The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between dietary behavior and temperament & character in preschool children, and to offer basic data that can be applied for nutrition education and counseling. A total of 211 parents of preschool children aged 3~5 years performed the Korean version of Preschool Temperament and Character Inventory (K-psTCI), a questionnaire based on Cloninger's seven-factor model of personality, along with a questionnaire about the dietary behaviors of their children. K-psTCI represented seven factors such as harm avoidance (HA), novelty seeking (NS), reward dependence (RD), persistence (P), self-directedness (SD), cooperativeness (CO), and self-transcendence (ST). The subjects were divided into either the high rank group or low rank group based on the mean score of each factor. The high rank group of HA showed significantly less physical activity and less appetite than the low rank group of HA. The children in the high rank of NS were more likely to have picky eating and a late night snack. The children in the low rank of SD or CO were more likely to have undesirable dietary behaviors, such as picky eating, too much snacking, and lower appetite than those in the high rank of SD or CO. In conclusion, individual temperament & character in preschool children may be associated with their dietary behavior, and understanding temperament & character in children may be important facts to screen and to develop an effective nutrition education program for children.

Cladosiphon okamuranus is edible brown algae cultured commercially and massively at Okinawa coast. Dietary fiber occupying most of C. okamuranus isn't digested and absorbed by digestive enzymes of human. But it is known to prevent and treat constipation as metabolic disease. This study was to investigate the effects of dietary fiber extracted from C. okamuranus on the damage of liver and the blood cholesterol level in the high fat dietfed rats. The effects were measured by the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), alanine aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) in sera. The levels of ALT, AST, TC, TG and LDL were significantly reduced in the C. okamuranus-treated group compared with the high fat diet group. But HDL level was markedly increased. The results showed that the dietary fiber extracts from C. okamuranus have the inhibitive effects of cholesterol biosynthesis in the high fat diet-fed rats.

본 연구의 목적은 사회복지적 원조방안의 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 여자대학생 115명의 건강증진행위에 대한 자기애적 성격성향과 다이어트 행위의 관계를 규명하는데 있다. 건강증진행위에 관련된 요인들이 다양하지만 본 연구에서는 자기애적 성격성향과 다이어트 행위요인이 어떻게 관련되어 있는지를 밝히고자 하였다. 조사 대상자들은 임의 표집하여 건강증진 생활양식 척도, 자기애적 성격검사 척도, 다차원적 섭식태도 검사 척도를 사용한 자기보고질문지로 응답하였다. 조사 자료의 분석은 SPSS 15.0을 이용하여 기술통계분석, t-검정, 분산분석, 상관관계분석, 단계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조사 대상자들의 건강증진행위의 평균점수는 129.51점으로 높게 나타났다. 세부 영역으로 실천 정도가 가장 높은 영역은 스트레스 관리이며, 가장 낮은 영역은 자아실현으로 나타났다. 둘째, 건강증진행위와 자기애적 성격성향, 다이어트 행위간에는 유의한 관계가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 셋째, 자기애적 성격성향과 다이어트 행위는 여자대학생의 건강증진행위 예측 요인으로 나타났다. 그러므로 자기애적 성격성향과 다이어트행위의 고려를 반영하는 복지서비스 투입이 사회복지 실천에 있어서 여자 대학생을 위한 효과적인 개입으로 제안되었다.

This study was conducted to investigate the degree of practice of dietary behavior and dining out in accordance with intake of sodium among male and female adults aged 20 years or older residing in the Seoul Metropolitan area or Chungcheong Province. A total of 530 copies of the questionnaire were distributed from May to July, 2014. The SH group who responded that they eat a lot of sodium constituted 30.6% (158 people), followed by the SM group who responded that their sodium intake is about average at 55.7% (288 people) and the SL group who answered that they do not eat much sodium at 13.7% (71 people). Those in the SL group showed positive results for dietary behavior patterns. The SL group showed the lowest rate in terms of how often they eat harmful foods, including processed foods, sweet foods, salty foods, or food with high animal fat content such as pork belly. Positive results among the SL group were prominent in terms of avoiding over-drinking, regular exercise, and nutritional knowledge, indicating greater health management. The distribution of each group in terms of self-perceived sodium intake showed significant differences across age, gender, and household income in terms of frequency of fast food intake, regularity of meals, purchase of foods with consideration of sodium amount, frequency of missed meals, balance of food intake, and health management habits.

