The feasibility of incorporating cabbage powder (CP) as a value-added food ingredient into convenient food products was investigated using cookie as a model system. CP was incorporated into cookies at amounts of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% (w/w) based on total weight of wheat flour. pH level and moisture content of cookie dough decreased and increased significantly, respectively, with increasing levels of CP (p<0.05), whereas density was not directly affected by levels of CP incorporation. The spread ratio of cookies and their hardness increased significantly while the loss rate decreased significantly with increasing levels of CP (p<0.05). In terms of color, lightness and yellowness decreased while redness increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing levels of CP. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were significantly elevated by CP addition, and they increased significantly as CP concentration increased in the formulation (p<0.05). Finally, consumer acceptance test indicated that the higher than 4% of CP incorporation had an adverse effect on general consumer preferences. In contrast, cookies with moderate levels of CP (2%) were recommended based on overall scores to take advantage of the antioxidant properties of CP without sacrificing consumer acceptability.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to investigate the fundamental behaviors such as stresses and deflections of the middle slab in a double-deck tunnel for the development of a middle slab design guide. METHODS : The middle slab has been divided into the following three different sections as according to its structural differences: the normal section, expansion joint section, and emergency passageway section. The normal section of middle slab represents the slab supported by brackets installed continuously along the longitudinal direction of tunnel lining. The expansion joint section refers to a discontinuity of middle slab due to the existence of a transverse expansion joint. The emergency passageway section has an empty rectangular space in the middle slab that acts as an exit in an emergency. The finite element analysis models of these three sections of middle slab have been developed to analyze their respective behaviors. RESULTS: The stresses and deflections of middle slab at the three different sections decrease as the slab thickness increases. The emergency passageway section yields the largest stresses and deflections, with the normal section yielding the smallest. CONCLUSIONS: The stress concentrations at the corners of the passageway rectangular space can be reduced by creating hunch areas at the corners. The stresses and deflections in the emergency passageway section can be significantly decreased by attaching beams under the middle slab in the passageway area.

This study was conducted to optimize the conditions of a sweet rice paste as a replacement of red bean paste recipe using the central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM). Ten experimental recipes with two reference points (rice flour and sugar), were selected, and the physical and sensory characteristics of a sweet rice paste were measured. In the Rapid Visco Analyzer test, breakdown value was the highest in rice flour (105.73 RVU). Sweetness significantly increased with addition of sugar contents (p<0.0002) and viscosity increased with addition of rice flour contents (p<0.0185). Moisture contents decreased with increasing contents of rice flour and sugar, whereas yellowness and redness tend to increase. In the sensory evaluation test, quadratic models for color (p<0.01865), sweetness (p<0.0399), thickness (p<0.0073), and overall acceptability (p<0.0249) were approved as independent for the rice flour and sugar contents. In conclusion, the optimal mixing ratio of sweet rice paste was determined to be 45.38 g of rice flour and 77.95 g of sugar.

Titanium carbide (TiC) powders are successfully synthesized by carburization of titanium hydride (TiH2) powders. The TiH2 powders with size lower than 45 μm (-325 Mesh) are optimally produced by the hydrogenation process, and are mixed with graphite powder by ball milling. The mixtures are then heat-treated in an Ar atmosphere at 800-1200oC for carburization to occur. It has been experimentally and thermodynamically determined that the dehydrogenation, “TiH2 = Ti + H2”, and carburization, “Ti + C = TiC”, occur simultaneously over the reaction temperature range. The unreacted graphite content (free carbon) in each product is precisely measured by acid dissolution and by the filtering method, and it is possible to conclude that the maximal carbon stoichiometry of TiC0.94 is accomplished at 1200oC.

E (Electric) -glass fibers are the most widely used glass fibers, taking up 90 % of the long glass fiber market. However, very few papers have appeared on the physical characteristics of E-glass fibers and how they depend on the fiberizing temperature of fiber spinning. Glass fiber was fabricated via continuous spinning process using bulk E-glass. In order to fabricate the E-glass specimen, raw materials were put into a Pt crucible and melted at 1550 oC for 2hrs; mixture was then annealed at 621 ± 10 oC for 2hrs. The transmittance and adaptable temperature for spinning of the bulk marble glass were characterized using a UV-visible spectrometer and a viscometer. Continuous spinning was carried out using direct melting spinning equipment as a function of the fiberizing temperature in the range of 1175~1250 oC, while the winder speed was fixed at 500 rpm. Subsequently we investigated the physical properties of the E-glass fiber. The average diameter of the synthesized glass fiber was measured by optical microscope. The mechanical properties of the fiber were confirmed using a UTM (universal materials testing machine); the maximum tensile strength was measured and found to be 1843 ± 449MPa at 1225 oC.

