급격한 도시화와 산업화로 인하여 도시 내 인공구조물이 증가하고 토지이용이 무분별하게 추진되어오면서 환경오 염에 따른 여러 문제들이 심각한 사회문제로 대두되고 있 다. 국내 광역시의 생활권 도시 숲(공원, 녹지) 면적은 세계 보건기구(WHO)가 권고하는 최저기준인 1인당 9㎡의 1/2 수준이지만 서울시의 경우 4.54㎡로 생활권 도시 숲의 면적 이 부족하다. 도심지의 녹지공간 확보를 위하여 1980년대부터 옥상녹 화 개념이 도입되었고, 옥상녹화와 관련된 지원 사업이 이 루어지고 있는 추세이다. 서울시의 경우 2002년부터 옥상녹화 활성화를 위한 옥상 녹화 지원 사업을 진행하였으며, 2007년부터는 10만 녹색 지붕 만들기 사업을 통하여 자치구별로 생활권녹지 10만평 확충 등 도시 내 부족한 녹지공간 확보에 주력하고 있다. 옥상녹화와 관련하여 옥상녹화의 효과, 이입종에 관한 연 구, 단일 식물종의 생육연구 등에 관한 연구는 활발하게 이 루어지고 있으나, 다년간 옥상녹화에 실재 식재에 사용된 식물에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 서울시의 지원을 받아 2010년부터 2012 년 동안 조성된 옥상녹화 조성지를 대상으로 실재 식재에 사용된 식물 조사를 통하여 향후 옥상녹화 보급에 있어 식 재식물 선정의 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다. 본 연구는 2010년에 조성된 61개소의 옥상녹화 조성지 와 2011년에 조성된 52개소의 옥상녹화 조성지, 2012년에 조성된 47개소의 옥상녹화 조성지를 포함하여 총 160개소 의 대상지 내 실재 사용된 식재식물을 조사하였다(표 1).조 사는 실제 옥상녹화 조성에 사용된 설계도면을 바탕으로 이루 어졌으며, 초본, 관목 교목으로 구분하여 조사하였다(표 2). 대상지에 사용된 식재 식물은 초본의 경우 가는잎 금계 국, 감국, 갯패랭이, 거미바위솔, 고사리 등 332종의 식물이 식재되었다.옥상의 극단적인 기후에서 생존하기 위해 내건성, 내한 성, 내습성은 물론 강한 일사와 바람에 적응할 수 있는 특성 을 포함하여 관상가치가 높은 식물인 구절초, 비비추, 맥문 동 등의 식재 빈도가 높은 것으로 판단된다. 관목의 경우 개쉬땅나무, 겹철쭉, 꼬리조팝나무, 공조팝 등 109종의 식물이 식재되었으며, 혼합형과 중량형에 이용 되는 특성상 비교적 관리가 용이하고 관상가치가 높은 수종 들의 식재빈도가 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 교목의 경우 감나무, 공작단풍, 구상나무, 금송 등 67종의 식물이 식재되었으며, 방문객의 이용을 목적으로 조성되는 중량형에 이용되는 경우가 많아 관상가치가 높은 수종들의 식재빈도가 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 특히 겨울철 평균기온의 상승으로 인해 남부지역에서만 생육 가능한 꽃도라지, 꽃무릇, 한라구절초 등의 초본류와 남천, 산수국, 무화과나무 등의 관목류가 식재 됨에 따라 남부 식물종의 중부 생존 가능성이 점점 높아지고·있는 것 으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 2010년에서부터 2012년 총 3개년간 서울시의 옥상녹화 지원을 통해 조성된 옥상녹화 조성지를 대상으로 실재 식재에 사용된 식물 수종을 조사하여 그 동향을 살피 고 향후 옥상녹화에 도입 가능한 식재 식물 연구에 관한 기초자료를 제공하는데 의의가 있다. 옥상녹화 조성지가 증가함에 따라 향후 옥상녹화는 옥상 이라는 인공지반위에 녹지를 도입하는 수준을 벗어나 생물 서식지의 개념으로 접근할 필요가 있다. 이를 위하여 설계 단계에서 식재 및 관리에 이르기까지 양호한 생물 서식공간 으로의 조성하기 위한 방법에 관한 연구가 필요할 것이라 판단된다. 또한 장기적으로 식재 식물을 조사하여 지역에 적합하고 관리가 용이한 옥상녹화 수종의 연구가 필요할 것이라 사료 된다.