느티만가닥버섯 수확후배지 발효사료 급여가 산란계에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 도준농산에서 수거한 느 티만가닥버섯 수확후배지를 Bacillus subtilis EJ3 배양액 과 혼합하여 2주 동안 발효시킨 것을 공시사료로 사용하 였다. 실험동물인 12주령된 Hy-line brown 갈색계 24수는 시판사료 급여구인 대조구(T0)와 5(T1), 10(T2), 15%(T3) 의 버섯수확후배지 발효산물이 첨가된 시판사료 급여구인 시험구로 나누어 12주 동안 공시사료를 급여하였다. 12주 동안 평균 산란율은 대조구에 비해 5% 버섯수확후배지 발효산물 첨가구에서 증가하였다가 버섯수확후배지 첨가 량이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 사료섭취량은 대조구와 5% 버섯수확후배지 발효산물 첨가구에서는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았지만 버섯수확후배지 발효산물 첨가량이 증가할수록 약간 증가하였다. 사료요구율은 대조구와 5% 버섯수확후 배지 첨가구에서 비슷하게 나타났으며 10% 버섯수확후배 지 첨가구부터는 버섯수확후배지 첨가량이 증가할수록 높 게 나타났다. 산란량과 산란율은 대조구보다는 5% 버섯수 확후배지 첨가구에서 높게 나타났다. 총 12주의 사양시험 기간 동안 난중, 난각강도, 난각두께, 난황색 모두 5% 버 섯수확후배지 발효산물을 첨가한 처리구에서는 대조구와 큰 차이가 없었지만 버섯수확후배지 발효산물의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 계란의 내부 품 질을 평가하는 기준인 난황색은 5% 버섯수확후배지 발효 산물 첨가구에서는 대조구와 차이가 없었으나 10% 이상 의 버섯수확후배지 발효산물을 첨가한 처리구에서는 난황 색이 대조구에 비해 낮게 나타났다. 계란의 내부 오염 지 표인 육반과 혈반에서는 처리구간의 차이는 없었으며 외 부 품질 기준인 난각색도 처리구간에 차이를 나타내지 않 았다. 그러나 계란의 포장과 수송과정에서 계란의 상품성 에 영향을 미치는 요인인 난각중과 난각 두께는 5% 버섯 수확후배지 발효산물 첨가구에서 대조구보다 높게 나타났 다. 버섯수확후배지 발효산물의 급여구에서 산란계의 가스 발생량은 버섯수확후배지 첨가량이 증가할수록 암모니아 가스 발생량이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a set of 16 nutrition education lessons on the eating behaviors and nutrition knowledge of middle school students. The target was a group of 128 boys in the first year of middle school in Changwon, who took the classes from the 29th of August, 2011, to the 17th of February, 2012. The education was performed for 16 weeks using the e-learning textbook, 'Health and nutrition of youth', and a teacher's guidebook developed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The results were summarized as follows. Students demonstrated significant changes in their knowledge about nutrition and in their dietary behavior due to the nutrition education, and the effects were observed to be maintained for one year after education. The average nutrition knowledge score before, immediately after, and 1 year after the education was significantly increased from 13.0 before the education to 18.8 after education (p＜0.001), maintaining the score of 18.5 1 year later. The eating-related questions of 'I will practice healthy eating habits in life' and 'Nutrition education is necessary to build healthy eating habits', were given a high score by the students at the last survey conducted one year later. Of course, it is not easy to change the dietary behavior of students through dietary education in schools. Nevertheless, the results of this study demonstrated that such educatcan is necessary since the habits can indeed be changed, as observed in the present study.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the relationships between dietary factors and the stress perception levels of College students. A survey was conducted in June, 2010, targeting 332 college students in Gwangju. General environmental factors, stress perception levels, dietary behaviors, and dietary action guide performance of the subjects were evaluated by questionnaire, and food intakes was determined by the 24-hour recall method. The results are summarized as follows.: The score of frequency experiencing was 45.1±16.9 for male students, and 47.0±16.7 for female students. The importance scores were 50.8±18.5 for males, and 53.3±18.7 for females. The total score for dietary action guide performance was 39.6±7.2 for males and 40.6±6.5 for females. Nutrient intake levels were evaluated based on dietary reference intake (DRI), revealing energy intakes to be 68.5% EER in males and 73.9% in females. The mean intakes of nutrient were 54.2% RI for calcium, 73.6% RI for riboflavin, and 51.2% RI for vitamin C but 203.6% AI for sodium, which indicates an imbalance in nutrient intake. Analysis of the correlations between stress perception levels and dietary factors, scholarship achievements, financial problems, future problems, value senses, and family relationships revealed significant correlations with general environment factors, dietary behaviors, Dietary action guide performance, and nutrient intakes (p＜0.05). The higher the stress perception levels of the students, the higher the energy, coffee and alcohol intake, which predicts that appropriate stress control in college students will lead to better dietary habits. It is expected that the results above will be used as basic data for the development of proper nutrition education programs and stress control strategies.

