Eight Korean native black goats were used, of blood was collected from the Jugular vein into heparinized tubes a week interval. The heparinized blood was centrifuged for separation to blood plasma and corpuscles. The hematocrit, per centage of blood that is red blood cells, was reschuffuled of 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 % and 50 % using blood plasma, 0.9 % NaCl solution and 5.4 % dextrose solution. The sedimentation rates of red blood cell obtained at and are summarized as follows. 1) The sedimentation rates of red blood cell were more increased by lower PCV%, i.e. there was a reverse relationship between the sedimentation rates and PCV% at any condition of these experiments. 2) The RBC were sedimented the most quickly in the NaCl solution and slower in the plasma compare with the dextrose solution at the same PCV%. 3) There was no temperature effect on the sedimentation rates between the two groups of and (at PCV 20% and 10%), even though the temperature difference is .

벼 도열병균의 엽초내균사신전도와 잎표피세포내의 침입율과는 기주가 접종전 같은 온도조건하에서 자랐을 경우 고도의 유의성이 있었으며 또한 이들 두 요인간에는 정의 상관관계가 있었다.

담배나방(Heliothis assulta Guenee)의 발육에 미치는 온도의 영향과 Thuricide 의 효과를 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 암컷의 산란전기간은 평균 3.0일(일)이었으며 산란기간은 평균 4.75일(일)이었고 산란후기간은 평균 3.5일(일)로 성충의 수명은 약 11.25일이었다. 2. 일당 산란수 빈도는 60개80개가 가장 많았으며 각 온도에서 산란수는 에서 각각 307개, 413개, 189개로 에서 난수가 가장 적었으며 일 때 난수가 가장 많았다. 일당 산란수는 평균 64.05개 (개)였고 총산란수는 평균 304.25개 (개)였다. 3. 난기간은 에서 각각 평균 7.71일 (일), 4.12일(일), 3.58일(일)이었고 부화율은 각각 로써 에서 가장 높고 에서 가장 낮았다. 4. 유충의 전 발육기간은 에서 각각 평균 43.5일, 21.79일, 18.05일을 소요하였고, 유충의 치사율은 에서 각각 였다. 5. 용 발육기간은 에서 각각 평균 24.22일(일), 12.36일(일), 11.50일(였고, 용기 치사율은 에서 각각 였다. 6. 발육영점온도는 난이 , 유충이 , 용이 였고 유효적산온도는 난, 유충과 용이 각각 60.41일도, 319.35일도와 222.66일도였으며 담배나 방의 발육영점온도는 였고, 유효적산온도는 60 2.42일도였다. 7. 발육과 온도와의 관계에서 Y=-4.272X+155.39 (r=0.9105), (Y=전 생육기기간을 완료하는데 소요되는 일수, X=처리온도)를 얻었으며 실측치와의 오차는 일로 생육단계 특히 유충기와 개체간 생리적 차가 현저함을 알 수 있었다. 8. Thuricide 분무처리 시 치사율은 평균 였고 Bait처리 시 치사율은 평균 였으며 처리간에는 유의성이 있었으나 처리시기나 약량간에는 유의성이 없었다.

초 록 본 실험중 이병성품종인 Khao-tah-haeng 17에서는 4개 접종전처리온도어디서나 접종에 사용된 6개 균주에 대하여 저항성보다는 이병성병반이 많이 나타났다. Tetep, Carreon, IR36 및 Sensho에서는 이병성병반 보다는 저항성병반이 많이 나타났다. 저항성 및 이병성병반수 공히 접종전 처리온도간, 공시종간에 고도의 유의성이 있었다. 특정품종에서 이병성병반의 발현은 접종전처리온도와 두열병균균주에 의해서 좌우되었으며 저항성병반의 발현은 접종전처리온도보다는 도열병균균주에 의해서 좌우되었다.

초 록 특정수도품종에 대한 도열병균의 침입률은 접종전처리온도와 균주의 조합보다는 공시균주나 온도의 단독요인에 의한 영향이컸다. 이병성품종은 그 품종이 어떤 온도조건하에서 자랐던지 또는 병원성이 다른 어떤 균주로 접종이 되었던지 이병성으로 남아 있었으며 접종전에 기주가 다른 온도조건하에서 자랐을 경우, 도열병균의 특정균주 또는 Race의 병원성발현은 다르게 나타나는 것이 관찰되었다.