As sewerage systems have obsolete, as quality and service level standards increase, and as rain characteristics change, the sewerage utility authorities are challenged to develop cost recovery strategies that assure financial sustainability. In this study, we conducted scenario analysis to examine the effect of three alternatives of partial or full sewerage cost recovery in Seoul during 2014-30 periods. It turned out that the alternative 1 is optimal and recommended. According to alternative 1, we had better increase annually sewerage fee by 14.8% until 2020 and thereafter apply only the inflation rate in setting sewerage fee. It would gradually decrease the deficit after 2019. The accumulated deficit of 13 billion Won in 2030 was estimated.We expect that this kind of analysis may provide useful informations to help sewage utility staffs, decision makers, and regulatory authorities understand, develop and implement ultimate full cost recovery strategy for many municipalities.

본 기본설계는 서울시 마포구 아현동의 지형 상 최상부에 인접하여 위치한 3개의 공원을 대상지로 하였다. 설계의 목적은 마포구의 지형적으로 최상부에 위치한 근린공원으로서 하늘을 향해 사방으로 열린 조망형 휴게공원을 주변의 어린이공원, 공공공지와 연계하여 조성하기 위함이다. 또한 위치상 재개발지역의 입주민과 미개발의 기존주거지 사이에 위치하고 주변에 공원녹지가 부재한 환경에서 지역민들에게 휴게, 여가, 운동의 장 그리고 청소년과 어린이들에게는 건강한 놀이공원으로서의 역할을 담당하고자 한다. 대상지의 특성을 이용한 설계전략으로는 첫째, 마포구에서 해발고도가 가장 높은 곳에 위치하여 사방으로 탁 트인 조망권을 확보하고, 둘째, 2차선도로를 사이에 두고 근린공원 두 곳과 어린이공원, 공공공지의 용도별 공원과 공지가 하나의 영역에 있어 통합설계를 할 경우 서로가 시너지효과를 얻을 수 있다. 셋째, 지형적으로 다양한 높이차와 면적을 확보하고 있어 자연지형을 최대한 이용하여 다이나믹한 공간형성을 통한 공간활용 및 시설계획이 가능하다. 또한 절차상 행정기관인 마포구의 협력으로 각기 분리조성 될 공원을 통합 조성함으로써 위의 설계전략들이 실현가능하게 되었다. 본 설계는 현재 도심의 산지경사면 주거지역에 위치한 공원의 활용방안과 분산된 소규모 공원의 통합설계와 조성의 시너지효과를 보여주는 모범적 사례가 될 것이라 여겨진다.

Urban-Hanok emerged as a result of urbanization of Hanok in the modern period. In particular, Urban-Hanok has been mass-produced from the early 1920s, when the population is concentrated in cities, until the middle. Large-scale development by the professional developer has been developed in large-scale land rather than individual client because housing shortage was serious problem. 11 Gahoe-dong was made in 1935-36 is representative Urban-hanok area of Bukchon. It was formed through division of large-scale Land in 1930’s. In the 1930’s, the large-scale development projects of Urban-Hanok was triggered by the two events. One is Land Investigation Project performed by the Japanese government to capitalization of property, another is the pro-japanese bought the large scale-land in Gahoe-dong at bargain price from The Japanese government. Each lot has still a topographical characteristics such as land-dividing quality, the way of development, characteristic quality of urban-tissue. 11 Gahoe-dong, Urban-hanok area was developed two ways. First, development have been adapted to the topography. The lots have reflected topographical conditions such as land cutting area, a retaining wall, land-diving was maintaining the original topography almost. Second, it was street oriented development. The lots have developed sequentially along the street. So, the lots's shape and size is different each. For this reason, this area distribute various type of Hanok.

This study is intended to analyze the relation between G. D. Weisman’s Way finding 4 elements the accessibility and efficiency of consumers as to eternal area for Seoul historical museum. The findings are summarized as the following three aspects. First, G. D. Weisman’s Way finding element introduced in this study had a significant impact on visitor satisfaction.. It leads to the following conclusion: The higher the impact is, the greater accessaccessibility and efficiency are. Second, among 4 elements, the factor that had the biggest impact on the accessibility was ‘visual-perceptual accessibility.’ Thus, ‘visual-perceptual accessibility’ should be considered first to boost the accessibility to consumers. Third, among 4 elements, the factor that had the biggest impact on the efficiency was ‘sign system’. Thus, ‘sign system’ should be considered first to boost the efficiency to consumers.