The purpose of this study was to measure the nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude, eating behavior, physical ability and locomotion of 5-year-old-children, and thereby to provide the fundamental information necessary to develop a nutritionrelated physical education program. A survey was performed on 143 5-years-old boys and 113 girls. The results were as follows. The average score in the nutrition knowledge item, was 7.22 out of a possible 10 points; in the dietary attitude item, 32.46 out of 50 points; in the eating behavior item, 26.67 out of 40 points. According to body measurement, there was a significant difference in height by gender (p＜0.05), Significant differences in muscle mass and basal metabolic rate were also observed by gender (p＜0.001). Gender also influenced the flexibility and reflexibility (p＜0.001), with significant difference in balance of the right side (p＜0.01). Although this study was limited by its cross-sectional study design, the body muscle (p＜0.05) and basal metabolic rate (p＜0.05) were observed to have a positive relation with nutritional knowledge. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between nutritional knowledge and dietary attitude (p＜0.01). According to the results, it is necessary to develop a long-term and systematic program with the combination of nutrition and physical education to develop correct dietary habits and for the balanced growth of children.

목적:본 연구는 연하장애를 동반한 만성 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 8주간 실시된 혀의 저항 운동 프로토콜이 혀의 근력과 전반적인 연하 기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법:본 연구는 2013년 8월부터 2014년 2월까지 75명의 연하장애 환자를 대상으로 실험군과 대조군으로 나누어 실시하였다. 두 군 모두 전통적 연하재활치료를 시행 받았으며 실험군은 아이오아 구강 수행도구를 이용하여 혀의 저항 운동을 추가적으로 시행 받았다. 혀의 근력 변화는 아이오아 구강 수행척도(Iowa Oral Performance Instrument; IOPI)를 사용하였으며 전반적인 연하기능과 식이단계의 변화는 비디오 투시 조영검사(Video Fluroscopic Swallowing Study; VFSS)를 기반으로 비디오 투시 연하장애척도(Videofluoroscopic Dysphagia Scale; VDS)와 미국언어청각협회 연하척도(American Speech–Language- Hearing Association National Outcome Measurement System; ASHA NOMS)를 사용하였다.결과:본 연구 결과 혀의 저항운동을 실시한 실험군에서 대조군에 비해 혀의 근력, 연하의 기능과 식이단계에 있어 효과에 대한 명확한 차이를 확인 할 수 없었으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 혀의 전방과 후방의 근력 변화는 실험군, 대조군 모두 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 2) 연하기능의 변화와 식이단계 변화 역시 두 군 모두에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 3) 두 그룹 모두 중재 전과 후의 변화량 역시 통계학적 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론:본 연구는 연하장애를 동반한 만성 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 혀의 저항운동이 혀의 근력 향상, 연하기능과 식이단계의 변화에 있어 대조군과 비교한 결과 그 효과에 대한 차이가 없었다. 추후 연구에서는 중재 기간과 횟수가 수정된 프로토콜을 이용한 효과 검증이 필요할 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary habit and nutritional status by household income in female adults, using data from the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007~2009). Subjects were 8,356 women over the age of 20 years. The subjects were classified into 4 groups by household income level. Dietary data from 24 hr recall methods were used to analyze nutritional status. The obesity rate of the low income group was significantly higher than the rates of other income groups. Additionally, the nutritional status of the low income group was worse than those of other groups. The percentage of carbohydrate in total energy intake was higher and food security status was lower in the low income group than in other groups. Awareness and adherence to dietary guidelines were also lower in the low income group. Adherence to a dietary guideline of ‘avoiding salty foods and trying to eat foods with bland taste’ and ‘eating a variety of foods from each food group’ were lower than those of other groups. However, the frequency of skipping breakfast among the low income group was lower than that of others. Therefore, this study suggested that low income women should decrease the percentage of carbohydrate in total energy intake and adhere to dietary guidelines, especially those of avoiding salty foods and eating a variety of food groups, in order to improve their nutritional status.

