2007년 미국에서 시작된 글로벌 금융위기의 영향은 국내의 해운·조선 분야에도 크게 영향을 미쳤다. 이와 관련하여 국내 조선소는 해운경기 악화로 인한 상선 수주물량 감소의 대체수단으로 여러 방면에서 수주전략을 수립하였고, 선택한 분야가 해양플랜트였다. 그러나 국내 조선소는 해양플랜트 관련 계약이 갖고 있는 위험성 분석에 대한 대비 없이 단순한 매출액 확대와 일감확보를 위한 무리한 영업 수주전략을 추진하였다. 이러한 결과, 해양플랜트 발주자와 초기에 계약한 금액보다 많은 비용이 투입되거나 제조물 인도지연에 따른 지체상금을 지급해야 하는 법적인 문제로 확대되었다. 주요 법적분쟁의 원인은 해양플랜트공사 시 발생할 수 있는 비선형모델에 의한 위험성 분석, 공정관리의 미숙, 국내 조선소가 “Engineering Procurement Construction 일괄계약”을 사용하는 해양플랜트공사계약의 이해 부족에 기인한다. 특히, 위험성 관리 항목의 한 요소로써 계약상의 독소조항에 대한 충분한 검토가 이루어지지 않은 점에 있다. 이러한 계약서를 검토할 만한 인력도 부재하다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 계약목적물의 인도지연이 발생할 수 있는 구체적 위험성의 존재를 식별하고, 해양플랜트공사계약 상에는 어떠한 불공정조항이 존재하며, 그러한 불공정조항이 실제 양 당사자에게 어떻게 적용되는지를 국내조선소의 프로젝트 관리자의 인터뷰와 선행연구를 참조하여 구체적 위험요소가 계약상으로 어떻게 함의되는가에 대해서 살펴보았다. 이를 통하여 해양플랜트공사계약상 제조물인도지연에 관한 계약당사자의 법적 책임관계와 국내 조선·해양플랜트 산업발전에 기여할 수 있는 개선방안을 도출하였다.

Recycled cenosphere, which is a hollow shaped particle from fly ash, has become attractive as a building material due to its light weight and excellent heat insulation and soundproof properties. In this paper, we investigated the effect of cenosphere size on the physical and optical properties. High brightness of cenosphere as raw material is required for a wide range of ceramics applications, particularly in fields of building materials and industrial ceramic tiles. Cenospheres were sorted by particle size; the microstructure was analyzed according to the cenosphere size distribution. Cenospheres were generally composed of quartz, mullite, and amorphous phase. Colour measurement corresponding to chemical composition revealed that the contents of iron oxide and carbon in the cenospheres were the major factors determining the brightness of the cenospheres.

곤충병원성 곰팡이 Zoophthora radicans (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae)가 혹명나방, 배추좀나방, 복숭아혹진딧물과 진딧물 인 미분류 1종을 감염시키는 것을 발견하였다. 이들은 전라북도 진안, 김제, 익산에서 수집되었고, 6월과 9월에 관찰이 가능하였다. 이 균에 감염 된 혹명나방은 진안에서 수집되었고, 감염율이 46%에 달하였다. 감염된 곤충 충체로부터 균을 분리하여 Sabouraud dextrose agar with yeast extract (SDAY)를 이용하여 인공배양을 시도하였다. 그 결과, 20~28°C가 인공배양을 위한 최적온도로 판단되며, SDAY보다 SDAY supplemented with egg yolk and milk (SDAY-EM)에서 발육이 보다 양호하였다. 이 곰팡이는 자연적으로 발생함을 포장에서 확인할 수 있었다.

In this study, the distribution of each facility group, the pollution level of local municipalities and the status of self-measurement were investigated and analyzed using data provided by the Ministry of Environment. It was found that most of the workplaces to be managed are facilities of sensitive class, indoor parking lots and largescale stores. The results of the survey on the total pollution level by facility group showed that the rate of contamination was the highest in the facilities where there are many sensitive users, including the subway station and the underground shopping malls. Through self-measurement, in the case of fine particle matter, it was found that it was present in amounts of 51.71 μg/m3, 50.72 μg/m3, 44.47 μg/m3 and 54.44 μg/m3 in medical institutions, day care centers, elderly care facilities and postnatal care centers, respectively. Also, there were facilities exceeding the standard in the medical institutions. However, most of the pollutants in the facilities surveyed by the municipality are higher than the self-measured concentrations, so it is necessary to examine the cause of such pollution.