목 적: 안경원 방문자를 대상으로 연령군에 따른 굴절이상의 분포와 굴절상태의 변화를 분석하고자 하였다. 방 법: 2007년부터 2013년까지 서울 서초동 소재 안경원에 내원한 922명(1,844안)을 대상으로 연령군에 따라 10대군(10∼19세), 20대군(20∼29세), 30대군(30∼39세), 40대군(40∼49세), 50대군(50∼59세), 60대 이상군(≥60세)으로 분류하고 타각적 굴절검사와 자각적 굴절검사를 시행하였다. 굴절이상은 등가구면굴절 력을 이용하여, 근시군(SE≥-0.75 D), 원시군(SE≥+0.75 D) 및 난시군(Cyl≥-1.00 D)으로 나누고, 난시는 (-) 원주축 방향에 따라 직난시(180°±15°), 도난시(90°±15°), 사난시(16°∼74° 또는 106°∼164°)로 구분 하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS version 18 (SPSS INC., Chicago, IL, USA)을 이용하여 각 요인을 독립표본검 정(independent T-test), 선형회귀분석(linear regression analysis), 일원배치분산분석(one way anova)을 통해 조사하였으며, 유의 수준은 p<0.05로 하였다. 결 과: 전체 대상안의 굴절이상 분포는 근시 84.4%, 원시 5.7%, 정시 9.9%그리고 난시는 46.1%로 나타 났다. 평균 등가구면굴절력은 10대 -3.77±2.06 D, 20대 -4.44±2.61 D, 30대 -3.85±2.61 D, 40대 -3.48± 2.70 D, 50대 -1.92±2.65 D, 60대 -0.56±2.58 D로 연령이 증가함에 따라 근시에서 원시로 유의 하게 변하였다(p<0.05). 난시는 직난시 54.8%, 사난시 30.4%, 도난시 14.9% 로 나타났고 10대에서는 직난 시가 월등히 높았으며, 도난시는 60대에서 45.3%로 가장 높았다. 결 론: 청소년기에는 근시와 직난시의 유병률이 높지만, 연령이 증가하면서 굴절상태는 변하여 노년층에 서는 원시와 도난시의 유병률이 높았다. 굴절상태는 연령에 따라 청소년기에 근시화가 진행되고, 근시안과 정시안의 경우에는 40대 이후에 원시화가 나타나며, 근시화와 원시화 정도는 근시안이 정시안보다 더 많은 것으로 사료된다.

In recent years, the surroundings of Fire have rapidly changed and citizens need for Fire have been demanding very high. Under these situations, in order for satisfaction to all these demands, Seoul Metropolitan Government Fire Academy(SFA) have only to improve its educational training program as the fire educational training center in Korea. The purpose of this study is to scrutinize current educational training program of SFA and measure the relative weight among the hierarchy of disaster management(prevention and mitigation-preparedness-response-recovery) by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP). The result of this study presents that how many hours must be allocated and set the educational training program with scientific and systematic way of AHP compared the current program of SFA　in 2013. And This study is applied to increase access and comprehension about the AHP and will be able to present guideline for the selection of optimal the educational training of SFA to serve Seoul citizens the best Fire services.

The tap water plays a critical role in our daily life by providing clean water for drinking as well as for residential use. Its importance, however, is often hidden and criticized in mass media because drinking the unprocessed tap water as a primary source of drinking water is very low comparing to other countries. This is because survey tool in Korea is often different from those in other countries so their results on the tap water cannot be directly compared without analysis on survey questionnaire. Therefore, we examplified cases showing the difference of questions of each country and discussed the reason why results of tap water intake should not be compared without analysis on the questions. Also, distrust on Arisu without rational reason is known as the first reason of distrust on the tap water. However, it was not the ultimate reason of distrust on the tap water. To verify, we designed survey questions in a tricky way that the same question was asked twice with different choices in the survey questionnaire. Most of the people who distrust Arisu without rational reason at the first question were selected different choices and significantly reduced in the second question. This proved that the ratio of distrust on the tap water is not actually the right reason and that by providing more choices, people’s distrust on the tap water without rational reason can turn into more specific reasons.