초 록 본 실험은 몇가지 우화기구를 사용하여 기구형에 따른 우화상내 온도변화가 솔잎혹파리의 우화소장에 미치는 영향 및 유충의 월동기간중의 온도변화와 우화소장간의 관계를 알아 보기 위하여 각처리별 우화소장을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 우화기구별 상내 최고온도는 현저한 차리를 나타내어 대조구에 비하여 Vinyl형은 월평균 가 높았고 다른 처리구에 있어서도 가 높았는데 다른 처리구에 있어서도 가 높았는데 표준형의 순이었다. 2) 처리별유충의 월동기간중의 최저온도분포는 현저한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 3) Vinyl형 처리구에서는 우화최성일이 5월 15로 대조구에 비하여 20일 앞당겨했고 표준형구와 Cage-50구도 14일 빨라졌다. 4) Funnel형 처리구에 있어서는 최고온도 및 적산온도의 분포가 대조구에 비하여 높았음에도 불구하고 우화최성일은 6일이 지연되었다. 5) 유충의 월동기간중의 온도처리효과는 12월중순과 3월중순의 최고온도의 상승이 우화최성일을 앞당기는 효과를 나타내었다.

감자 저장병으로서 중요한 Fusarium solani, F. roscum, F. oxysporum 및 Erwinia carotovora를 분리 동정하고 수확후에 공시품종 Epicure, Irish Cobbler, 및 Superior의 괴경을 절단하여 각 온도의 습실에 1, 3, 5, 및 7일간 예치한 후 suberin 및 periderm 형성을 검경하였다. 그리고 위와 같이 처리한 괴경에 4종의 병원균을 접종하여 9일간 정치한 후 부패도를 조사하였다. 예치온도가 높을수록 또 그 기간이 길어짐에 따라 보호막으로서의 suberin 및 periderm 형성이 증가하였으며 부패는 감소되었다. 공시균종간의 병원성, 품종에 대한 반응, 보호막 형성에도 차이가 있었으나 예치온도 및 기간의 효과가 부패방지에 더 중요하였다. 에서는 7일이내의 예치기간에 보호막은 거의 형성되지 않았으며 부패는 심하였고 에서는 대체로 이와 반대하였다. 그러므로 절상감자를 바로 에 냉장함은 피해여야 할 것으로 본다. 에서 3일 에서 5일이 지나면 부패되지 않았으며 suberin 및 periderm 형성은 중정도였다. 고온에서는 예치, 기간중에 기경이 부패되는 수도 있으므로 그 적온을 피하여 에 5일 이상 예치한 후에 저장하는 것이 실용적이라 생각된다.

Photoelectric observations were made of four N stars (HD 51208, HD 75021, V 1942 Sgr, and RU Vir) at careful1y chosen discrete wavelengths between 7000 |AA a n d 11000 |AA with 30 |AA bandpass width. Their effective temperatures have been derived by fitting the black-body radiation curve to the observed continuum intensities at 7800 |AA , 9000 |AA a n d 10800 |AA . The resulting temperature ranges from 2500˚ K t o 2900 ˚ K . . It is probable that almost all the N stars belong to this range of temperature. However, the temperatures of very red N stars can not be well determined due to large variability and redistribution of their radiation energy arising from the graphite shells around them.

This study investigated the antioxidant effect of Hermetia illucens larvae using different extraction temperatures and solvents. We found significant differences in total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), an in three antioxidant indexes 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 1,1’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) contents, among the samples depending on the extraction temperature and solvent used. The sample extracted with water at 45℃ (HIW-45℃) showed the highest TPC, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP contents, while the sample extracted with water at 90℃ (HIW-90℃) showed the highest TFC. These differences can be due to the different chemical structures of the extracted components. Based on these results, HIW-45℃ was the optimal extraction method for Hermetia illucens. We intend to further investigate the availability of functional materials for Hermetia illucens using this method.

아라고나이트는 탄산칼슘(CaCO3)의 동질이상 중 하나이며, 해양 생태계를 포함한 다양한 환경에서 생물학적 및 이화학적 침전 과정을 통해 형성된다. 이러한 아라고나이트의 형성 및 성장뿐만 아니라 아라고나이트 내 스트론튬(Sr)과 같은 미량원소의 치환 특성은 화학종의 농도와 온도와 같은 핵심 인자들에 의해 많은 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 해양 생태계와 유사한 용액 온도와 아라고나이트에 대한 이 용액의 다양한 포화도 조건에서 아라고나이트 내 Sr 병합 특성이 규명되었다. 반응 용액의 주입속도(0.085-17 mL/min), 반응 용액의 이온 농도([Ca]=[CO3] 0.01-1M), 혼합 용액의 온도(5-40 oC)의 다양한 실험 조건에서 컨스턴트-에디션 (constant-addition) 방법을 통해 순수한 아라고나이트가 합성되었다. 또한, 모든 Sr 병합 실험 조건(0.02-0.5 M, 15-40 oC)에서도 순수한 아라고나이트가 형성되었다. 합성된 아라고나이트의 결정도와 결정크기는 포화도 및 온도가 증가함에 따라 상대적으로 더 크게 증가하며 아라고나이트 결정이 더 많이 성장하였음을 지시하였다. 그러나 BET-비표면적을 이용하여 계산된 결정성장속도는 결정 형상 변화에 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타나 해석에 주의가 요구된다. 아라고나이트 내 Sr의 분배계수(KSr)는 반응이온의 농도가 0.02에서 0.5 M로 증가할 때 2.37에서 1.57로, 온도가 15에서 40˚C로 증가할 때 1.90에서 1.54로 감소하였으며, 모든 조건에서 KSr 값이 1보다 높게 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 KSr가 결정성장속도와 역의 상관관계로서 아라고나이트 내 Sr 병합이 호정성 관계임을 나타낸다.

