This study was performed to investigate the effects of garlic on uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) transcriptional regulation of UCP2- luciferase transgenic mice fed on a high fat diet to induce obesity. To examine the transcriptional regulation of UCP2, we generated transgenic mice with a UCP2 promoter (-1,830/+30 bp) containing luciferase as a reporter gene. UCP2-luciferase transgenic mice were fed a 45% high-fat diet for 8 weeks to induce obesity. Subsequently, mice were maintained on either a high-fat control diet (TG-CON), or high-fat diets supplemented with 2% (TG-GL2) or 5% (TG-GL5) garlic for a further 8 weeks. Dietary garlic reduced body weight and energy efficiency ratio in the TG-GL5 group, compared to the TG-CON group. Furthermore, garlic supplementation significantly decreased white adipose tissue fat mass and plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and leptin in the TG-GL2 and TG-GL5 groups, compared to the TG-CON group. Specifically, UCP2 promoter activity in metabolic tissues such as liver, white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle was increased by garlic supplementation. These results suggest that dietary garlic was partially associated with an increase of UCP2 transcriptional activity in metabolic tissues for decreasing obesity.

This study investigated the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of gluten-free cookies containing teff flour. By substituting 0% (control), 25% (TF25), 50% (TF50), 75% (TF75), and 100% (TF100) of wheat flour with teff flour, five samples were produced. Baking loss rate was the highest in TF25 at 13.76% and the lowest in TF75 at 4.03%. Spread factor was significantly higher in cookies made with teff flour (83.00~85.00) than in the control (81.33) (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in density among the samples at 1.17~1.25 g/mL (p<0.05); however, pH significantly decreased at 6.42~6.04 (p<0.05). While the L-value and b-value significantly decreased with the amount of teff flour, the a-value significantly increased (p<0.05). The ΔE value was the highest in the control at 31.31 and the lowest in TF100 at 58.69. Hardness was the highest in the control at 42.04 N than in cookies containing teff flour. The content of polyphenols was the highest in TF100 at 3.37 μg GAE/mg and the lowest in the control at 1.32 μg GAE/mg. The content of flavonoids was the highest in TF100 at 3.66 μg QE/mg and the lowest in controls at 0.45 μg QE/mg. The value of DPPH IC50 was the highest in the control at 3,723.00 μg/mL and the lowest in TF 100 at 405.27 μg/mL. The value of ABTS IC50 was the highest in the control at 1,822.32 μg/mL and the lowest in TF100 at 529.30 μg/mL. In sensory evaluation, while control, TF75, and TF100 had a higher score in appearance at 5.52~5.60, all samples had no significant differences in flavor, sweetness, savory taste, chewiness, and overall acceptability (p<0.05). These results showed that the gluten-free cookies containing teff flour can improve the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of a cookie. We concluded that gluten-free cookies containing 100% teff flour are desirable.

The aims of this research were to characterize magic realism by analyzing existing magical reality literature reviews and research and to identify material that may inspire ideas for stage and film costume design by analyzing and drawing design characteristics and magic realism of costumes from Director Tarsem Singh’s movie, ‘Mirror, Mirror’. For the methodology, characteristics of magic realism in literature and, movies were analyzed, with a theoretical consideration of these materials on magical realism. Data on costume design and magical realism characteristics for use in the analysis were collected from the main characters of ‘Mirror, Mirror’ as well as from other characters. The result of this analysis was the emergence of five common characteristics of the magic realism Historicity, the most remarkable characteristic seen in Tarsem Singh films, was expressed through the symbolic meaning and decorative patterns shown by the traditional-style costumes, colors. Symbolization was expressed through the symbolic meaning, decorative elements, and traditional clothes, as shown by the colors and forms of the costumes. Fantasy was expressed through the colors, decorative elements, forms of traditional clothing, and forms with symbolic meaning. Reproducibility was expressed through the method of decorative element, symbolic meaning, traditional forms and de-structural clothes. Ambiguity, which can be associated with the combined characteristics of historicity and fantasy, was expressed in the clothes worn in the scenes that confounded time and space within the film.