PURPOSES: This study is to suggest the improvement for bus rapid transit system in Seoul METHODS: The maintenance cost for bus lane damages and plastic deformations are increased by bus passing speed, heavy bus weight, and climate change (localized torrential downpour, subtropical climate) and the accident risk has been increased. RESULTS: Recent analysis of pavement damage indicates that bus lane damage caused by heavy weight is overwhelming and it is urgent to prepare countermeasures. CONCLUSIONS : Pavement data of bus rapid transit system, bus transit numbers and pavement damage elements were analyzed. By analyzing pavement maintenance, design and construction, the countermeasures for the improvement of bus lane pavement and effective maintenance were suggested.

Today all nations in the world focus on remaining competitive advantage by adding high values to their fashion businesses. The most typical example of such added value is fashion collection. In case of London Fashion Week, which is among the world’s top 4 most famous fashion collections where more than 5,000 journalists and buyers from 25 nations can be expected every season, it has great contribution to the economic wealth of London. It induces consumption of 20 million GBP and economic production effects of one hundred million GBP. According to Joo (2009), one of the main purposes of fashion collections can be defined as the invigoration of international marketing and the creation of consumption demand. Fashion collections lead to increased direct sales and consumption demand by developing new products based on leading fashion trends that are presented in the collection. The so-called Big four collections in Paris, Milan, New York and London have their own Country of Origin (COO) image, which represents each country, cities, brands, products and services. For example, Paris collection has been established as luxury image with hand-made and Haute Couture. Not only fashion collection but also fashion brands have applied specific country characteristics to their fashion brand’s image. This serves as a critical factor of competitiveness that communicates an integrated image of brands to the customers. Also, within the purchase decision-making process, consumers consider COO as an important element. Therefore, organizer of fashion collections as well as brands that engage in such should consider COO as a key factor. Most of the previous studies about fashion collections focused on content analyses. For example, Joo (2009) compared characteristics and current situations between four major overseas cities’ collections and Seoul collection. Additionally, there are studies about fashion style, trend, design and textile. Characteristics of color change in 1990s fashion collection (Kim & Kim, 2007) and an analysis of design of hats and fashion images in collections (Jeong & Jeong, 2008) have been conducted as well. Previous studies related to COO mainly focused on the product (Bilkey & Nes, 1982) and how the image of the producing country affects product evaluation. Thus, the purposes of this study are 1) to examine of fashion collection’s COO and fashion brand image effects on brand evaluation and purchase intention, 2) to analyze differentiation factors of COO image, brand evaluation, purchasing intention on Seoul, New York and Paris collection. We surveyed Korean, American and French who have experience in their own country’s fashion collection and used SPSS 21 for data analysis. Fashion collection’s COO and brand image has a great effect on brand evaluation and purchase intention. Moreover, it seems to increase the purchase intention by affecting brand evaluation. Therefore, the results of the study are as follows. First, we can confirm that the better the fashion collection’s COO and fashion brand image, the higher brand evaluation and purchase intention is. Second, when assessing fashion collection’s COO image and fashion brand image, brand evaluation and purchase intention differ according to Korea, US and French national stereotypes. This study goes beyond the general product-centric COO studies and introduces the fashion collection’s COO that can be valuable research in terms of contribution not only to academia, but also to the industrial field.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating patterns, nutrient intakes, blood levels, and health status of male college students in Seoul according to body mass index (BMI). In this study, we classified subjects into normal weight (n=240), under weight (n=11), and obese (n=46) groups according to BMI. The weight and BMI were significantly higher in the obese group compared to other groups (p<0.0001). The obesity was associated with overeating and frequent eating. The under weight group showed significantly higher consumption of fast food, snacks, and fried foods compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The intakes of milk, meat, fish, eggs, and fried food and preference ratios were higher in the obese group (p<0.05). The male college students in this study showed insufficient intakes of calories, vitamin C, folic acid, and calcium. The plasma LDL-cholesterol levels in the obese group were higher compared to the other groups. In conclusion, intake of nutrients among male college students is found to be insufficient and requires nutritional education. The under weight group showed regular eating habits and increased nutrient intake. The obese group was shown to need more exercise with higher intakes of vegetables and fruits.

