본 연구는 식품영양전공과 비전공 여대생의 일반환경, 식태도, 식행동 및 영양지식을 파악하여 영양에 관한 과목을 수강한 학생들과 수강하지 않은 학생들의 식태도, 식행동 등이 신장, 체중 및 비만도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 가를 연구하고자 청주에 있는 2년제 대학 식품영양학과 여학생 98명과 비전공 여학생 98명을 선정하여 설문지를 통하여 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 식품영양전공과 비전공 사이에 거주형태, 동거인, 부모의 연령 및 교육수준에 차이가 별로 없이 거주형태는 자택이 많았고, 동거인은 가족 모두가 함께 살고 있는 여대생이 많았다. 어머니의 연령은 40∼49세가 대부분이었으며 아버지의 교육수준은 고졸이 많았고 어머니는 중졸이 많았다. 월수입은 100∼150만원인 중간 소득층이 식품영양전공과 비전공 여대생 모두의 가정에 많았고 150만원 이상은 전공 여대생의 가정보다 비전공 여대생 가정에 더 많았다. 식태도에 있어서 전공 여대생은 맛과 영양을 더 고려하는 경향을 나타내었고 비전공 여대생은 맛, 가격, 분량 및 음식이 나오는 시간을 더 고려하였다. 식행동을 살펴보면 아침식사는 식품영양전공과 비전공 여대생 모두 먹는 편이었고 결식한 경우는 "늦게 일어나서"가 그 이유로 가장 많았으며 저녁식사는 전공과 비전공 모두 주로 집에서 하나 비전공 여대생의 경우 외식이 전공 여대생보다 많았다. 또한 저녁식사는 약 반 정도가 일정한 시간에 하는 것으로 나타났고 간식은 전공과 비전공 여대생 모두 점심과 저녁 사이에 가장 많이 섭취하고 있었으나 비전공 여대생의 경우 저녁식사 후에 간식을 전공 여대생에 비해 더 많이 먹는 것으로 나타났다. 식품영양전공 여대생의 영양지식 점수는 난이도가 있는 영양지식에서 더 높았고 기본적인 영양지식에서는 거의 비슷하였다. 평균 체중은 식품영양전공과 비전공 여대생간에 비슷하였으나 평균 신장은 비전공 여대생이 유의적인 차이를 보여 전공 여대생보다 더 컸다. 비만도에 의하면 식품영양전공 여대생이 정상체중을 더 많이 유지하고 비전공 여대생은 저체중이 더 많았다. 결론적으로 식품영양전공 여대생은 영양에 관한 수업을 받았기 때문에 영양지식이 많아 식태도와 식행동이 더 바람직하였고 정상체중을 더 많이 유지하였으므로 영양교육이 올바른 식생활을 영위하는 데 기여한 것으로 나타나 적절한 영양교육 프로그램을 개발하여 식품영양 비전공 여대생들에게도 영양교육을 실시하는 것이 바람직하다고 사료된다.

본 연구는 부산시 영도구 일부 지역의 주부들을 대상으로 영양지식, 식생활가치관, 체형인식도, 식생활 태도 등을 분석하여 지역사회를 위한 영양교육 프로그램 마련을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 계획되었다. 자신의 체형이 정상임에도 불구하고 본인 스스로가 정상체중이 아니라고 인식하는 주부는 38.1%로 나타났고, 그 중 30.5%가 과체중으로, 2.5%는 비만으로 인식하고 있었다. 영양지식 점수의 분포는 good 62.7%, excellent 37.3%이었으며, 식생활태도의 분포는 good(63.6%), fair(32.9%), excellent(3.1%), poor(0.4%) 순으로 나타났다. 식사 시에는 `맛의 즐거움(27.6%)`과 `영양 섭취(27.1%)`에 높은 비중을 두는 것으로 나타났으며, 배고픔을 해결하는 것`이 23.1%, `습관적으로 먹는다`가 22.2%이었다. 식생활 태도는 `영양 섭취`와 `맛의 즐거움`에 가치를 두는 그룹이 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 다른 연령층에 비해 3·40대 주부의 영양지식 점수가 높았다. 식생활태도는 20대 주부가 가장 좋지 않은 것으로 나타났고, 나이와 영양지식은 높은 음의 상관을 보였으며, 식생활 태도와 영양지식, 식사다양도와 식생활태도, 식사다양도와 영양지식은 높은 양의 상관을 나타내었다.