Aluminum-oxide(Al2O3) thin films were deposited by electron cyclotron resonance plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition at room temperature using trimethylaluminum(TMA) as the Al source and O2 plasma as the oxidant. In order to compare our results with those obtained using the conventional thermal ALD method, Al2O3 films were also deposited with TMA and H2O as reactants at 280 oC. The chemical composition and microstructure of the as-deposited Al2O3 films were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photo-electric spectroscopy(XPS), atomic force microscopy(AFM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Optical properties of the Al2O3 films were characterized using UV-vis and ellipsometry measurements. Electrical properties were characterized by capacitance-frequency and current-voltage measurements. Using the ECR method, a growth rate of 0.18 nm/cycle was achieved, which is much higher than the growth rate of 0.14 nm/cycle obtained using thermal ALD. Excellent dielectric and insulating properties were demonstrated for both Al2O3 films.

To elucidate occurrence patterns of naturalized plants in agroecosystems, we surveyed flora in uplands, orchards and rice paddy fields in middle regions (Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheong-do) of Korea in summer and fall from 2013 to 2015. Our results showed that there are 77 species of naturalize plants in 54 genera and 20 families of vascular plants among total 420 species occurred in the agricultural areas composing 18.3% of naturalized index. Community compositions of both native and naturalized plants were different among agricultural types.We suggested that Cerastium glomeratum Thuill., Bidens frondosa L. and Erigeron philadelphicus L. are capable of dispersal to other regions based on our results with getting to broaden distribution of naturalized plants. The mean naturalized index was the highest in the upland (25.1%) followed by in the orchard (23.0%) and the paddy field (16.1%), while the mean number of naturalized species was the highest in the orchard (21.8 species) followed by in the upland (16.6 species) and paddy field (10.3 species). The numbers of naturalized plants in the orchard were increased along with increasing size of the agricultural land and decreasing ecological area rate. In addition, the number of native species was significantly correlated with the number of naturalized species in the upland. Our results would provide useful information to manage dispersion of naturalized plants in agricultural ecosystems.

Information about time spent in microenvironments plays a critical role in exposure assessment of the person concerned, considering that personal exposure relies on the characterization of time-activity patterns of the population at risk as human activities impact the timing, location, and level of personal pollutant exposure. The purpose of this paper was to present the time-activity patterns of Korean adults from a population-based study, and to determine the time spent each day in microenvironments. The population-based study collected time-activity data of about 46,000 adults for two consecutive days on weekdays (n=28,152) and weekends (n=18,800). The mean times spent at one’s own house, workplace or school, other’s house house, restaurant or bar, other places, and transportation related to the whole sample of 28,152 people were 14.90 hrs (62.08%), 4.28 hrs (17.81%), 0.24 hrs (1.01%), 0.51 hrs (2.14%), 2.45 hrs (10.21%), and 1.62 hrs (6.74%) on weekdays, respectively. Looking at the total time spent indoors by adults in different countries, the following four countries were ranked as follows, from lowest to highest: USA > Canada > Korea > Hong Kong. Due to cultural, socioeconomic and climatic differences, it may not be appropriate to directly apply statistical data of other countries to the Korean situation. This paper provides information on how the proportion of persons in different locations changes by time of day, on weekdays and weekends. Here, we can see that over 90% of respondents were in a residence from about 11 PM to 5 AM, and the largest proportion of respondents in workplaces or schools and other places is found between 8 AM and 5 PM.

9/11 테러 이후 아랍계 글쓰기에서 전통 이슬람 정신과 무슬림의 모습을 강 조하고 있는 경향이 커지고 있다는 점이다. 이슬람 문학에 대한 선정적이고 부 정적인 이미지가 대중에 노출될 가능성이 보다 커지고 있다. 9/11 이후 이슬람 세계를 경계의 시각으로 바라보는 서구 현실에 이슬람계 작품이 왜곡된 이미지 로 나타나는 경향을 무시하기가 어려운 것이 사실이다. 테러에 의한 희생과 이 에 대응하는 무슬림들의 공감대가 슬쩍 빠지고, 왜곡된 역사 혹은 모순된 시각 이 9/11 관련 테러 역사 혹은 서구/중동이라는 일상의 정치 스펙트럼으로 이념 적인 침투가 가해질 소지가 많아지고 있다는 점이다. 이에 상응하듯이 오히려 이슬람 문학이 이슬람 본질로 회귀하는 현상이 주목된다.