This study aimed to identify milling characteristics depending on the number of a cutting roller’s air vent and blowing velocity to remove rice bran by the cutting type milling machine which can minimize the conventional milling process. The level of whiteness was found to be 38±0.5 in all the conditions, showing consistent whiteness levels during milling. The rice temperatures turned out to be 15.4 and 14.6oC which were rather low-level under the conditions of the cutting roller with 3 vents and blowing velocities of 35 and 40 m/s respectively. Cracked rice ratio was 2.13% under the conditions of the cutting roller with 3 vents and a blowing velocity of 35 m/s. Broken rice ratio showed the range of 0.762-0.869%, reflecting a low level. Turbidity after milling was decreased, as blowing velocity became faster. Energy consumption for milled rice production was decreased, as blowing velocity became faster. The optimum milling condition for cutting type milling machine depending on air vent number of cutting roller and blowing velocity was found to be 3 vents and 35 m/s.

목적: 본 연구는 –2.00D 이하의 난시를 가진 사람에게 콘택트렌즈 처방 시 구면등가대등법에 의한 구면 콘택트렌즈가 토릭 콘택트렌즈와 비교하여 시력, 자각적 만족도의 차이가 어느 정도인지 확인하고자 하였다. 방법: 전신질환 및 안과적 수술경험이 없고 실험의 취지를 이해하고 동의한 교정시력 1.0 이상의 남녀 6명을 대상으로 하였다. 구면과 토릭콘택트렌즈는 동일한 재질과 베이스커브의 콘택트렌즈를 사용하였으며, 콘택트렌즈 피팅을 위해 문진, 전안부검사, 각막곡률검사, 굴절검사, 피팅 평가 등을 실시한 후 교정시력과 착용 후 자각적 만족도(건조감, 이물감, 흐림, 눈부심, 두통, 가려움증, 충혈 등) 조사를 실시하였다. 결과: 난시도수에 따라 그룹A(-1.00D 미만), 그룹B(-1.00D ~ -2.00D)으로 나누어 등가구 면콘택트렌즈 처방결과 착용 시간이 길어짐에 따라 시력교정에 대한 만족도 낮았으나, 토릭 소프트콘택트렌즈의 경우 착용 시간에 상관없이 만족도가 매우 높게 조사되었다. 또한 등가 구면 콘택트렌즈의 처방 교정시력은 그룹 A(난시도수 -1.00D미만)의 경우 교정시력의 만족 도가 낮게 나타났으며, 그룹 B(난시도수 -1.00D~-2.00D)의 처방 교정시력에서는 등가구 면 처방된 콘택트렌즈에 비해 시력 향상과 높은 만족도를 보였다. 결론: 두 그룹 모두 구면 소프트콘택트렌즈와 토릭 소프트콘택트렌즈에서 시력향상에 유의한 차이를 보였으나, 자각적 만족도를 함께 비교한 결과 토릭 소프트콘택트렌즈를 처방할 경우 시력 향상과 안정피로 개선에 도움이 되기 때문에 난시 콘택트렌즈처방에서 토릭 소프트콘택트렌즈를 처방이 우선되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP), an inhibitor of ethylene action, on fruit quality and incidence of physiological disorders during simulated marketing period in early-season Asian pear(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) ‘Noksu’. Flesh firmness was decreased abruptly at 15 days after shelf-life in control fruits. which showed less than 10.7N, although those of 1-MCP-treated fruits were kept high value(>30.4N) during 20 days of shelf-life. ‘Noksu’ pears did not show any considerable differences in quality indices such as soluble solids content, titratable acidity during the shelf-life regardless of 1-MCP treatment. The reduction of ethylene production level by 1-MCP treatment did not appeared in ‘Noksu’ pear. Meanwhile, 1-MCP treated ‘Noksu’ pears showed significantly low respiration rate during shelf-life. Also, 1-MCP treatment blocked the incidence of physiological disorders including core browning, internal browning, water soaking and mealiness symptom during shelf-life. Consequently, we concluded that the 1-MCP treatment effectively inhibited the incidence of physiological disorders and extended the shelf-life for 10 days in early-season Asian pear ‘Noksu’.