This study analyzed the weather environment of the smart city to identify the temperature reduction effects of the heat reducing facilities. The methodology is divided into indoor and outdoor analyses. Indoor analyses were conducted for the evidence-based design of the facility. The size of nozzle is adjusted to derive the most efficient size for outdoor use. Three types of nozzles were used, 0.15 mm, 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm. The most efficient nozzle was selected as 0.15 mm. The outdoor test was measured for two days from August 3 to August 4, 2020, and the weather data were collected for the control and target sites on the first day. On the second day, the measurements were taken assuming that the temperature and humidity of two sites would be similar. Compared to the control group, the outdoor test site had a temperature reduction effect up to 7.4℃. When operating the heat-reducing facility, the rate of change in sensible temperature is lower than control site. This study concluded that mist facilities have a pre-cooling effect, which means reducing the temperature to a certain level. The results from this study data could be provided when establishing an adaptation policy for a heatwave.

Soil temperature (SoT) is one of the important climate elements for the land-atmosphere interactions. In this study, the climatic characteristics and trends of SoT were analyzed at nine locations for the period of 1966 to 2020. In addition, effect of precipitation on the interannual variations of SoT was also addressed. The monthly average of the SoT shows seasonal and interannual variations regardless of location. While there are some differences depending on the location and depth, the interannual variations of SoT occur more strongly at the shallow layer during summer comparatively other seasons. The strong negative correlation between SoT and precipitation of summer shows that the large interannual variations of SoT in summer is closely related to the strong interannual variations of precipitation of same season. According to the depth the range of SoT is larger in winter and summer and smaller in spring and autumn. Generally, air temperature and SoTs are increasing due to global warming. However, the increasing trend varies and depends on the location and depth of the study area. Most of investigation stations are revealed a strong increasing trend, particularly, at the shallow layer during summer season.

We examined the ocean forcing, associated with the different trends in precipitation between North and South Korea, using GPCC V2018 precipitation and OISST V2 sea surface temperature (SST) for the recent thirty years of 1982-2011. As a result of linear regression, the precipitation trends in the monsoon (June and July) and post-monsoon (August and September) seasons were different between North and South Korea, respectively, with increased and decreased trends, during the both monsoon seasons. During the monsoon season, the results of detrended correlation and composite analysis showed the opposite relationships of precipitation with SSTs in the equatorial Pacific and Arctic Oceans between North and South Korea. It was identified that large-scale atmospheric circulation linked to ENSO can differently affect the Korean Peninsula. On the other hand, during the post-monsoon season, the correlation and composite patterns across the oceans in the Northern Hemisphere were generally similar for the two Koreas. It was suggested that near the ocean of the Korean Peninsula and the land surface forcings might affect the precipitation variability during the post-monsoon season, especially in North Korea.

The purpose of this study is to explore spatio-temporal patterns of extreme low human-sensible temperature (HST) across Mt Halla (1,950m), Korea. To do this, decadal (2011/12-2020/21) averages of daily or hourly windchill index (WCI), which quantifies HST considering the combined effects of low temperature and strong wind, are calculated for 24 weather stations in Mt Halla. Time series of decadal average daily mean show that extreme low HST events with moderate risk level (-27~-10°C) occur in mid-winter (mid-January~early February) around the high mountainous areas of Mt Halla, while such risk does not exist in the low-elevated coastal regions of Jeju Island under subtropical climate. Strong wind around the subalpine climate belt lowers HST by 5°C than air temperature in mid-winter. In extreme cases when the advection of northerly cold wind is intensified by the west high-east low pressure pattern in East Asia, the HST around the peak of Mt Halla can be lowered to high risk level (-39~-28°C) in the early morning times of mid-winter days. These information about mountain bioclimate may help establish mountain extreme climate warning systems, which are needed to protect mountaineers from potential life-threatening accidents caused by extreme low HST events over high mountains such as Mt Halla.