The renewable energy sources can be thought of one of the major measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the industries. However, the utilization technology for those sources is approaching in the different matters. One of them, thermoelectric generation might be applicable to fishing industry. A various of internal combustion engines are used in a wide range of fisheries. After the ignition process, the heat passed out from the exhaust outlet. Recycling the heat could be not only an energy source but also reduction of green gas emission. Therefore, this study was designed to verify the feasibility of generation from wasted exhaust gas and analyze the performance. The designed experiment devices were connected with a data logger and an electric loader to quantify the currency and voltage. The devices were installed in a coastal fishing vessel for a gillnet fishery. During the whole fishing trips, the amount of generation was measured by engine rpm and the fishing operation procedures including vessel operations. At the maximum 1,500 rpm in the practical range, the generation amount was 113.6 W. The amount difference in relation to connection method was within 5 W: serial connection was 111.4 W and parallel connection was 115.8 W.

한우 사육은 소비자의 요구와 동시에 농가의 소득을 향상시키기 위하여 고급육 생산을 목표로 사육되고 있다. 하지만 오랜 기간의 사양기술의 발전에도 불구하고 아직까지 거세비육을 하는 농 가에서 요로결석 발생으로 인한 피해가 종종 발생하고 있다. 요로결석은 비육후기 복통 및 배뇨장 애에 의한 스트레스로 인한 증체량 감소뿐만 아니라 심한 경우에는 폐사에 이르기도 한다. 본 연 구는 국립축산과학원에서 동일한 연령과 사양 프로그램으로 사육되던 거세비육우 22개월령 24두 중 1두에서 이상증상이 발생하여 수의사가 현장에서 진단을 하였다. 해당 가축은 전형적인 요로결 석 증상을 보였으며 배뇨를 못하는 요도폐색 증상을 나타내어 긴급도축을 하였다. 그러나 긴급도 축 2주 후 나머지 23두 중 1두에서 동일한 증상이 추가로 발생하여 긴급도축을 하였으며 수의사 가 도축장에 동행하여 방광과 요도내에 결석유무를 확인하여보았다. 해당 긴급도축우의 방광을 확 인하여 본 결과 방광근육 출혈 및 방광내에 결석존재와 결석으로 인한 요도폐색을 직접 확인하였 다. 2두의 긴급도축 후 남은 22두의 거세 비육우에서는 30개월령 출하 시기까지 더 이상의 요로결 석 임상증상이 발생하지 않았다. 하지만 동일 연령과 사양 프로그램으로 비육된 축군에서 방광 내 결석이 존재할 수 있다는 가정하에 나머지 22두의 출하시에 도축장에 동행하여 방광 내 결석유무 를 확인하였다 22두 중 개체에 따라서 결석 크기와 형태 및 양에서 차이가 있었지만 11두(50%)에 서 방광 내 결석을 확인하였다. 결석 성분분석결과 Carbonate apatite 20%, Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (struvite) 80% 성분으로 이루어진 결석과 Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate 50%, Uric acid 50% 성분으로 구성된 2종의 결석을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 13두에서는 방광내에 혈액, 방광조직 출혈, 점막비후 등 육안적으로 이상소견을 확인 후 조직학적 검사결과 염증소견을 확인할 수 있었 다. 방광 내 결석이 발견된 11두 전 두수에서 방광염증이 확인되었으며, 방광내에 결석이 발견되 지 않은 11두 중 2두에서 방광염증이 확인되었다. 방광 내 결석존재와 방광염증 발생에 있어서 유 의성을 확인할 수 있었다.