해충방제용 유기농자재는 방제효과가 낮아 농가사용에 어려움이 많다. 따라서 유기농자재 중 하나인 녹차씨유 500배에 레시틴, 잔탄검, 난황유, 물비누를 1000배로 희석하여 파프리카에 발생되는 진딧물에 1회 살포 3일후 생존율과 방제가를 조사한 결과 난황유를 첨가하여 방제할 경우 77.8%, 레시틴 69.0%, 잔탄검은 21.9%, 물비누 57.0%의 방제효과가 증가하였다. 또한 담배가루이와 총채벌레의 방제효과를 살펴보기 위하여 7일 간격 3회 살포한 후 엽당 발생마리와 발생엽률을 조사하고 방제효과를 분석한 결과 녹차씨유에 무첨가 대비 레시틴 첨가는 담배가루이와 총채벌레 각각 67.3%, 77.8%, 잔탄검 첨가는 36.9%, 22.2%, 난황유 첨가는 65.0%, 44.4%, 물비누 첨가는 60.1%, 44.4%의 방제효과가 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 유기농자재를 이용한 진딧물, 담배가루이와 총채벌레 방제에 있어 첨가제로 난황유와 레시틴의 첨가가 방제효율을 증진시킬 수 있는 것으로 생각되었다

콜라비는 배추흰나비의 발생과 피해가 큰 반면 등록된 약제가 없어 농가경영에 애로가 많다. 따라서 방제약제 등록을 위하여 2016년 8월 전북 익산시 전라북도농업기술원 시험포장에 콜라비를 정식하고 배추흰나비의 자연발생을 유도한 후, 약제 경엽살포(10월 9일) 7일후에 방제가를 조사한 결과 무처리 대비 에토펜프록스유제(1,000배) 98.5%, 피리달릴유탁제(1,000배) 95.0%, 스피테토람액상수화제(2,000배) 98.5%, 델타메트린유제(1,000배) 98.4%, 비티쿠르스 타키수화제(1,000배) 84.2%를 나타냈다. 또한 완주군 화산면 운산리 시험포장에서 동일한 방법으로 경엽살포(9월 12일) 7일후에 방제가를 조사한 결과 무처리 대비 에토펜프록스유제(1,000배) 99.4%, 피리달릴유탁제(1,000배) 97.4%, 스피테토람액상수화제(2,000배) 99.2%, 델타메트린유제(1,000배) 99.4%, 비티쿠르스타키수화제(1,000배) 96.9%를 나 타내어, 공시약제 모두 방제효과가 우수하였으며 약해는 발생되지 않았다

원자력발전소의 가동은 방사성폐기물을 발생시키고 있으며, 다른 산업폐기물과는 달리 방사능을 포함하고 있는 방사성폐기물은 처리에 오랜 시간이 걸린다. 방사성폐기물의 관리 및 처분의 주된 목적은 인간과 환경을 보호하는 것이므로, 이를 위하여 방사성폐기물의 처분은 완전히 격리된 영구적인 처분장을 필요로 한다. 이에 따라 우리나라는 단계별 발생하는 방사성폐기물의 안전한 처리를 위해 2015년 8월 28일 경북 경주시에 중·저준위 방사성폐기물을 처분할 수 있는 방사성폐기물 처분장을 준공하였다. 이 과정에서 방사성폐기물은 전용운송선박인 청정누리호를 통해 해상운송되고 있으나, 이와 관련된 법적 및 물리적 안전성을 확보하고 있지 못하여 시급한 대처가 필요한 상황이다. 이에 이 논문에서는 현 상황을 검토하고 방사성폐기물의 안전한 해상운송을 위한 선박입출항법상의 안전성 확보방안을 입법론적으로 제시하고자 한다.

Understanding effects of thermal pollution and acidification has long been a concern of aquatic ecologists, but it remains largely unknown in Korea. This study was performed to elucidate the effects of thermal wastewater effluent (TWE) and acid rain on water quality and attached algae in a small mountain stream, the Buso Stream, a tributary located in the Hantan River basin. A total of five study sites were selected in the upstream area including the inflowing point of hot-spring wastewater (HSW), one upstream site (BSU), and three sites below thermal effluent merged into the stream (1 m, 10 m and 300 m for BSD1, BSD2, and BSD3, respectively). Field surveys and laboratory analyses were carried out every month from December 2015 to September 2016. Water temperature ranged 1.7~28.8°C with a mean of 15.0°C among all sites. Due to the effect of thermal effluent, water temperature at HSW site was sustained at high level during the study period from 17.5°C (January) to 28.8°C (September) with a mean of 24.2±3.7°C, which was significantly higher than other sites. Thermal wastewater effluent also brought in high concentration of nutrients (N, P). The effect of TWE was particularly apparent during dry season and low temperature period (December~March). Temperature effect of TWE did not last toward downstream, while nutrient effect seemed to maintain in longer distance. pH ranged 5.1~8.4 with a mean of 6.9 among all sites during the study period. The pH decrease was attributed to seasonal acid rain and snow fall, and their effects was identified by acidophilic diatoms dominated mainly by Eunotia pectinalis and Tabellaria flocculosa during March and August. These findings indicated that water quality and periphyton assemblages in the upstream region of Buso Stream were affected by thermal pollution, eutrophication, and acidification, and their confounding effects were seasonally variable.

