s-1, the highest among all the treatments; however, the photosynthesis rate of the EHT treatment decreased by 60% (12.3 μmol CO2m-2·s-1). Additionally, the formation of guard cells in the leaf was abnormal with the EHT treatment, and there was a decrease in translocation efficiency. The effects of air temperature treatment were more pronounced on the physiological disorder rate and yield. The physiological disorder rate of the EHT treatment was the highest under the DI treatment condition. The yield of the AFI (ambient air temperature with full irrigation) treatment was 3,771 kg/10a, the highest among all the treatments; however, the yield of the EHT treatment with DI and FI was 1,282 and 1,327 kg/10a, respectively. These results indicate that growth and physiological disorder rate improved with the EHT treatment; however, there was a decrease in yield. Furthermore, the formation of guard cells was abnormal and malfunctional.

Background: This study aimed to investigate out the influence of drought stress on the physiological responses of Dendropanax morbifera seedlings. Methods and Results: Drought stress was induced by discontinuing water supply for 30 days. Under drought stress, photosynthetic activity was significantly reduced with decreasing soil water content (SWC), as revealed by the parameters such as Fv/Fm, maximum photosynthetic rate (PN max), stomatal conductance (gs), stomatal transpiration rate (E), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). However, water use efficiency (WUE) was increased by 2.5 times because of the decrease in gs to reduce transpiration. Particularly, E and gs were remarkably decreased when water was withheld for 21 days at 6.2% of SWC. Dendropanax morbifera leaves showed osmotic adjustment of −0.30MPa at full turgor and −0.13 MPa at zero turgor. In contrast, the maximum bulk modulus of elasticity (Emax) did not change significantly. Thus, Dendropanax morbifera seedlings could tolerate drought stress via osmotic adjustment. Conclusions: Drought avoidance mechanisms of D. morbifera involve reduction in water loss from plants, through the control of stomatal transpiration, and reduction in cellular osmotic potential. Notably photosynthetic activity was remarkably reduced, to approximately 6% of the SWC.

Background: Astilbe chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. Et Savat. is a plant belonging to Saxifragaceae family and contains various active ingredients including astilbin and bergenin. It has been used as a traditional Korean medicine to improve fever, pain, and cough. Recently, a number of Korean medical resources have been studied for cancer and inflammation treatment, but A. chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. Et Savat. has not yet been investigated. Consequently, this study investigated the inhibitory effect of ethanol extracts from A. chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. Et Savat. (ARE) on oxidative stress and colorectal cancer using RAW264.7 and the human colorectal cancer cell line HCT-116. Methods and Results: In total, 500 ㎍/㎖ ARE reduced cell viability by 38.96 ± 1.32%, and increased caspase-3 activity by 133.08 ± 3.41% in HCT-116 cells. Moreover, TUNEL signaling and the early apoptosis ratio (34.56 ± 1.67%) increased by 500 ㎍/㎖ ARE treatment. H2O2-induced oxidative stress and cell death were diminished by 500 ㎍/㎖ ARE treatment through decreasing ROS (reactive oxygen species). Conclusions: The inhibitory effects of ARE against human colorectal cancer cells is mediated by apoptosis and caspase-3 activation, and H2O2-induced ROS generation and cell death are decreased by ARE treatment in RAW264.7 cells. However, further study is required to explore how ARE treatment is involved in the signaling pathway to decrease ROS.

Background: Inula japonica Thunb. is a plant belonging to the family compositae. Inulae flos (flower of I. britannica var. chinensis Regal.) is the dried flower of I. japonica Thunb. and contains various flavonoids (patulitrin, nepitrin and kaempferol), which have been utilized in traditional oriental medicine to treat nausea, phlegm, and coughs. However, ethanol extract of I. britannica (IJE) has not been previously studied for its use in cancer treatment, and its effects on oxidative stress, or inflammation. Thus, the present study investigated the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-colorectal cancer effects of IJE using RAW264.7 and HCT- 116 cells, which are human colorectal cancer cell line. Methods and Results: IJE contained flavonoids (80.95 ± 5.3 ㎎/g) and polyphenols (310.53 ± 10.6 ㎎/g). Moreover, it reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and H2O2-induced oxidative stress by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Additionally, the 500 ㎍/㎖ IJE treatment increased caspase-3 activity and apoptotic cell death in HCT-116 cells. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the anti-cancer effect of IJE against human colorectal cancer cells involves caspase-3 activation and apoptotic cell death. IJE also inhibited LPS-induced NO production, and H2O2-induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. However, further studies are required to explore how IJE treatment regulates signal transduction in NO and ROS production.

We compared the spatial distribution of several heat stress indices (the Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature(WBGT) index, Environmental Stress Index (ESI), and Modified Discomfort Index(MDI)) for the heat wave of June 6 ~August 26, 2016, in Daegu. We calculated the heat stress indices using data from the high density urban climate observation network in Daegu. The observation system was established in February. 2013. We used data from a total of 38 air temperature observation points (23 thermometers and 18 automatic weather stations). The values of the heat stress indices indicated that the danger level was very high from 0900-2000h in downtown Daegu. The daily maximum value of the WBGT was greater than or equal to 35℃ The differences in the heat stress indices from downtown and rural areas were higher in the daytime than at nighttime. The maximum difference was about 4 before and after 1400h, and the time variations of the heat stress indices corresponded well. Thus, we were able to confirm that the ESI and MDI can be substituted with the WBGT index.