역삼투 공정은 현재 해수담수화 공정으로 가장 많이 사용되는 공정으로 향후 지속적으로 사용량이 증가될것으로 보인다. 보론은 인체와 동물, 식물에게 필수적인 영양소이지만, 과잉 공급된 보론은 인체 및 식물의 신경계 장애 및 생식능력 저하를 초래하고, 식물성장 및 과실의 성장을 방해하는 독성물질로 의심받고 있다. 보론은 흔히 쓰이는 하수처리 및 폐수처리 공정에서 제거되지 않으며, 역삼투 공정에서도 중성인 B(OH)3로 남아 있어 역삼투 후에 보론 한계기준보다 훨씬 높은 농도가 생산수에 존재하는 경우가 종종 있다. 그래서 물에서 보론이 제거되는 공정이 절실한 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 보론 제거율 향상을 위해 첨가제를 활용한 polyamide를 계면중합을 통해 합성하여 역삼투막을 제조하였으며, 제조된 역삼투막의 성능평가를 수행, 비교하였다.

제련 과정 중 발생하는 폐황산에는 다양한 희소금속들이 포함되어 있으나, 공정수에서 희소금속 회수가 처리기술 부족으로 중화되어 폐기되고 있는 실정이다. 일반적으로 습식제련공정에서의 모액(침출액)은 황산(10~15%) 용액 상태이며, 모액중의 유가금속 (Cu, Zn 등) 및 희소금속(In, Se, Re 등)은 보통 수 ppm에서 수 % 단위로 용해되어 있다. 희소금속은 첨단소재로서의 가치가 높고 수요가 급증하고 있으나 공정수에서 희소금속 처리 기술 부족으로 폐 황산 속 희소금속은 중화되어 폐기되고 있다. 희소금속 처리기술로서 분리막 공정을 희소금속 회수에 적용하면 효율적인 분리/농축을 가능하게 하여 경제적인 이점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 내산성이 뛰어난 방향족 모노머인 메타페닐렌디아민과 파라페닐렌디아민, 지방족 아민모노머인 피페라진와 블렌딩하여 계면중합을 실시하고 물성을 평가한다. 그리고 제조된 분리막의 내산성을 평가하기 위하여 15 wt% 황산용액에 침지한 후 투과성능을 측정하였다.

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed, originated from Central America, is a nutritious food especially rich in dietary fiber and protein. In this study, we investigated the quality and sensory characteristics of Yanggang with chia seed powder (CSP). Red bean paste was replaced with CSP at 0% (Control), 1% (CSP1), 2% (CSP2), 3% (CSP3) and 4% (CSP4). The pH values of chia seed Yanggang tended to decrease from Control (6.84) to CSP4 (6.67); whereas, the moisture contents of Yanggang samples tended to increase. The soluble solid contents of CSP4 were the highest (3.33 ˚Bx), as compared to the Control which showed the lowest values (2.77 ˚Bx). In the CSP-added groups, the L-value (lightness), a-value (redness) and b-value (yellowness) were increased, while the ΔE (total color difference) was decreased, as compared to the control group. Hardness and springiness were both increased from control (49.77 g/cm2 and 464.80%, respectively) to CSP4 (72.21 g/cm2 and 532.43%, respectively). However, cohesiveness decreased from control (47.41%) to CSP4 (37.34%). Chewiness and adhesiveness showed no significant group-wise difference (p<0.05). Total polyphenol content ranged from 7.23 to 10.73 mg GAE/100 g, with a lower ABTS IC50 of the CSP-added groups than that of the control group. Samples from the CSP-added as well as Control groups showed no significant differences among all items on the sensory evaluation test, except flavor. The results indicated that CSP had significant effects on the soluble solid contents and texture of Yanggang. Thus, the addition of 2% of CSP is desirable for making Yanggang.

This study will propose newly emerging food businesses followed by demographical changes of customers or development of internet based environment and considered food safety related laws or legal application on it. This emerging food business could not be defined as classical criteria based on the food safety laws, so that they have to be controlled by differentiated legal criteria. Total fourteen related laws which have to be applied on newly emerging food business retailing general food or packed animal products have been considered and administrative disposition criteria was also suggested in this study. This study systematically propose the legal criteria for changing or emerging food business and highlight the importance of sustainable or differentiated food safety management of possible future food business.