Benthic macroinvertebrates were investigated in thermal discharge that flows Buso stream region from December 2015 to February 2016, Korea. Study site was selected for the upstream, downstream relative to the mixing station and mixing station which thermal effluent flows, water quality analysis and benthic macroinvertebrates composition, taxa of EPT-group individuals, analysis of biological water quality. As a result, a total of 4,015 individuals including 50 species, 30 families, 11 orders, 4 classes, and 3 phyla were recognized. Taxa of species is Ephemeroptera 16 species (32.0%) including 6 families, the density composition was highest in 1,848 individuals (46.03%) Diptera. EPT-group occupied during the study period were a total of 1,876 individuals (46.72%) including 32 species and 17 family, lowest in the mixing station for study period. As a results of community analysis, mixing station in the Limnodrilus gotoi and Chironomidae sp.2, which is dominated by the analysis was Ecdyonurus levis, Cincticostella levanidovae, Nemoura KUa. The dominant species showed a difference in the upstream and downstream. In the functional feeding groups, in the upstream and mixing station Gathering-Collectors, downstream it was analyzed that the ratio of the highest Filtering-Collectors and decreased the ratio of Shredders increasing from upstream to downstream. Habitat orientation group is analyzed that accounted for most of the Clingers and Burrowers, from upstream to downstream toward the higher the ratio of Clingers. Biological water quality assessment results were analyzed the worst state in the mixing station with an average 2.73 (±0.41). Correspondence analysis, correlation analysis results of water temperature and the cold-water species, as the water temperature increases were analyzed by reducing cold-water species and EPT-group.

해상 위험으로서 인명과 재산의 안전을 확보하고 해양환경을 보호하기 위한 선박검사제도는 그 중요성이 증가하고 있음에도 불구하고 국내외 많은 국가에서 선박검사를 선급법인 등 공인선박검사기관(Recognized Organization)에게 맡기어 수행하고 있다. 심지어, 한 개의 기국정부(flag state)가 복수의 국내외 공인선박검사기관에게 정부검사를 수행할 수 있는 자격을 부여함으로써 정부의 선박검사권은 하나의 경쟁시장으로 인식되기까지 이르렀다. 그러나, 본질적으로 선박검사는 해상의 안전, 해양환경의 보호, 해상 보안, 선원의 보호 등을 포함하는 중대한 보호법익을 보장하는 수단으로서 이에 대한 기국의 책무는 명시적으로 국제협약 등에 규정되어 있다. 선박검사가 민간으로 주로 구성된 다수의 공인선박검사기관을 통하여 수행된다고 하여 선박검사권이 ‘정부의 권한사무’(Service of Governmental Authority)에서 ‘상사(商事)적 기능’(Commercial Function)으로 성질변형 되었다고 볼 수 있는가? 오늘날 해상 법익의 중요성과 다수의 국제협약을 종합적으로 검토할 때 정부의 선박검사권은 위임 또는 대행의 현실에도 불구하고 ‘본질적으로 위임불가의 공적 책무’(Intrinsically Non-Delegable Public Duty of a Government)로 발견된다. 이 논문은 국제공인 선박검사기관규칙과 관련 주요 국제협약을 살펴봄으로써 선박검사권의 성질을 규명하고 국내 선박안전법상 ‘업무의 대행’의 규범적 위치를 찾고자 한다.

본 연구에서는 동양배 ‘진황’의 1-MCP처리 후 유통온도에 따른 과실의 품질 변화를 관찰하였다. 과실의 감모율의 경우 저장온도가 낮을수록 적었으며 1-MCP처리구가 무처리구 보다 유의하게 적은 감모를 보였다. 수확 후 1-MCP처리는 과육경도에서 유통온도(18, 25 및 30oC)와 관계없이 20N이상으로 무처리구보다 높게 유지 되었다. 과피색의 변화는 모든 처리구에서 저장기간이 길어질수록 어두워졌으며, a*값은 18 및 25oC에서는 처리구간 차이를 보이지 않았지만, 30oC에서는 1-MCP처리구가 유의하게 적은 변화를 보였다. 과실의 생리장해에서 과심갈변, 분질과 발생은 저장온도가 낮을수록 발생이 적었으며, 1-MCP 처리구가 무처리구 보다 낮은 발생을 보였다. ‘진황’과실에서 1-MCP처리후 유통온도에 따른 과실의 품위유지 기간은 18 및 25oC에서는 28일 내외이며, 30oC에서는 21일 내외로 1-MCP 처리로 유통 기간을 약 7일 이상의 품위유지에 효과를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 특히 고온의 시장조건에서는 조생종 ‘진황’ 과실에 1-MCP처리가 품위유지에 효과적인 것으로 사료 된다.