According to a NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies report, temperatures have risen by approximately 1 °C so far, based on temperatures recorded in 1880. The 2003 heatwave in Europe affected approximately 35,000 people across Europe. In this study, a cooling fog, which is used in smart cities, was designed to efficiently reduce the temperature during a heatwave and its pilot test results were interpreted. A model experiment of the cooling fog was conducted using a chamber, in which nano mist spray instruments and spray nozzles were installed. The designed cooling fog chamber model showed a temperature reduction of up to 13.8 °C for artificial pavement and up to 8.0 °C for green surfaces. However, this model was limited by constant wind speed in the experiment. Moreover, if the cooling fog is used when the wind speed is more than 3m/s in the active green zone, the temperature reduction felt by humans is expected to be even greater. As a second study, the effect of cooling fog on temperature reduction was analyzed by installing a pilot test inside the Land Housing Institute (LHI). The data gathered in this research can be useful for the study of heat reduction techniques in urban areas.

Water temperature is one of the most important factors of fish survival, affecting the habitat, migration route, development, and reproduction. This experiment studied the induction level of heat shock protein (HSP70) mRNA and protein in a walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) primary hepatocyte culture based on different temperatures. Hepatocytes were attached at 7.5 °C for 24 hours. Hsp70 induction levels were then measured for 48 hours at 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17 °C. The induction level was lowest at 5 °C and generally increased with temperature until 14 °C. The induction level was reduced at 17 °C, indicating that 14 °C is the highest tolerable temperature for hepatocytes. These data indicate that primary hepatocyte cell culture is under no stress at 5 and 8 °C. Temperatures greater than 11 °C induce stress, showing similar induction patterns in both mRNA and protein in hepatocytes. The results suggest that 14 °C is the maximum internal defense temperature of walleye pollock survival.

The developmental ecology and temperature-dependent growth model were calculated to develop the Scotinophara lurida control technology, which is mainly affected by environmentally friendly rice cultivation. The survival rate of S. lurida after overwintering in 2019 showed that 167 of 224 survived and the survival rate was 72.8%. Overwintering adult of S. lurida occur in rice fields in mid-June, spawn in early July, and first-generation adults develop in mid-August. In order to determine the temperature-dependent growth model, the growth periods by temperature and development stage were investigated in a incubator at 18, 21, 24, 27, 30℃ and 14L: 10D. The period from egg to adult at the temperature of 18, 21, 24, 27, 30℃ was 119.8, 73.1, 53.5, 39.4, and 82.0 days, respectively. The best development temperature was at 27℃. The regression curve was obtained by analyzing the relationship between temperature and growth rate using the Excell program, and the base temperature threshold and effective cumulative temperature for each development stage were calculated. From eggs to 5 nymphs of S. lurida the base temperature threshold was 17.9℃ and the effective cumulative temperature was 380.2 DD.

This study was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for the treatment of polyamine to promote pollen germination and improve the fruiting rate by overcoming fertilization defects in low-temperature strawberry cultivation. The optimum temperature for pollen germination of strawberries was 30 for Seolhyang and 25 for Maehyang, and Seolhyang had a higher pollen germination rate than that of Maehyang. The addition of polyamines, namely spermine and putrescine to the medium improved the pollen germination rate and spermine treatment showed a better effect than putrescine treatment. The proper polyamine type and treatment concentration for enhancing the potency of pollen germination was 500 μM of spermine for both Seolhyang and Maehyang, which improved the pollen germination rate by 19-23% compared with that of the control. However, combined treatment of spermine and putrescine, resulted in a lower germination rate lower than that of the single treatment. Our results indicated that the treatment of polyamines during flowering in protected cultivation of strawberrise can improve the fruiting rate by overcoming the problem of poor pollen germination due to low temperature.

다양한 온도에서 스트루바이트(struvite, MgNH4PO4·6H2O)들이 합성 및 건조되었다. 스트루바이트의 결정화와 그 구조적 특성은 합성 온도와 건조 온도 모두에게 큰 영향을 받았다. 스트루바이트는 합성 온도 ≤30℃에서 순조롭게 형성되었으며, 결정도는 합성 온도와 역의 관계를 보였다. 또한, 스트루바이트 결정도는 건조 온도가 45℃에서 60℃로 증가함에 따라 감소되었으며, 이는 열분해로 인해 발생한 구조적 물 분자와 암 모늄 이온의 손실로 촉진되었다. 그러나 낮은 합성 온도에서 합성된 스트루바이트 일수록 높은 결정도를 가 지며, 열분해에 의한 비정질화가 억제되었다. 본 결과는 저온의 열역학적으로 안정한 조건에서 형성된 스트루 바이트는 높은 결정성을 보이며, 이에 따른 구조 안정성과 열저항성을 갖음을 입증한다.