A nutrition education program for teachers and caregivers of the preschool children can be most effective when it is based on a comprehensive needs assessment dealing with sociodemographic factors, dietary habits, and nutrition. The purpose of the present study was to investigate current dietary habits and nutrition knowledge of the teachers and caregivers of the day-care centers. Two hundred forty two teachers and caregivers were administered a questionnaire which was designed to ascertain informations on sociodemographic data, dietary habits and nutrition knowledge. Dietary habits of the teachers were found to be significantly different by sociodemographic variables; breakfast skipping/meal irregularities (age, p=0.011); frequency of snacking (education level p=0.031); preference for salty taste(age, p = 0.000, marital status p=0.038); preference for sweet tarte (age p=0.009); preference for vegetables (income level p=0.050); frequency of eating out (age p=0.028, marital status p=0.001); frequency of coffee drinking (age p=0.019). Daycare center teachers' nutrition knowledge level was found to be less than adequate expecially on nutrients that are liable to be deficient in young growing children and their food sources. Proportions of the teachers who answered correctly to the questions on foods rich in vitamin A, iron content of milk, bioavailability of calcium in plant foods were as low as 20.2%-54.5%. The most frequently used sources of nutrition information were mass media such as TV, radio, newspaper and magazines. Only 2.9% of the subjects reported that they obtain nutrition information from health professionals such as nutritionists/dietitians, physicians, and nurses. These findings are applicable at the planning and implementation stages of various nutrition programs for the improvement of dietary habits and nutrition knowledge of the teachers and caregivers of the daycare centers. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of teachers' dietary of habits and nutrition knowledge on food habits of young growing children.

A study on the traditional houses of North Korea(I) have been published in 1996. This paper is written to supplement the preceding paper. This paper aims at collecting new data of traditional house in North Korea. But still being prohibited for the researchers of South Korea to approach to the field, I had to depend on the memories and experiences of the immigrants from North Korea who are now living in Kangwon and Incheon Province. Through the questionnaire and drawings, they described vivid memory of their old houses. I was able to add new data of 70 cases, which are significant and valuable as much as those of the real field are. Those data, including the exisiting data, are enough for me to analize statstically the regional charateristics, the differnces among economical classes, and the periodical change. It opens the way for verfying the existing theory. Regional charateristics of house in North Korea can be described as followings: a. Hamkyong-do ; Concentrating spaces into one building, Double-fold type plan, Including 'cheongju-kan' space, Weak fences b. Pyongan-do ; Concentrating spaces into two buildings, 二 shape buildings , Single-fold type plan, Strong fence c. Pyongannam-do to Myolak mountains; Concentraing spaces into two buildings, ㄱ, ㄷ shape buildings, Single-fold type plan, Strong fence d. Southern area of Myolak mountains; Concentrating spaces into one building ㅁ shape building, Single-fold type plan with wooden floor space