Ink-jet printing techniques with ceramic ink, which contains ceramic pigments as colorant, are in increasingly use in the ceramic industry. Generally, ceramic pigments that are produced by conventional method show diameters of several micrometers; these micrometer sized particles in the ink-jet printing process can cause undesirable behavior such as print head nozzle clogging. To prevent this problem, a particle size reduction process is required. In this study, CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) pigments were synthesized via solid state method. Each pigment particle was milled to submicron size by an attrition mill. The effects of micronizing on the morphology, mechanical property, crystal structure and color property of the CMYK ceramic pigments were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), particle size analysis (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and CIE L*a*b*.

Recently, there have been many efforts to establish suitable processes for recycling fly ash, which is produced in thermal power plants and which poses serious environmental problems. Use of fly ash as a major ingredient of ceramic tiles can increase fly ash utilization, as well as reduce the cost of raw materials in ceramic tile production. In this study, the effects of fly ash addition on ceramic tile properties such as bending strength, water absorption and porosity were investigated. A manufacturing process of ceramic tile was developed for utilization of fly ash with high carbon content. In this approach, it is important to hold the ceramic tiles at a temperature that is sufficient for carbon oxidation, before the pores supplying oxygen to the inside of the ceramic tile are sealed. Ceramic wall tiles were manufactured with 0-40wt% of fly ash addition. The water absorption and porosity of the fired body were slightly changed with increasing fly ash content up to 30wt% and decreased with greater amounts of fly ash addition. The bending strength of ceramic tile including 10wt% fly ash increased, reaching a level comparable to that of ceramic tile without fly ash.

E (Electric) -glass fibers are the most widely used glass fibers, taking up 90 % of the long glass fiber market. However, very few papers have appeared on the physical characteristics of E-glass fibers and how they depend on the fiberizing temperature of fiber spinning. Glass fiber was fabricated via continuous spinning process using bulk E-glass. In order to fabricate the E-glass specimen, raw materials were put into a Pt crucible and melted at 1550 oC for 2hrs; mixture was then annealed at 621 ± 10 oC for 2hrs. The transmittance and adaptable temperature for spinning of the bulk marble glass were characterized using a UV-visible spectrometer and a viscometer. Continuous spinning was carried out using direct melting spinning equipment as a function of the fiberizing temperature in the range of 1175~1250 oC, while the winder speed was fixed at 500 rpm. Subsequently we investigated the physical properties of the E-glass fiber. The average diameter of the synthesized glass fiber was measured by optical microscope. The mechanical properties of the fiber were confirmed using a UTM (universal materials testing machine); the maximum tensile strength was measured and found to be 1843 ± 449MPa at 1225 oC.

E-glass (electrical glass) fiber is the widely used as a reinforced composite material of PCBs (printed circuit boards). However, E-glass fiber is not stable because it has a dielectric constant of 6~7. On the other hand, D-glass (dielectric glass) fiber has a low dielectric constant of 3~4.5. Thus, it is adaptable for use as a reinforcing material of PCBs. In this study, we fabricated D-glass compositions with low dielectric constant, and measured the electrical and optical properties. In the glass composition, the boron content was changed from 9 to 31 wt%. To confirm the dependence of the dielectric constant on melting properties, D-glass with 22 wt% boron was melted at 1550 oC and 1650 oC for 2hrs. The glass melted at 1650 oC had a lower dielectric constant than the glass melted at 1550 oC. Therefore, the D-glass with boron of 9~31 wt% was fabricated by melting at 1650 oC for 2hrs, and transparent clear glass was obtained. We identified the non-crystalline nature of the glass using an XRD (x-ray diffractometer) graph. The visible light transmittance values depending on the boron contents were measured and found to be 88.6%~ 82.5%. Finally, the dielectric constant of the D-glass with 31 wt% boron was found to have decreased from 4.18 to 3.93.