This study conducted comparison and data analysis of evaluation results from three kinds of monitoring methods for indoor air quality monitoring, which are Korean Official test method for indoor air quality, monitoring method by gas analyzer, and continuous measurement by using sensor. NO₂, one of indoor air pollutants, was selected as a evaluation factor for this study because it is commonly generated during the operation of potable gas range. Monitoring results of NO₂ concentration from three subjected methods show that background concentration of NO₂, before operation of portable gas range, was 43.05~50.22ppb. On the other hand, NO₂ concentration for four and half hours (4½) after gas range operation was 64.31~69.89ppb in average. Average concentration of NO₂ during first thirty (30) minutes was increased about 33.85~49.39% than the concentration of NO₂ before operation of gas range. </br>In general, monitoring results by utilizing NO₂ gas analyzer was 8.1% higher than the results by continuous measurement using sensor method. In case of monitoring method using sensor, the results was lower about 6.1% than Korean official test method, and lower about 11.7~3.2% than NO₂ gas analyzer. Especially, change rate of concentration for first thirty (30) minutes measured by Korean official test method was 50ppb/hr, which is 44.4% lower than the change rate from NO₂ gas analyzer, 90ppb/hr, and 43.2% lower than results from sensor, 88ppb/hr. </br>In accordance with this study, it is concluded that monitoring frequency for indoor air quality management must be shorten during the time period having significant change rate of NO₂ concentration. In other words, air quality monitoring must be considered characteristics of concentration changes as well as accuracy of measurement.

We report on the NO gas sensing properties of Al-doped zinc oxide-carbon nanotube (ZnO-CNT) wire-like layered composites fabricated by coaxially coating Al-doped ZnO thin films on randomly oriented single-walled carbon nanotubes. We were able to wrap thin ZnO layers around the CNTs using the pulsed laser deposition method, forming wire-like nanostructures of ZnO-CNT. Microstructural observations revealed an ultrathin wire-like structure with a diameter of several tens of nm. Gas sensors based on ZnO-CNT wire-like layered composites were found to exhibit a novel sensing capability that originated from the genuine characteristics of the composites. Specifically, it was observed by measured gas sensing characteristics that the gas sensors based on ZnO-CNT layered composites showed a very high sensitivity of above 1,500% for NO gas in dry air at an optimal operating temperature of 200˚C; the sensors also showed a low NO gas detection limit at a sub-ppm level in dry air. The enhanced gas sensing properties of the ZnO-CNT wire-like layered composites are ascribed to a catalytic effect of Al elements on the surface reaction and an increase in the effective surface reaction area of the active ZnO layer due to the coating of CNT templates with a higher surface-to-volume ratio structure. These results suggest that ZnO-CNT composites made of ultrathin Al-doped ZnO layers uniformly coated around carbon nanotubes can be promising materials for use in practical high-performance NO gas sensors.

This study was carried out to investigate the toxicity of food Red No.2 in the Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rat for 4 weeks. SD rats were orally administered for 28 days, with dosage of 500, 1,000, 2,000 mg/kg/day. Animals treated with food Red No.2 did not cause any death and show any clinical signs. They did not show any significant changes of body weight, feed uptake and water consumption. There were not significantly different from the control group in urinalysis, hematological, serum biochemical value and histopathological examination. In conclusion, 4 weeks of the repetitive oral medication of food Red No.2 has resulted no alteration of toxicity according to the test materials in the group of female rats with injection of 2,000 mg/kg. Therefore, food Red No.2 was not indicated to have any toxic effect in the SD rats, when it was orally administered below the dosage 2,000 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks.

 ,  , Cordyceps (vegetable wasp and plant worm), an entomopathogenic fungi, has been used as a herbal medicine in Asian countries since ancient times. Cordyceps nutans is common but there is little research on this species. This study investigated the optimal culture conditions of C. nutans and the inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cell treated culture broth. The optimal conditions for the mycelial growth were 25℃ and pH 7.0-8.0. Mycelial growth was highest on mushroom complete medium (MCM), V8 juice agar (V8A), and yeast malt dextrose (YMD) medium. Mycelial growth on mushroom minimal medium (MMM) did not occur, so nutrient source was essential. Dextrose and sucrose as carbon sources, and ammonium citrate as a nitrogen source were satisfactory for mycelial growth. Cytotoxicity of C. nutans culture broth was not found in RAW 264.7 cells. C. nutans culture broth suppressed NO production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, our results provided the optimal conditions for cultivation of C. nutans and showed that C. nutans may have excellent physiological activities.