E-glass (electrical glass) fiber is the widely used as a reinforced composite material of PCBs (printed circuit boards). However, E-glass fiber is not stable because it has a dielectric constant of 6~7. On the other hand, D-glass (dielectric glass) fiber has a low dielectric constant of 3~4.5. Thus, it is adaptable for use as a reinforcing material of PCBs. In this study, we fabricated D-glass compositions with low dielectric constant, and measured the electrical and optical properties. In the glass composition, the boron content was changed from 9 to 31 wt%. To confirm the dependence of the dielectric constant on melting properties, D-glass with 22 wt% boron was melted at 1550 oC and 1650 oC for 2hrs. The glass melted at 1650 oC had a lower dielectric constant than the glass melted at 1550 oC. Therefore, the D-glass with boron of 9~31 wt% was fabricated by melting at 1650 oC for 2hrs, and transparent clear glass was obtained. We identified the non-crystalline nature of the glass using an XRD (x-ray diffractometer) graph. The visible light transmittance values depending on the boron contents were measured and found to be 88.6%~ 82.5%. Finally, the dielectric constant of the D-glass with 31 wt% boron was found to have decreased from 4.18 to 3.93.

The acai berry (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) contains vitamin B complex, vitamin C, anthocyanin and so on. Especially acai berry was seen as nutritionally comparable to blueberry and related berries. The acai berry has significant aging-reducing properties. Compounds have been found to have anti-aging and antioxidant components. Acai berry was extracted with 70% methanol, 70% ethanol and CM (chloroform:methanol=2:1, v/v). After sample and reagents of each experiment was reacted, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, reducing power were measured to determine the antioxidant capacity, and as results of comparing each extract. Ethanol (70%) extraction was measured highest. Anthocyanin, total phenol, flavonoid also appeared similar to the results. In addition, the antioxidant activities of the extraction solvents were increased significantly with increasing concentrations, but showed lower antioxidant activity than the positive control (ascorbic acid). As a result, antioxidant activities of sample supposed to affect by the anthocyanin, phenol and flavonoid contents.

There is a growing concern on the improvement of water distribution pipeline for multi-regional water supply system in Korea along with its aging infrastructure. Rehabilitation of large diameter pipeline is more efficient in cost and time compared to replacement with trenching. The procedure for rehabilitation are diagnosis, cleaning, spraying coating material, and final inspection. The internal state of pipeline was carefully diagnosed and got C grade, which required rehabilitation. We found that 17,274,787,000 Korean won could be saved after pipe surface coating because of increased C coefficient of Hazen-Williams equation. Optimal coating material was D polyurea. We also found optimal distance between spraying nozzle and pipe wall to be 70 - 80 cm, which were critical factors for coating quality. This study also illustrated the time for spray drying to be more than 30 min. These results could be used in the quality control process during rehabilitation of aged pipelines.

Zirconium(Zr) nuclear fuel cladding tubes are made using a three-time pilgering and annealing process. In order to remove the oxidized layer and impurities on the surface of the tube, a pickling process is required. Zr is dissolved in HF and HNO3 mixed acid during the process and pickling waste acid, including dissolved Zr, is totally discarded after being neutralized. In this study, the waste acid was recycled by adding BaF2, which reacted with the Zr ion involved in the waste acid; Ba2ZrF8 was subsequently precipitated due to its low solubility in water. It is very difficult to extract zirconium from the as-recovered Ba2ZrF8 because its melting temperature is 1031 oC. Hence, we tried to recover Zr using an electrowinning process with a low temperature molten salt compound that was fabricated by adding ZrF4 to Ba2ZrF8 to decrease the melting point. Change of the Zr redox potential was observed using cyclic voltammetry; the voltage change of the cell was observed by polarization and chronopotentiometry. The structure of the electrodeposited Zr was analyzed and the electrodeposition characteristics were also evaluated.

In modern Chinese, nouns act as adverbials, which are very special grammatical phenomena. Nouns as adverbials refer to the question of whether or not the adverbials mark "de(地)". By means of syntactic and semantic analysis, common nouns of table time, place and position are used as adverbials without markedness. By the constraints of context, weaker means the meaning of reference expression tools and compares. The common names of people, animals and objects, This is the ancient Chinese syntax structure of the results of the grammaticalization. In modern Chinese, abstract nouns act as adverbials, which are related to the "subjectivity" of linguistic typology. These abstract nouns carry the semantical case of mark "de(地)" to express subjective meaning. In particular, it was manner adverbial that the common nouns are expressed in the form of juxtaposition, and the quantity structure is expressed by the reduplication structures. Nominal component modified action behavior whether there is mark divisded into two kind of meanings in the semantic for the objective and subjective sense. Objective meaning refers to the speaker has nothing to do and Subjective meaning refers to the speaker's subjective beliefs and attitudes associated with the significance. The reduplication structure and the noun juxtaposition structure express the subjective meaning, while the preposition structure does not have the subjective and objective points. It only expresses the semantic meaning of the prepositive markings which have been completely grammaticalization.