본 연구는 유치원 및 어린이집 교사들의 어린이 영양에 관한 태도를 조사하고 그들의 영양에 관한 교육 경험이 영양지식에 미치는 영향에 관해 조사, 분석하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같이 요약된다. 1. 응답 교사가 어린이 5대 생활지도 중에서 가장 중점을 두는 것은 사회생활이 50.5%로 가장 높았으며 건강생활은 37.3%로 2번째로 나타났다. 2. 어린이 영양교육의 필요성에 대해서 교사들의 36.3%가 `매우 필요하다`고 응답하였으며 58.8%가 `필요하다`고 응답하여 95.1%가 필요성을 인식하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 3. 영양프로그램 참가 기회가 주어진다면 교사들의 28.4%가 반드시 참가하겠다고 응답하였고 55.9%가 참가하려구 노력하겠다고 응답하여 전체의 84.3%가 긍정적인 답을 하였다. 4. 급식시간과 영양교육의 관련성에 대한 생각을 묻는 질문에 `어린이들의 사회화에 필요한 시간`이라는 응답이 55.4%, `영양에 관해 교육할 기회`가 30.9%로 나타났다. 5. 어린이의 영양교육방법은 38.3%가 `급식시간을 활용하여 교육한다`고 응답하였으나 `특별히 주제를 정하고 시청각 교재를 활용하여 영양교육을 한다`는 경우 3.9%로 나타났다. 또한 `급식시간의 영양교육활용 가능성은 인정하나 활용하지는 않는다`고 응답한 교사가 47.5%로 조사되었다. 6. 교사들의 영양지식에 관한 점수는 총 20점 만점에 10.9±3.0으로 나타났다. 7. 영양교육 프로그램 참가 경험이 있는 교사는 전제의 18.6%였으며 그들의 영양 지식 점수는 11.0±3.0, 경험이 없는 교사는 10.3±3.1이었다. 재학시 영양과목 이수 경험이 있는 교사는 전체의 44.6%였으며 그들의 영양지식 점수는 11.1±2.9, 이수경험이 없는 교사는 10.6±3.2로 나타나 영양교육경험이 있는 교사들이 다소 높은 점수를 나타냈으나 검정 결과 유의성은 나타나지 않았다.

Several studies have evaluated the effects of types of relative frequency and delay interval of knowledge of results(KR) on motor skill learning independently. The purpose of this study was to determine more effective types of KR relative frequency and KR delay interval for motor learning. Forty-six healthy subjects (15 female, 31 male) with no previous experience with this experiment participated. The subjects ranged in age from 20 to 29 years (mean=23.9, SD=0.474). All subjects were assigned to one of four groups: a high-instant group, a high-delay group, a low-instant group, and a low-delay group. During the acquisition phase, subjects practiced movements to a target (400 mm) with either a high (83%) or low (33%) KR relative frequency, and with either an instantaneous or delayed (after 8s) KR. Four groups were evaluated on retention (after 3min and 24hr) and transfer (450 mm) tests. The major findings were as follows: (1) there were no between-group differences in acquisition and short-term retention (p>0.05, (2) a low (33%) KR relative frequency during practice was as effective for learning as measured by both long-tenn retention and transfer tests, compared with high (83%) KR practice conditions (p<0.05), (3) delayed (8s) KR enhanced learning as measured by both long-term retention and transfer tests, compared with instantaneous KR practice conditions (p<0.05), and (4) there were no interactions between KR relative frequency and KR delay interval during acquisition, retention, and transfer phases. The results suggest that relatively less frequent and delayed KR are more effective types for motor learning than more frequent and instantaneous KR.ㅂ

Architectural researches on the traditional houses of Korea have been studied mainly based on the data collected in the field survey. From explosively incresed real mesurements and drawings in the field, plenty of data have been collected. Those have been the basic data for verifing and developing the theories on the traditional house. But after Korean war the researchers in South-Korea were not able to approach to the field in North Korea, so the new data of North Korea were not added any more. The poverty of real data have caused regional unbalance in the researches. This paper aims at collecting new data of traditional house in North Korea. But still being prohibited for the researchers of South Korea to approach to the field, I had to depend on the memories and experiences of the immigrants from North Korea who are now living in Kyon-Nam and Pusan Province. Through the questionnaire and drawings, they described vivid memory of their old houses. I was able to collect the data of 71 cases, which are significant and valuable as much as those of the real field are. The data include the address and site condition, family structure, economic condition, construction period of each house, The drawings by themselves show the building forms and plans, the plans of each building, and the included spaces. Although the quantity of those data is not enough for statistical analysis, it shows general tendency for analizing regional charateristics, the differnces among economical classes, and the periodical change. It opens the way for verfying the existing theory. Analizing the data, I have some conclusions as followings: a. Most of researchers have classified the dominant housing type of Hamkyong-Do as 'the double fold' type. In this study, all cases of Hamkyongbuk-do also show 'the double fold plan with Chongju-kan'. But in Hamkyongnam-do some cases show 'the double fold plan without Chongju-kan, or projecting the stable into the yard, which seem to be different type from 'the double fold plan with Chongju-kan' b. Existing theories classified the dominant housing type of Pyongahn-do as 'two buildings with pararell arrangement'. This classification is verified with the plentiful cases in this study. Futhermore, I found new tendency, that is, getting higher econnomic condition, they construct annex buildings between the main buildings. Finally their houses show 'scattered ㅁ shape'. The houses included in this two types has narrow and closed inner yard, which is different from the houses of the same shape in the south region of Korea. c. Existing theories classified the dominant housing type of Hwanghae-do as 'ㅁ sape with Daechong' type. I found many cases of 'ㅁ shape', but only two cases show 'Daechong'. 'The doble fold' type was also founded. Unfortunately very few cases were sent from Hwanghae-do, it is not enough for finding general tendency.