The purpose of this study was to examine the current status of patents related to dietary life of the elderly in Korea. Using Korea Intellectual Property Rights Information Service, patents registered between 2002 and 2013 were searched with the key words including 'elderly or the aged' and 'food, meal, or dietary life.' The search results showed 1,438 patents, and 500 patents meeting the research purpose were selected and analyzed. They were divided into two categories: 'patents on foods' and 'patents on products and services related to dietary life.' The former was further divided into four subgroups as follows: foods for health promotion, foods for disease prevention, foods for the people with difficulty in swallowing and masticating, and others. Also, the latter was divided into products or services. The results showed that patents on foods accounted for about 90%, of which the patents on foods for health promotion were ranked as the highest (40%). The number of patents on products and services related to dietary life was relatively small, indicating that the technology development has been focused on foods. Therefore, the technology for products and services related to dietary life should be actively developed as well as that for foods to improve the quality of life for the elderly in the future.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (vit. D) levels on metabolism of various minerals such as Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr. The comparison was made on the rats that were placed on diet containing powdered skim milk with different Ca and vit. D levels for 5 weeks. A total of 42 5-week-old Sprague- Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups as follows: Control group consisted of normal Ca and normal vit. D (0.5% Ca, 1,000 IU vit. D); Experimental groups were divided into low (0.25%) and high (1.0%) calcium levels; and vit. D group was divided into low (10 IU), normal (1,000 IU), and high (5,000 IU) subgroups. The weight gain and food efficiency ratios of the rats were not significantly different with increasing dietary Ca levels. The absorption rates of 7 minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr) were significantly decreased with increasing dietary Ca levels. Also, fecal excretion of P significantly increased with increasing dietary vit. D levels (p<0.05), and urine excretion of Fe was significantly increased with increasing dietary vit. D levels (p<0.001). The result indicated that higher Ca intake affected on bioavailability of other minerals, due to interactions among minerals in the process of intestinal absorption. However, vitamin D intake had no effect on bioavailability of several minerals. Therefore, it could be suggested that adequate Ca intake is important for balance of the minerals.

This study was conducted to measure the effect of a community-based nutritional intervention program on dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes of low-income elderly women in Korea. The subject of the study was a group of 88 elderly women using the free meal service in Dong-gu, Gwangju city in Korea. The study was carried out from April to July 2009, and the pretest, application of nutrition education, and post-test were applied in each stage. This community-based nutrition intervention program consisted of snack supplement and nutrition education provided three times a week and 36 times in total. The nutrition education was led by the nutritionists and professionals using various educational media. Snack supplement included were milk, soymilk, carrot juice, bread, yogurt, and bananas. The result of pretest showed that the nutrient intakes of the subjects were much below the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) level of Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans. Comparison of the dietary behavior score and nutrient intakes before and after the nutritional intervention program indicated that the food behavior score increased from 3.1 to 5.6 (P<0.001) and intake of energy, protein, carbohydrate, thiamin, niacin, vitamin C, iron, and potassium of the subjects all increased significantly (P<0.05). Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) of their nutrient intakes was also improved from 0.53 to 0.64 (P<0.01). These results indicated that the nutrition intervention program conducted in this study was effective in improving dietary behavior and nutrient intakes of elderly women in local community.

Aim of this study is to investigate the nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, and dietary habits by the gender in high school students in Chungnam province. Girls students had a higher score than boys students for nutritional knowledge, not in the significant difference. However, boys students had a higher score for dietary behaviors than girls students. Dietary habits showed a significant difference in the unbalanced food habit and eating speed by the gender, and the eating speed of boys students was faster than that of girls students. For boys students, the nutritional knowledge and dietary behaviors did not have the significant correlation. Otherwise, girls students had the positive correlation between the nutritional knowledge and dietary behaviors, and had the characteristics of behaviors that the higher the nutritional knowledge score, the better eating habit. In addition, the boys and girls students had the positive correlation between the score of nutritional knowledge and the frequency of breakfast, and the score of nutritional knowledge and the frequency/regularity of breakfast, respectively. Because some dietary habits/behaviors are related closely to their nutritional knowledge, the high school students need the systematic and steady nutritional education to apply their known nutritional knowledge to actual life.