당뇨병 환자들은 말초신경 손상의 합병증으로서 이상감각과 통증을 느낄 수 있는데 이는 날카로운 느낌, 차갑고 시린 느낌, 무딘 느낌, 살갗이 벗겨진 듯한 예민한 느낌, 화끈거리는 느낌, 따끔하고 가려운 느낌 등 다양하게 나타날 수 있다. 이를 진단하기 위해서 여러 선별검사와 전기생리학적 검사를 활용할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 신경병통증척도와 미시간 신경병증 선별도구 및 신경전도검사를 통해 이상감감/통증을 호소하는 당뇨병 환자 11명과 호소하지 않는 당뇨병 환자 10명 간에 차이점 및 특징을 분석하였고, 세부 감각양상과 신경전도검사 지표간 상관성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 이상감각/통 증을 호소하는 환자군에서 신경병통증척도와 미시간 신경병증 선별검사의 점수가 통계적으로 유의하게 높았고 신경전도검 사에서는 주로 정중신경 운동신경과 비골신경이 의미 있는 기능 변화를 보였다. 세부 감각양상에 따른 신경전도검사 지표는 주로 정중신경 운동신경, 후경골신경, 장딴지신경에서 유의한 변화를 보였다. 이러한 결과들은 감각이상과 통증이 실제 말초신경 이상과 관련이 있음을 시사한다. 향후 많은 수의 대상자를 포함한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

본 연구는 동백나무의 간재적 추정식을 개발하고자 하였다. 제주지역에 자생하고 있는 동백나무 200본을 표준목으로 선정하여 분석 자료로 사용하였다. 재적모델 개발을 위해 80% 자료와 모델 타당성 검정(Validation)을 위해 20% 자료를 무작위로(Randomly) 구분하여 분석하였고, 본 연구에서 제시된 최종모형의 추정된 계수는 100% 자료를 이용하였다. 동백나무에 대한 재적 모델의 적합성 검정은 결정계수(R2), 추정치의 오차(RMSE), 평균편의(MD), 절대평균편의(AMD)와 직경급별 평균편의(MD), 변동계수(CV%)를 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과, 결정계수는 0.7571에서 0.9381로 나타났으며, V=aDbHc에서 결정계수가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 추정치의 오차는 0.0326으로 V=aD2H에서 가장 높았으며, 반면에 0.0258로 V=aDbHc에서 가장 낮았다. 평균편의는 V=a+bD2H에서 0에 값으로 나타났으며, V=aDbHc에서 0.0012로 나타났다. 절대평균편의는 V=D2/(a+b/H)에서 0.0186으로 가장 낮았고, 0.0223으로 V=aD2H에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 변동계수는 V=aDbHc에서 30.4348로 가장 적합한 계수로 나타났다. 5개의 모델식 중 최적의 식은 V=aDbHc에서 나타났으며 V=aD2H에서 적합성이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

OBJECTIVES : The objective of this study is to propose a capacity analysis methodology for riverside bike-exclusive roads. METHODS: Three steps were performed to develop a methodology to estimate bikeway capacity. First, we reviewed previous studies on the vehicle-road capacity analysis and proposed their applicability to bikeways. Second, two assumptions were made based on the traffic flow characteristics of bikeways: (1) the capacitated state in bikeways occur within a bicycle platoon, and (2) a bicycle platoon consists of more than three bicycles running in close proximity. In addition, it is assumed that the mean time headway of a bicycle platoon represents the characteristics of the platoon. The normality of the mean-time headway of a bicycle platoon calculated using the central limit theorem leads to the development of a method that estimates the riverside bikeway capacity using data collected from two different riverside bike-exclusive roads (Han-river and Anyangcheon). We used a location-fixed video camera to record videos of running bicycles and wrote a special-purpose software program to code the time-headway data from the videos. RESULTS : Time headways from 189 bicycle platoons were analyzed. The estimated mean-time headway of the capacitated bicycle flow is 1.01 s, from which the capacity of the bikeway is found to be 3578 vehicles/h. CONCLUSIONS : The proposed method that estimates bikeway capacity could be applicable to the analysis of short-range congested area rather than planning the number of lanes. In other words, it determines the sections that are temporarily highly congested and proposes appropriate strategies to mitigate the congestion.