The purpose of this study was to find out how much they have several aspects of food related knowledge and eating behaviors of high school students in Sungnam area. The self-administrated questionnaire was used. The result were as follows: 1. The average height of boys and girls was 172.6±0.7 cm and 156.3±1.5 cm respectively. The average weights of them were 62.4±0.5 kg (male) and 47.2±0.8 kg (female). BMI (Body Mass Index) of them were 20.74±0.14 (male), 18.82±0.28 (female). The average age is 16.7 years old. 2. The 66.5% of the subjects were spent more than one-third of their pocket money in buying on light meals during three times a week. There were significant differences between income level of family. Boys spent more money on each meal than girls. And significant differences were also obserbed by their residence area and Bundang residences spent more in buying snacks. 3. The rate of skipping meals was 51.2% in boys compared with 68.0% in girls. The frequencies of buying snacks instead of main meal were high in girls. Time limits in eating may possibly be the main reason for skipping meals (59.8%), especially in the morning. Skipping a breakfast becomes general eating habits in high school students, because of pressure for time to go to school. 4. It is required that parents should be taught to prepare balanced lunch box for their children because the rate of students who prepared two lunch boxes are 49.4%. 5. The students took snacks once or twice a day. They usually bought snacks in school concessions (51.8%) and they selected items of snack instinctivly. The girls ate snacks during lunch break time (31.7%) and after dinner (23.6%). Boys ate snacks after dinner (29.1%). Preference of foods were different by sex. Boys preferred bread (31.7%), milk and otherdairy products (80.8%), cola and soda (42.0%) as their snacks between meals. Girls selected biscuit, chip, beverage, coffee as their snacks, frequently. 6. BMI value of the group who ate between meals more than three times a day was lower (18.78±0.65) than that of the group who ate nothing between meals (20.71±3.79). 7. As for the nutritional knowledge, the students generally had higher correct rate of answer about which nutritive components of food has (76.6%). But they had lower knowledge on questions of nutritive values in food (10.6%). There was a meaningful relation between favorite food and nutritional knowledge. In conclusion, there were some problems on nutritional knowledge and eating habits among the high school students. Therefore, it was required that girls should be learned to recognize the importance of breakfast and needed to select balanced meals and snacks. And it was required that the nutrition education should be complemented to motivate and improve practical eating behaviors.

구조물 모니터링 시스템의 전산환경을 구성하기 위해 펠요한 지식 및 정보를 파악하고 이를 지삭기반화하 는 방법을 제시하였다. 전산환경의 구축을 위한 정보로는 센서 및 하드웨어， 신호처리， 그리고 손상발견/평 가를 위한 지식등이 필요한데， 이들은 모두 다른 형태의 지식이므로즉 수학 연산， 서술적 지식， 수치모텔 등 어느 특정의 모텔링 기볍 단독으로는 이플을 효과적으로 수용하기가 매우 어렵다 이틀 해결하기 위하여 객체지향적 모텔링기법과 논리언어를 혼합 사용하는 방볍(H ybrid Modeling Paradigm) 이 제시되었고， 이의 타당성 및 효율성 검증을 위해 모 I켈구조물을 이용한 예제플 수행하였다.