The aim of this study is to provide the fundamental information on satisfaction for school food service and dietary habits of middle school students in Sejong Special Self-Governing City. Generally, the subjects had a high satisfaction level for school food service. The boys had comparatively more satisfactory days for school food service than the girls. The most dissatisfactory factors of school food service were the taste and variety of menu for the girls, and the time and place for lunch and the service of employee for the boys. The intersexual differences existed with a significant difference in the irregular intake of meals, the reasons to skip meals, and the eating speed. For the boys, the main reason to skip meals was due to lack of appetite, and for the girls, it was the weight-control. The boys finished each meal within 5~10 min and ate more than the amount the girls eat in general. The main components of breakfast for the subjects were a cooked rice, soup, and side dish in 65.9%, and the frequency of skipping breakfast was high with 32.8%, which was once per week. The favorite snacks for the middle school students were cookies and beverages in 29.4%, instant foods in 24.3%, and hamburger and pizza in 21.4%. The intake frequency of snacks was once or twice per week in 46.5% of the subjects. In addition, the subjects had a very high intake frequency of fastfoods with once or twice per week in 72.7%, and the most favorite fastfood was ramen in 57.7%. The subjects in 45.3% took dairy food every day. In conclusion, the middle school students need nutrition education to improve their eating habit and to increase the frequency of breakfast.

개똥쑥 분말을 첨가 급이한 육계(우리맛닭)의 생산성 및 계육의 품질 특성을 분석하였다. 실험군은 대조군, 항생제 첨가군 및 개똥쑥 5%(TA-1), 6%(TA-2), 7%(TA-3) 급이군으로 구분하였다. 증체량은 대조군에 비하여 TA-1과 TA-2군에서 유의적으로 증가하였고(p<0.05), 사료 요구율은 TA-1, TA-2군이 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 낮았으나(p<0.05), TA-3군은 대조군과 유사하였다. 개똥쑥 5~6%가 급이된 계육의 조단백질 함량은 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). pH는 가슴육에서 TA-2군이 가장 높았고(p<0.05), 다리육은 TA-3군이 높았으나 이는 대조군과 유의차가 없었다. 계육의 가열감량은 다리육에 비해 가슴육에서 적었으며, 대조군과 항생제 첨가군에 비해 TA-3군에서 유의적으로 낮았다 (p<0.05). 색차(ΔE)는 개똥쑥을 급이한 계육이 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 계육의 경도는 가슴육이 다리육에 비해 월등히 높았다. 가슴육의 경도는 개똥쑥 급이군이 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였으며(p<0.05), 다리육은 TA-2와 TA-3군에서 대조군과 유의차가 없었다(p<0.05). 계육의 전반적인 기호도는 TA-2군이 가장 높은 것으로 평가되었다. 항산화 활성은 대조군에 비해 가슴육은 개똥쑥급이군, 다리육은 TA-2군이 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 지질과산화물의 함량은 개똥쑥의 첨가량이 증가됨에 따라 유의적으로 감소되었다(p<0.05). 따라서 육계의 사료에 개똥쑥 분말 6%의 첨가 급이는 육계의 생산성 향상, 계육의 보수성 증대 및 지질 산화 억제 등의 효과로 기능성 사료로써 사용 가능성이 있을 것으로 기대된다.

발효 새송이버섯 균사체(FPEM)의 사료 내 첨가급여 효과를 검토하기 위하여 산란계(ISA Brown) 16수를 4개 그룹으로 나누어 대조구는 기초사료(C)만 급여하였고, 시험구는 기초사료에 FPEM 1%(T1), 3%(T2) 및 5%(T3)로 하여 8주 동안 사료 내 첨가하였다. FPEM을 산란계의 사료 내 첨가한 결과 1%에서 산란율이 감소한 것을 확인할 수 있었으나(p<0.05), 계란 무게는 FPEM 모든 첨가구에서 대조구와 비교하여 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 결과적으로 계란 생산량과 사료섭취량에서 대조구와의 차이가 나타나지 않아서 사료요구율 또한 대조구와 유의한 영향을 주지 않았다. 하지만 대체적으로 FPEM 5% 수준인 T3에서 계란 생산량 증가와 사료요구율 감소의 경향을 나타내었다. 계란의 품질의 경우 FPEM 1%에서 난백고와 난각중이 대조구에 비해 유의하게 증가하였으며(p<0.05), FPEM 5%에서는 계란의 외부 품질인 난각중과 난각두께 모두 대조구에 비해 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 하지만 난황색, 육반과 혈반 그리고 계란의 저장성의 경우에는 처리간 차이를 보이지 않았다. 난황 내 지방산 조성의 경우 FPEM 첨가에 의해 불포화지방산과 다가 불포화지방산 중 n-3지방산의 비율이 높아졌으며(p<0.05), FPEM 5%는 다른 처리구보다 초기 계분의 가스 발생량을 유의하게 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 결과적으로 산란계 사료 내 FPEM 5%첨가는 계란 생산과 품질뿐만 아니라, 환경 개선 효과도 있는 것으로 밝혀져 항생제를 대체할 수 있는 산란계 사료 첨가제로 기대된다.