목 적 : 2014년 우리나라의 3대 사망원인 중 하나는 뇌혈관 질환이다. 그 중 큰 비중을 차지하고 있는 뇌혈관 폐색은 venogram으로 진단을 할 수 있다. venogram은 크게 PC기법과 TOF기법으로 나뉘는데 우리는 TOF기법에 대해 연구해 보았다. 2D TOF-MRA는 검사방향과 혈류의 방향이 같을 경우 계속되는 RF pulse의 영향으로 혈액 내 spin들이 포화되어 혈류신호가 감쇄하게 된다. 그래서 2D TOF-MRA검사시 oblique angle을 주고 검사를 진행한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 oblique angle의 유용성을 평가하고자 angle을 0°, 10°, 20°로 변화시켜 가며 각각의 영상을 비교 분석하여 보았다. 대상 및 방법 : 2015년 5월부터 2015년 10월까지 본원 내원해 Brain MRI을 시행한 환자중 뇌에 질병이 없는 30명(남성12명, 여성18, 연령분포 20~55세, 평균연령 35세)을 대상으로 하였다. 사용된 장비는 Skyra 3T(Siemens, Germany)이고 신호수집은 20 channel Head/Neck coil을 사용하였다. TR은 19ms, Thickness는 2.5mm, Matrix는 256×256, TE는 4.56ms, Bandwidth는 219kHz으로 설정하여 사용하였다. axial 단면에서 oblique angle을 0°, 10°, 20°로 주면서 sagittal단면으로 영상을 획득하였다. 결과 분석은 정량적과 정성적 두 가지로 하였다. 정량적 분석은 검사 후 얻은 영상에 세 곳을 정해 SNR을 측정하여 비교하였다. 정성적 분석은 영상의학과 전문의 1명과 전공의 1명 그리고 방사선사 1명이 3가지 평가항목에 대하여 Likert’s 5-point scale로 분석을 하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 19K를 사용하였다. 결 과 : 정량적 분석의 결과 SSS의 SNR측정치 평균값은 0°-27.4155, 10°-35.4500, 20°- 44.3650으로 각도가 커질수록 SNR값도 증가 되었다. 다중비교결과 세 경우 모두 유의확률이 0.05이하로 각각의 값들이 유의한 차이를 보였다. SSC의 SNR측정치 평균값은 0°-16.6900, 10°-20.2600, 20°-26.6405으로 각도가 커질수록 SNR값도 증가 되었다. 다중비교결과 0°와10°는 0.05이상으로 차이가 없었고, 20°만 0.05이하로 유의한 차이를 보였다. DTS의 SNR측정치 평균값은 0°-82.3150, 10°-86.2850, 20°-92.5200으로 각도가 커질수록 SNR값도 증가 되었다. 하지만 다중비교결과 세 경우 모두 유의확률이 0.05이상으로 각각의 값들이 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 정성적 분석의 결과 SSS는 평가자 1,2,3이 모두 각도가 커질수록 점수가 증가 되었다. 유의확률은 각각의 다중비교 결과 1,3은 유의확률이 모두 0.017이하로 유의한 차이를 보였으나 2만 10°-20°간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. SSC는 평가자 1,2,3이 모두 각도가 커질수록 점수가 증가 되었다. 유의확률은 각각의 다중비교 결과 1,3은 유의확률이 모두 0.017이하로 유의한 차이를 보였으나, 2만 0°-10°간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. DTS는 평가자 1,3은 모든값이 같게 나왔고 2만 각도가 커질수록 점수가 증가 되었다. 유의확률은 각각의 다중비교 결과 세 경우 모두 0.017이상으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론 : 정량적 분석과 정성적 분석 모두에서 대체적으로 각도가 커질수록 영상의 질이 좋아짐을 알 수 있었다. 각도의 변화는 숙련 기간이 필요하지도 않고 특별히 재구성하는 것도 없었으며 검사 시간도 늘어나지 않는다. 뿐만 아니라 검사 영상의 화질도 더 좋아진다. 그러므로 각도를 기존보다 더 크게 20° 주는 방법은 유용한 검사법이라 사료된다.

Currently, the number of a shopping center building is increasing because most people want to go a shopping center building easily for buying many things and eating some foods. That are a normal trend these days. However, the increasing number of shopping center buildings has been increasing the number of shopping center building fires which also have been making social problems. Therefore, this study was conducted for the fire department connection among other fire facilities because it is important for fire suppression. The research subject is on the fire department connections that are on 70 shopping center buildings of more than 5 years old constructed. Survey and analysis were conducted for 70 fire department connections. The result of this study is that all installed fire department connections have a type that includes one or two holes each at 65mm wide, and the average distance between fire department connections and access roads is 4.85m. The total average percentage of insufficiency conditions such as drive ways for fire trucks, visibility, accessibility, pressure range sign, installed height, cover of the hole, etc. is 45.3%. So improvement of law and systems, that are fire facility construction and maintenance implementations, will be needed in my opinion.