주부들의 채소 소비 형태를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 1. 조사대상자의 73.4%가 30, 40대로서 고졸이 57.6%를 차지하였고 서울거주자가 77.2%, 아파트에 거주하는 사람이 50.5%, 핵가족이 78.8%, 4~5인의 가족수를 가진 가정이 56%, 월 평균수입이 150~200만원 이하가 50%였으며 전업주부가 84.8%였다. 2. 채소의 구입비용은 일주일에 1~2만원, 구입빈도는 일주일에 2~3회, 신선한 채소는 주로 흙이 붙어 있는 손질되지 않은 상태를 구입하였다. 구입장소는 주로 시장의 채소가게와 농협을 포함한 슈퍼마켓이었고 백화점에서 채소를 구입하는 연령은 주로 30, 40대로 나타났다(p〈.05). 3. 채소구입시 연령, 교육수준, 수입에 따라 우선적 고려요인이 달랐으나, 모두 무공해에 비교적 관심이 많았으며, 수입이 적은 경우에 가격이 중요한 요인으로 나타났다. 4. 가족구성원 중 채소반찬을 가장 좋아하는 사람은 주부 자신이었으며 가장 싫어하는 사람은 자녀 특히 아들이었다. 5. 채소조리법 중 기본적으로 김치류가 가장 선호되었고 자주 이용되지 않는 조리법은 샐러드로 나타났다. 6. 응답자의 54.3%가 채소반찬의 구입경험이 있었으며 별미로 먹기 위한 이유가 가장 많았다. 서울 거주자가 자주 구입하였으며(p〈.01) 저소득층에서는 편리함 때문에(p〈.05), 가족수가 적을수록 핵가족일수록 소량 필요해서(p〈.01), 확대가족은 별미로 먹어보려고 (p〈.05) 채소 반찬을 구입하였다. 판매되는 채소반찬을 구입하지 않는 이유는 비위생적인 요인이 가장 컸고, 첨가물 함유 가능성 때문에 채소반찬을 구입하지 않는 경우는 서울보다 지방거주자가 더 많았으며(p〈.05) 교육수준에 관계없이 첨가물의 함유가능성을 염려하였다. 7. 김치의 구입경험이 있는 사람은 27.2%였으며 구입이유는 시간부족이 가장 많았다. 서울에 거주할수록 (p〈.05), 직업이 있는 주부일수록(p〈.05) 편리함 때문에 김치를 구입하였고 수입이 낮은 가정은 소량 필요해서 구입하였다(p〈.01). 김치를 구입하지 않는 이유로는 김치를 사먹는 것이 좋지 않게 생각되어서가 가장 많았다. 지방에 거주할수록(p〈.01) 김치구입 자체를 좋지않게 여겼고(연립주택에 거주하는 사람은 비위생적 요인으로 김치를 구입하지 않았고(p〈.05)), 학력이 높을수록 첨가물 함유 가능성 때문에 김치를 구입하지 않았으며(p〈.05), 시간적 여유가 비교적 있는 part time 일을 하는 주부는 맛이 없어서 김치를 구입하지 않는다고 하였다. 8. 채소에 함유된 영양소 3가지는 비타민, 무기질 및 섬유소로 응답하였고 응답자의 83.2%는 채소에는 cholesterol이 함유되어 있지 않으므로 채식이 건강에 좋다고 하였다. 또한 질병치료에 유효한 채소는 당근 등 42가지, 질병을 유발시키는 채소는 고사리 등 10종을 지적하였으며 이들은 과학적 증명이 가능하거나 민간요법으로 전해지고 있는 내용이다. 이상과 같이 덕성여자대학교 평생교육원에 다니는 주부의 채소 소비 형태에 대하여 살펴보았는데 가공된 채소반찬과 김치의 구입은 현재까지 일반화되지 않고 있음을 알 수 있으나 김치보다 채소반찬의 구입경험이 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 본 논문은 덕성여자대학교 평생교육원에 다니는 주부를 대상으로 하였으나 앞으로 다양한 계층의 주부를 대상으로 하여 폭 넓은 채소소비에 관련된 연구가 이루어져야 한다고 사료된다.