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pest species devastating many horticultural, ornamental crops and fruit trees. Difficulty in managing this mite is largely attributed to its ability to develop resistance to many acaricides. Development of 3,700 folds resistance to etoxazole was found in the population of T. urticae collected from rose greenhouses in Buyeo, Chungnam Province in August 2000. This population has been selected for eleven years with etoxazole (over 500 times), and increased over 5,000,000 fold in resistance as compared with susceptible strain (S). Etoxazole-resistant strain was shown to be maternally inherited. The objective of this study was to determine whether resistance of T. urticae to etoxazole was linked with point mutations in the mitochondrial gene. DNA sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1), COX2, COX3, cytochrome b (CYTB), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), ND2, ND3, ND4, ND5, and ND6 were analyzed by comparing two isogenic etoxazole-susceptible (EtoS) and etoxazole-resistant (EtoR) strains. As a result, all genes revealed no point mutations between the two strains.

Crysochroa fulgidissima (Bidan-beole, Spanish fly) is traditionally used as a crude drug and insecticide in the East Asia and Korea, respectively. This study investigated the effect of ethanol extract of C. fulgidissima on the NO production activity. The C fulgidissima extract was a potent inducer of NO production in CP AE cells and a stimulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in a dose-dependent manner. This study also evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of this extract by determining the level ofICAM-l, VCAM-l, and prostaglandin E2 from HUVEC cells. Although C. fulgidissima extract was a potent inducer of NO production in the CP AE cells, it showed weak inhibitory effects on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in HUVEC cells. HPLC and GC-MS analysis of the ethanol extract of C. fulgidissima revealed the presence of cantharidin.

A novel electrode for an NO gas sensor was fabricated from electrospun polyacrylonitrile fibers by thermal treatment to obtain carbon fibers followed by chemical activation to enhance the activity of gas adsorption sites. The activation process improved the porous structure, increasing the specific surface area and allowing for efficient gas adsorption. The gas sensing ability and response time were improved by the increased surface area and micropore fraction. High performance gas sensing was then demonstrated by following a proposed mechanism based on the activation effects. Initially, the pore structure developed by activation significantly increased the amount of adsorbed gas, as shown by the high sensitivity of the gas sensor. Additionally, the increased micropore fraction enabled a rapid sensor response time due to improve the adsorption speed. Overall, the sensitivity for NO gas was improved approximately six-fold, and the response time was reduced by approximately 83% due to the effects of chemical activation.

겨울철 유휴 논토양에 헤어리베치를 재배 이용하여 바이오에너지 원료작물인 옥수수를 재배할 경우 화학비료와 제초제를 절감하고, 옥수수의 무경운 재배법을 개발하고자 수행하였다. 헤어리베치 피복 이용 옥수수 무경운 직파재배 시 재식밀도에 따른 옥수수의 간장, 경태 및 엽색도 등은 관행재배에비하여 감소하였으며, 착수고는 밀식할 경우 증가하는 경향이었다. 그 밖의 옥수수의 출사기는 헤어리베치를 피복한 처리구에서 관행재배구에 비하여 평균 3일 지연되었으며, 재식밀도가 높을수록 또는 시비량이 감소될수록 지연되었다. 한편 경작지에서 우점하는 잡초는 여뀌, 바랭이 및 피였으며, 헤어리베치 피복량 증가는 잡초 건물중을 감소시켰다. 바이오에탄올생산량은 헤어리베치를 피복한 처리구에서 관행과 비교하여58.9~89.8%까지 확보할 수 있었으며, 재식밀도가 낮거나 시비량이 적을수록 감소 정도가 크게 나타났다. 바이오에너지 작물인 옥수수를 친환경적으로 생산하는 방법 중의 하나로 헤어리베치를 피복하고 무경운 직파하여 시비량을 50% 감량하고, 재식밀도를 125,000 주 ha-1로 높이면 총 건물수량과 바이오에탄올량을 관행과 유사한 수준을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

국내 재배비중이 가장 높은 큰느타리2호의 단점을 보완하고 버섯의 국내 육성품종 다양화하고 보급을 확대시키기 위해 육성한『곤지3호』의 주요 품종특성은 다음과 같다. 균사생장적온은 26~29℃, 버섯발생 및 생육적온은 14~18℃였으며, 배양일수 30일, 초발이소요일수 8일, 생육일수 5일로 전체 생육일수는 46일로 큰느타리2호와 대등하였다. 유효경수는 병당 2.4개, 대굵기 43.7mm, 대길이 123.8mm, 갓직경 64.9mm로 큰느타리2호와 비슷하였지만, 갓표면의 색도에 있어 명도값(L값)이 54.4로 큰느타리2호 58.2보다 낮아 전체 적으로 진회색을 나타내었다. 병당 수량 182g/1100cc 내외로 통계적 유의성은 없었으나 큰느타리2호 보다 높은 경향을 나 타내었다. 자실체의 단단한 정도(경도)는 7,790g/cm2 로 큰느타리2호 5,650g/cm2보다 높았고, 탄력성, 씹음성, 탄력성 등 전체적인 물리적 지표들이 큰느타리2호보다 높았다.