This research was conducted to evaluate methods of enhancing the waterlogging resistance of soybean plant. Thus, we applied seven types of plant growth regulators (PGRs) to soybean plants and exposed them to waterlogged conditions for a total of 14 days. To evaluate stress resistance, we monitored plant growth characteristics data such as height, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence for 28 days after the initial waterlogging (14 days under waterlogging conditions and 14 days after waterlogging). According to the results, plant height was significantly increased by gibberellin A4 (GA4) treatment compared to the control treatment and waterlogging-only treatment. However, we could not detect plant height owing to plant death when we applied abscisic acid (ABA). Except for GA4 and ABA treatments, plant heights slightly decreased in all treatments compared to the waterlogging-only treatment. The chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence showed a similar tendency among PGR treatments. The chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence were significantly increased by ethephon and kinetin treatments 28 days after waterlogging compared to the waterlogging-only treatment. Consequently, kinetin and ethephon treatments induced more resistant phenotypes in soybean plants during or after exposure to waterlogging conditions.

APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factors are involved in biological and abiotic stress response, plant development, and growth. AP2/ERF genes are classified into five families (AP2, DREB, ERF, RAV, and soloist), and most genes belong to DREB and ERF families. So far, genomic analysis of DREB and ERF family genes of various plant species has been performed, and classifications based on the homology of AP2/ERF-specific DNA binding domain, arrangement of exons and introns, and similarity of group-specific conserved motifs have been conducted. These classifications provide plausible information for the prediction of AP2/ERF gene function. In this paper, an overview of the classification, structure, evolution, and function of AP2/ERF genes is described, and the functional properties and regulatory mechanisms of ERF family genes that have been identified are summarized by group according to the functional classification of Arabidopsis ERF family genes. This shows that group-specific conserved motifs of Arabidopsis ERF family genes are closely linked with group-specific functions and regulatory mechanisms, indicating that the effective functional prediction of ERF family genes through such a classification scheme can be usefully applied to the trait improvements of various plants.

본 연구는 한국 내 중국인 강사의 직무 스트레스에 대한 내러티브 탐구이다. 그들의 스트레스를 받게 된 요인과 대처방법을 자세히 살펴봄으로써 같은 처지에 겪고 있는 중 국인 강사에게 도움을 주고 제언을 제시하고자 한다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 한국에 서 2년 이상 강사경험이 있어 직무 스트레스를 겪고 있는 중국인 강사 3명을 연구대상 으로 선정하였고, 인터뷰 자료를 분석하였다. 중국인 강사는 한국 교직 생활을 하면서 조직 ,업무 부하, 학생 학습 문제, 다문화 적응 등 여러 이유로 심각한 직무 스트레스를 받게 되었다. 그들은 적극적으로 대처하고 있지만, 정해진 조직, 근무 시간, 대우 등을 스스로 쉽게 조정할 수 없기 때문에 비관적인 태도와 소극적인 반응이 보인다. 뿐만 아 니라, 한국인의 중국에 충분하지 않는 이해로 인해 받게 된 스트레스를 대처했을 때 강 사의 개인 힘과 능력은 여전히 부족하고 한계가 있다.

ABA는 식물에서 비 생물학적 스트레스 내성에 관여하는 중 요한 식물 호르몬이다. 애기장대의 group A bZIP 전사인자는 ABA 신호전달 과정에 중요한 역할을 한다고 알려져 있다. 그러나 벼에서는 group A bZIP 전사인자의 기능이 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 따라서 우리는 벼에서 group A bZIP 전사인자인 OsABF3 (Oryza sativa ABA responsive element binding factor 3)를 연 구하였다. 이를 위해 벼의 다양한 조직과 다양한 스트레스(가 뭄, 염분, 저온, ABA, 산화 스트레스)에 따른 OsABF3 발현 패턴을 분석하였다. 또한 maize의 원형질체에서 GFP fusion 벡터를 사용한 세포 내 위치 분석을 통해 OsABF3가 핵단백질이라는 것을 확인하였다. Yeast one-hybrid 실험을 통해 OsABF3의 Cterminal 부분이 ABREs에 결합한다는 것과 N-terminal 부분 이 하위 유전자의 transactivation 하는데 필요하다는 것을 알수 있었다. 그리고 T-DNA가 삽입된 OsABF3의 homozygous 돌연변이체가 야생형과 과발현체에 비해 발아와 발아 후 단계 에서 고농도의 ABA에 대한 민감도가 더 감소한 것을 알 수 있었다. 결과적으로 종합해 볼 때 OsABF3는 ABA의 의존적인 경로를 통해 비 생물학적 스트레스에 반응하는 유전자의 발현을 조절하는 기능을 하는 전사 조절자이다. 또한 OsABF3의 transactivation을 측정하는 실험에 있어서 억제 domain이 존 재한다는 결과를 얻었다.