A research was conducted on Seoul regional elementary, middle, and high school nutritionists to study about their perception of HACCP control standards & performance conditions and sanitation & safety inspection, to seek for more efficient methods of school meals' sanitation system settlement. All surveys were distributed and collected via email. A total of 305 survey papers were collected, and out of these, 300 school results were analyzed. As for CCP 1 performance conditions, 43.3% of the nutritionist put emphasis on temperature control for cooking duration and 71.0% said that they manage both temperature and PHF food control. In CCP 2 stage, 65.8% of the nutritionists maintained the food's temperature, and 56.7% documented the recordings after cooking. A total of 79.3% of the schools scored above 90 points on school meal sanitation & safety inspection, 3.72 points on necessity for revisions, 3.38 points on objectivity, and 3.34 points on reliability. As for these results, a clear CCP control criteria as well as training must be set. Also, because the necessity of revision for sanitation & safety inspection is higher than reliability and objectivity, appropriate complementary measures must be taken.

The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of obesity indices among the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BF%), and to determine which is the most useful index to predict the risk of chronic diseases of elderly people. This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study at welfare centers in Seoul. The total number of subjects was 261 (68 men and 193 women) with age ≥60 years. The distribution of obesity using 3 obesity indices in the subjects with hypertension, diabetes, or arthritis was BF%>WC>BMI in elderly men and WC>BF%>BMI in elderly women. In elderly women, odds ratios (ORs) for hypertension in BMI and WC quartiles were significantly increased in quartile 2 and 3 (p<0.05). The ORs for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and arthritis in BF% quartiles were significantly increased in quartile 3 and 4 (p<0.05). The BF% was sensitive obesity index for predicting the occurrence of chronic disease in men, and the WC was sensitive index in women. Our results suggested maintaining BMI less than 23.5 kg/m2, WC less than 82 cm, and BF less than 35% in order to prevent chronic diseases in elderly women.

We investigated the distribution of asbestos in Seoul for 16 school buildings built before and after 1990, includingkindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools and high schools. The risk assessment standards of AHERA,HSE and ASTM were reviewed and a comparative analysis of assessment standards was conducted in schoolbuildings. For the risk assessment of 16 schools, 170 samples were selected, each of which was assessed usingstandards of AHERA, HSE and ASTM. The school buildings included the ACM (asbestos containing materials)ranged 3-4% of chrysotile and 1-3% of amosite in classroom ceilings and has 7-8% chrysotile in partitions of studenttoilets. The airborne concentrations of fiber materials were ranged with 0.002-0.022 fiber/cc in school buildingsby PCM. In this study, a simplified rating scale was used three categories of Good, Damaged and SignificantlyDamaged. In the result of comparative analysis for the risk assessment criteria, it was found that 113 samples, 132samples and 82 samples were classified as Good when assessed by AHERA, HSE and ASTM, respectively; and46 samples, 29 samples and 53 samples as Damaged, respectively; and 12 samples, 8 samples and 34 samples asSignificantly Damaged, respectively. From the distribution of asbestos and the comparative analysis for the riskassessment criteria, the management plan and new risk assessment were made based on the Korea backgroundshould be established to control asbestos exposure to students from damaged ACM and will be revealed that theassessment for the current condition and potential for disturbance on asbestos in school buildings.

This study was conducted to analyze dust mite allergen and bacterial endotoxin concentrations in the subwaycabins. For this aim, we sampled dust using a vacuum cleaner on cabin seats of subway trains operating in threeSeoul Metro Lines from April to May in 2011. The concentration of dust mite allergen and endotoxin were1,137.51±806.26ng/g and 5,742.1(4.68)EU/g, respectively. While, the concentration of dust mite allergen washigher on cabin seats of subway trains in Line B(1,487.61±930.59ng/g) than on those of trains in Lines A andC(641.9±398.3 and 1,344.9±822.4ng/g). All measurements did not exceed the National Workshop Guidelineof 2,000ng/g. While, bacterial endotoxin concentration [GM (GSD)] was higher on cabin seats of subway trainsin Line A [12,373.21(4.97EU/g)] than on those of trains in Line B and C8,520.77(3.98) and 1,631.43(1.88)EU/g. Dust mite allergen concentrations were strongly influenced by the portion of underground (on the subway line)and endotoxin concentrations were significantly correlated with the number of passengers using the subway lines.Seats for seniors and the week showed relatively higher concentrations compared to seats for general passengers.But, no significant difference of dust mite allergen and endotoxin concentrations in the subway cabins was foundrelating to seat type (p=0.451, p=0.564). There was no correlation between the dust mite allergen levels andendotoxin levels in the subway cabins (p=0.439).