The purpose of this study was to assess an alternative method to characterize indoor environmental factors by multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. Using a mass balance model and regression analysis, penetration factor and source strength factor were calculated using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. This study was performed in 30 selected apartments in Seoul, Asan, and Daegu area which were constructed within 4 years and over 4 years, to measure the concentration of NO₂ from July, 2004 to September. The results of this study are as follows. The average concentration of NO₂ in Seoul, Asan, and Daegu area in the apartment constructed within 4 years are nitrogen dioxide 48.01㎍/m³ and in the apartment over 4 years are nitrogen dioxide 46.54㎍/m³. Mean ratios of indoor to outdoor NO₂ concentrations are Seoul 0.99, Asan 0.83, Daegu 1.18. The deposition constant and the source strength of NO₂ were 0.97±0.55 hr-1 and 16.33±12.30 ppb/h, respectively. In conclusion, indoor environmental factors were effectively characterized by this method using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements.

금어초 'Potomac Red'를 200공 플러그 트레이에서 육묘하면서 NH4+과 NO3- 비율을 조절한 액비로 시비한 결과 초장, 생체중 및 건물중 모두 27 : 73(NH4+:NO3-)의 비율로 시비된 처리에서 가장 좋은 생장을 나타냈다. 파종 56일 후 식물조직의 질소와 인산함량은 27 : 73로 시비된 처리에서 각각 2.84% 및 0.39%로 가장 높게 분석되었다. 식물체내 K의 함량은 처리간 차이가 뚜렷하지 않았지만, 관비용액의 NH4+ 비율이 높아질수록 식물체의 Ca 및 Mg 함량이 감소하는 경향이었다. 상토의 pH는 파종 3주 후부터 NH4+:NO3-의 시비 비율에 따른 처리간 차이가 발생하여 8주까지 계속적으로 변하였으며, NO3-의 비율이 증가할수록 중성쪽으로, 그리고 NH4+의 비율이 증가할수록 산성쪽으로 변하였다. 상토의 EC는 NH4+ 의 비율이 증가할수록 높아졌고, 100% NH4+ 처리에서 파종 8주 후 2.2dS·m-1까지 상승하였다. NH4+:NO3-의 비율에 따른 상토중 질소 농도변화는 100 : 0의 비율에서 가장 높은 NH4+-N 농도를, 0 : 100에서 가장 높은 NO3--N 농도를 나타내었고, 상토의 인산농도는 처리간 뚜렷한 차이가 없이 식물이 생장함에 따라 토양의 인산농도는 낮아졌다. 그러나 관비용액의 NH4+ 비율이 높아질수록 상토의 K, Ca 및 Mg 농도가 높아지는 경향이었다. 관비용액의 NH4+:NO3-의 비율에 대한 식물생장 반응을 고려할 때 두 질소 비율로 27 : 73으로 조절하는 것이 플러그 육묘를 위해 바람직하다고 판단하였다.

본 연구는 팔레놉시스의 생육에 적합한 배양액내 NO3-와 NH4+의 비율을 찾고 그리고 그 비율이 화경의 품질에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보고자 수행되었다. 실험에 사용된 배양액내 NO3-와 NH4+의 비율은 100%: 0%, 90%: 10%, 80%: 20%, 70%: 30%였다. 배양액내 팔레놉시스의 생육은NO3-만을 공급할 때보다 NO3-와 NH4+를 함께 공급할 때 생육이 증가하였다. 특히 NH4+의 비율이 10%일 때 생체중과 건물중이 가장 높았다. 그러나 배양액내 NH4+의 비율이 10%에서 30%로 증가함에 따라 지상부와 뿌리의 생육은 감소 되었다. 화경의 길이, 개체당 화경수와 소화수 모두 NH4+ 비율이 0%에서 10%로 증가함에 따라 높았으나 30%로 높아질수록 감소하였다. 즉, 팔레놉시스의 생육에 적합한 배양액내 NO3-와 NH4+의 비율은 90%:10%이었다.