This study was performed to investigate the nutritional knowledge and dietary patterns of 450 high school girls in some areas of Seoul. The survey conducted from September 20 to 25, 1993. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; The average height and weight of the subjects were 160.2±5.0cm and 52.3±6.7kg respectively. The average obesity index of the subjects was 96.8±11.7%. Menarche was at 13 years of age in 35.6% of the subjects and at after 14 years of age in 37.3% of them. The average score of nutritional knowledge was 60.04±14.49 and the average score of perceived nutritional knowledge was 83.9±14.44. The mean score of nutritional knowledge was 49.61±13.45. 35.6% of subjects ranked lecture of score as their primary sources of nutritional information. Major dietary problems of subjects were eating rapidly, skipping breakfast, unbalanced diet and choice of snacks according taste. Underweight group showed significantly higher than other groups in unbalanced diet(P<0.01) and showed significantly higher than other groups in taking a medicine(P<0.001). Obese group showed significantly lower than other groups in remaining meals and unbalanced diet(P<0.05) and showed significantly higher than other groups in voereating.

This nutritional survey was conducted from February 8 to March 10, 1994, in order to investigate the nutritional knowledge, food habits, nutritional attitude, food preferences and nutrient intakes of urban middle-aged women living in Daegu and Pohang district. The subjects of this survey were 164 urban middle-aged women living in Daegu and Pohang Area. The completely answered questionnaires were analyzed for nutritional knowledge, food habits, nutritional attitude, food preference and nutrient intakes of urban middle-aged women. The results obtained are summarized as follows: The subjects had a high level of perceived knowledge (82.9%), that is the knowledge that each subject believed she had, but the accuracy of the knowledge was only 66.1%. The average nutrition knowledge score was 8.26 out of possible 15 points, and food habit score was 5.50 out of 10 points. Most of the subjects belonged to 'Fair' or 'Good' food habit group, which is considered to be relatively good. With increasing age, the percentage of perceived knowledge, accuracy, and nutrition knowledge score were getting lower. But food habit score and nutritional attitude score were getting higher at 40's women than 30's women. The correlation between nutritional knowledge score and food habit score was low (r=0.0748). The correlation between nutritional attitude score and food habit score was low, too (r=-0.0653). Food preferences for kimchi, potato, cooked rice, beef, noodle, cabbage and milk were high. Average calorie and protein intake of the subjects were 1967.4±27.8 Kcal, 75.8±1.4 g respectively. Carbohydrate, protein and fat ratio on energy composition was 63.3%:15.5%:21.2%.

The purpose of this study was to survey several aspects of food-related knowledge, attitude and behavior of college students. Seven hundred male and female students in Seoul and Kyunggi-do area were randomly selected. And self-administered questionnaires were used. It was consisted of weight concern, nutritional knowledge, meal frequency, preference of snacks and psychological aspects of eating behaviors. The results were as followes: 1. The 66.5% of males and 87.9% of females were concerned about weight control. While 42% of male respondents wanted weight gain and 43% weight loss, most of female respondents wanted to lose weight. 2. The score of nutritional knowledge of males was significantly lower than the score of females (p<0.01). 3. The meal frequency was 3.4 times a day for male students and 3.6 for female students. But males showed higher frequency rates in three regular meals and females showed higher rates in snacking. Both male and female students considered that supper was the most important meal of the day and skipped breakfast frequently. 4. Fruits, beverage and milk were favorite snacking items for college students. But there were some differences in selection of food items by snacking time. Carbonated drinks and coffee were frequently selected by morning male and female snackers. Noodles and cookies were preferred by males and cookies were preferred by females as afternoon snack. Fruits were most often preferred by both males and females in the evening. 5. Physical tiredness and/or psychological factors were observed to influence the amount of food intake. After increase of food intake, male students felt more comfortable than female students who were afraid of their weight gain.