PURPOSES: This study is to investigate the countermeasures against heavy snow on road in Seoul: Focusing on Seocho 1-dong. METHODS : Since 2000, three cases of the top 10 in the highest snow fall depth in a day occurred in 2001(234mm, 156mm) and 2010(258mm) and the possibility of heavy snow is getting higher. 10 days after heavy snow fall when the snow thaws, socio-economic damages occurred often. For example, the insufficient snow removing, difficulty in patients transfer, crash accidents, injuries from a fall, the increasing cost of snow removing etc. RESULTS : For the effective deploying snow removing equipment and workers, it is necessary to understand emergency snow removing spots. Seocho 1-dong was tested because it contains mountains, hill and urban areas as well as various buildings and road types exposures. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the domestic and international heavy snow researches, the elements for vulnerability were analyzed and vulnerable areas to snow fall were derived.

PURPOSES: This study is to suggest heavy snow risk analysis in Seoul. METHODS: Recently, the increase of extreme weather caused by global warming raises the occurrences of unpredictable natural disasters and the loss potential of human disasters by land use facilities accumulation. It is necessary to develop the risk analysis for the natural and human disasters. RESULTS : In this study, heavy snow risk analysis among natural disasters in Seoul was suggested. The spatial unit of risk analysis level was established for the lines and administrative districts. CONCLUSIONS : The risk analysis was performed using risk matrix of disaster occurrence score and disaster damage score. The components affecting the risk disaster analysis by types were analyzed and the application of heavy snow risk analysis was suggested.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of 10-week dietary education on elementary students in an after-school program in Seoul. Participants were 20 1-2 grade students and 283-6 grade students, and the dietary program consisted of dietary education and activities focused on children’s levels of understanding. The results were as follows: Total participant’s food habit scores and nutrition knowledge significantly increased (p<0.05) after dietary education. Food habit and nutrition knowledge scores of lower grade participants (grade) increased desirably (p<0.05). Meanwhile higher grade participants’ (grade) food habit scores also changed (p<0.05), but their nutrition knowledge scores were changed. Boy’s food habit scores significantly changed (p<0.05), whereas girl’s food habit scores did not change significantly. Further, female participants’ nutrition knowledge scores did not changesignificantly after education. Participants’ obesity knowledge scores significantly changed after the education (p<0.05), but their attitudes on obesity increased insignificantly. Lower grade participants’ attitudes on obesity significantly and desirably changed (p<0.05), whereas higher grade participants’ attitudes on obesity changed insignificantly. Girl’s knowledge and attitudes on obesity significantly and desirably changed (p<0.05-0.01). This study revealed the correlation between food habit scores and attitudes on obesity (p<0.01), demonstrating that participants with high food habit scores have advisable attitudes on obesity. The result of this study shows that lower grade participants’ food habit scores, nutrition knowledge, and attitudes on obesity changed desirably after dietary education. Therefore, this study promote the development of adequate nutrition education and materials focused on lower grade students and the need for systematic and continuous dietary education programs based on elementary school.

This study was aimed at analyzing the location and the characteristics of the Urban hanok tissues that were formed in the downtown since 1920s. Focusing on the relationship between roads and lots, the developing process and the typological characteristics are examined. Through dividing the large and medium lots of the aristocratic families and on the hilly area near the Seoul City Wall, various shapes of urban hanok tissue were evolved. The urban hanok tissues developed before 1936 locate on the downtown sites, while those developed after 1936 locate on the hilly sites. The location of the tissues were identified in the upper area of Jong-no street. The former is composed of small size lots divided into average area 104.4㎡ with the narrow alleys of about 2.0m width, while the latter is composed of medium size lots divided into average area 131.54㎡ with the alleys of about 4.0m width. Moreover the structures of the tissues were evolved based on the developing period and the site condition. Moreover the structures of the tissues were evolved based on the developing period and the site condition. The typological characteristics were defined as the four patterns categorized with the bilateral concepts of alley’s form and of alley’s spacial feature.