This study presents residential indoor and outdoor exposure concentrations distributions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs, benzene, toluene, xylene) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in industrial area (case) and agricultural area (control) during 5 days. Concentrations of VOCs and NO₂ were measured with passive samplers in residential indoor and outdoor. Most of benzene, toluene and NO₂ mean concentrations in case area were higher than those in control area. Considering the indoor and outdoor ratios (I/O) were higher than 1, the residence might be have the sources of indoor air pollutants such as smoking and using of gas range. Residential indoor concentrations of benzene, toluene, and NO₂ with indoor smokers were higher than those and without indoor smokers. In conclusion, it is suggested that personal exposures to air pollutants might be affected by indoor sources as well as outdoor pollutants emitted from industrial complex, and indoor air quality and outdoor air quality should be simultaneously considered to reduce the personal exposure to air pollutants.

Semiconducting metal oxides have been frequently used as gas sensing materials. While zinc oxide is a popular material for such applications, structures such as nanowires, nanorods and nanotubes, due to their large surface area, are natural candidates for use as gas sensors of higher sensitivity. The compound ZnO has been studied, due to its chemical and thermal stability, for use as an n-type semiconducting gas sensor. ZnO has a large exciton binding energy and a large bandgap energy at room temperature. Also, ZnO is sensitive to toxic and combustible gases. The NO gas properties of zinc oxide-single wall carbon nanotube (ZnO-SWCNT) composites were investigated. Fabrication includes the deposition of porous SWCNTs on thermally oxidized SiO2 substrates followed by sputter deposition of Zn and thermal oxidation at 400˚C in oxygen. The Zn films were controlled to 50 nm thicknesses. The effects of microstructure and gas sensing properties were studied for process optimization through comparison of ZnO-SWCNT composites with ZnO film. The basic sensor response behavior to 10 ppm NO gas were checked at different operation temperatures in the range of 150-300˚C. The highest sensor responses were observed at 300˚C in ZnO film and 250˚C in ZnO-SWCNT composites. The ZnO-SWCNT composite sensor showed a sensor response (~1300%) five times higher than that of pure ZnO thin film sensors at an operation temperature of 250˚C.

Indoor, outdoor, and personal nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exposures were studied in a population of housewives. Daily Indoor and outdoor NO₂ concentrations were measured and compared with simultaneously personal exposures of 17 housewives for 7 consecutive days in 17 houses. In this study, indoor and outdoor NO₂ samples at home were collected only while the housewives were at home samples. Time activity patterns and house characteristics were used to determine the effects of these factors on personal exposure. Since housewives spent their times in indoor houses with mean of 78.3%, their NO₂ exposures were associated with indoor houses NO₂ levels (r= 0.89) rather than outdoor NO₂ level (r= 0.85). Contribution of indoor NO₂ concentration on personal exposure was estimated by 70.77% by using of mass balance model. The close association between measured indoor NO₂ concentrations and measured personal exposure and contribution of indoor NO₂ concentration suggests that measuring indoor concentrations of NO₂ in the home is sufficient to estimate personal exposure accurately.

UBVI CCD photometry is obtained for the Ruprecht 93 (Ru 93)region. We are unable to confirm the existence of an intermediate-age open cluster in Ru 93 from the spatial distribution of blue stars. On the other hand, we find two young star groups in the observed field: the nearer one (Ru 93 group) comprises the field young stars in the Sgr-Car arm at d ≈ 2.1 kpc, while the farther one (WR 37 group) is the young stars around WR 37 at d ≈ 4.8 kpc. We derive an abnormal extinction law (RV = 3.5) in the Ruprecht 93 region.

본 실험은 Dendrobium nobile 계통의 교잡종인 'Hamana Lake Dream' X 'No. 55' 유묘의 기내삽목 시 증 식 및 생육에 알맞은 배지와 배양조건을 구명하고자 실시하였다. Hyponex배지보다 MS배지에서 생장이 잘되었는데 MS배지에 활성탄을 0.1과 1.0g/L 수준에서 첨가했을 때 줄기수와 엽장, 근수, 생체중이 양호 하였으나 2.0g/L이상에서는 감소하였으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다. MS배지에 agar, sucrose, peptone, gelite 를 농도별로 첨가한 실험에서는 agar 5g/L 첨가 시 줄기 길이와 엽폭, 생체중의 값이 높았고, 절간장과 근수는 sucrose 40g/L을 첨가했을 때 효과적이었다. 또한 줄기수와 엽수는 peptone 1g/L에서 효과적이었으 나 gelite는 모든 농도에서 대조구에 비해 저조하였다. 기내삽목 시 배양온도는 28℃가 알맞았고 동일한 온도조건에서는 MS배지가 Hyponex배지보다 더 효과적이었다. 또한 sucrose 농도별 실험에서는 28℃에서 40 g/L를 첨가하는 것이 좋았다.