12주간의 복합운동프로그램이 노인의 스트레스와 자율 신경계 활성도에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 있다. 방법: 연구대상자들은 65∼75세의 노인 14명으로 7명의 노인을 대상으로 복합 운동프로그램을 7명의 노인을 대 상으로 걷기 운동을 12주 동안 주 2회 실시하였다. 중재를 실시하기 전과 12주 후의 평가 결과를 분석하였다. 자 료 분석 방법은 SPSS 23.0 프로그램을 이용하여 t-검정, 반복측정 분산분석으로 분석하였다. 결과: 복합 운동프로 그램 그룹의 경우 12주 후 스트레스 저항도와 전체 자율신경 활성도에서 유의한 증가를 보였다. 비록 지각된 스 트레스와 신체수행능력 점수에서 대조군과 유이한 차이를 보이지 않았지만 복합 운동프로그램 그룹에서 중재 후 유의한 개선을 보여 긍정적인 양상을 볼 수 있었다. 결론: 이러한 연구결과를 통해 노인들의 자율 신경계 활성도 를 높여 심혈관계 질환을 예방하기 위한 운동 프로그램으로 복합 운동 프로그램을 제안한다.

Tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP) mainly occur during June-October, and result in significant casualties and damages to property in East Asian countries (e.g., Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and China, etc.). Although the total number of TCs that occurred over WNP was similar to normal years, the numer of TCs that affected Korea in August and September 2019 was 3 times higher than with the same number of TCs in July. Therefore, this study examined why more TCs migrated into Korea in 2019 through analyzing four environmental conditions: steering flow, geopotential height at 500 hPa, vertical wind shear (VWS), and sea surface temperature (SST). Results showed that the tracks of TCs were significantly associated with steering flows from July to September. Furthermore, weaker VWS and warmer SST were distributed near the tracks of TCs during August and September, whereas strong VWS and lower SST were dominant in July. The environmental conditions in August and September were favorable for maintaining and developing TCs, explaining why more typhoons have affected Korea during August and September in 2019.

Fog can have severe impacts on human life (e.g., accidents in transportation systems) because it causes low visibility. Areas prone to fog near the sea or a river require accurate fog forecasts. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of fog occurrence around Gumi Reservoir, a part of the inland Nakdong River. We also simulated and predicted visibility using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Visibility was estimated using several point measurements and several different methods: Stoelinga and Warner (SW99), Rapid Update Cycle (RUC), the Forecast System Laboratory (FSL), Decision Tree (DT), revised visibility (RVIS) and Gultepe_06 methods. The DT method showed a pattern similar to the observed fog occurrences. In this study, the Gulteppe_06 method produced the best performance under the lowest visibility situation, although there is some discrepancy in microphysics' simulated results, followed by DT and RUC.

In order to protect the lives and property of citizens, the central and local governments are responding by enacting municipal ordinances and regulations as the frequency of extreme weather conditions due to climate change increases and intensity increases gradually. Accordingly, the basic contents and strategies of domestic and foreign policies to cope with cold and heat waves were reviewed, referring to measures suitable for application to the Daegu metropolitan area. In addition, it is intended to provide a policy alternative to Daegu metropolitan area to minimize damage from extreme weather by identifying the current status, characteristics, and future prospects of extreme weather in Daegu metropolitan area. Since the damage caused by the cold wave in Daegu area is not as great as that of other regions, it is urgent to come up with cold wave measures for the health and transportation sectors, and to come up with measures against the heat wave as the damage caused by the heat wave is the most serious in the country. Also we will identify spatial characteristics so that the districts and counties with high vulnerability to extreme weather can be identified and implemented first, and present civic life-oriented facilities and civic action guidelines to overcome cold and heat waves.

Recently, a heavy rainfall with high spatial variation occurred frequently in the Korean Peninsula. The meteorological event that occurred in Busan on 3 May 2016 is characterized by heavy rain in a limited area. In order to clarify the reason of large spatial variation associated with mountain height and location of low level jet, several numerical experiments were carried out using the dynamic meteorological Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. In this case study, the raised topography of Mount Geumjeong increased a barrier effect and air uplifting due to topographic forcing on the windward side. As a result, wind speed reduced and precipitation increased. In contrast, on the downwind side, the wind speed was slightly faster and since the total amount of water vapor is limited, the precipitation on the downwind side reduced. Numerical experiments on shifting the location of the lower jet demonstrated that if the lower jet is close to the mountain, its core becomes higher due to the effect of friction. Additionally, the water vapor convergence around the mountain increased and eventually the precipitation also increased in the area near the mountain. Hence, the location information of the lower jet is an important factor for accurately predicting precipitation.

조류 소재에 관한 연구는 꾸준히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 미역, 다시마, 불등가사리 등 해조류를 혼합 한 발효추출물의 항산화, 미백, 보습의 활성 실험을 진행하였다. 또한 유산균으로는 김치유산균 Lactobacillus sakei균주를 이용하였다. 복합해조류 발효추출물의 생리활성 실험을 진행하였으며, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) 라디칼 소거능에서는 양성대조군 보다 높은 저해효능을 보였다. 미백효능 실험에서는 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA), mushroom tyrosinase 실험을 수행하였으며, 발효 전보다 발효 후의 미백활성이 높게 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편, 해조류 소재의 유효성분인 fucose에 대한 HPLC분석을 수행하였으며, 용매조건에 대한 표준화 방법을 새로이 정립하였다. 이 연구는 복합해조류 추출물이 항산화, 미백 등 화장품 소재로서 가능성을 제안할 수 있다.

Freezing rain is a phenomenon when precipitation falls as a liquid rain drop, but freezes when it comes into contact with surfaces or objects. In this study, we investigated the predictability of freezing rain and its characteristics, which are strongly related with the occurrence of black ice using synoptic scale meteorological observation data. Two different cases occurred at 2012 were analyzed and in the presented cases, freezing rain often occurs in the low-level low pressure with the warm front. The warm front due to the lower cyclone make suitable environment in which snow falling from the upper layer can change into supercooled water. The 0℃ temperature line to generate supercooling water is located at an altitude of 850 hPa in the vertical temperature distribution. And the ground temperature remained below zero, as is commonly known as a condition for black ice formation. It is confirmed that the formation rate of freezing rain is higher when the thickness after 1000-850 hPa is 1290-1310 m and the thickness of 850-700 hPa layer is larger than 1540 m in both cases. It can also be used to predict and estimate the generation of freezing rain by detecting and analyzing bright bands in radar observation.

한의학에서 승마(Cimicifuge dahurica, C. dahurica), 황련(Coptis chinensis, C. chinensis), 황백 (Phellodendri amurense, P. amurense) 추출물은 해독작용을 하며 후박(Magnol obovata, M. obovata) 추출 물은 항균 효과가 있다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 승마, 황련, 황백, 후박 추출물을 혼합하여 기능성 화장품 소재로써의 이용 가능성을 검토하였다. MTT assay를 이용한 세포 독성평가와 DPPH와 ABTS를 이용한 항산 화 효과를 측정한 결과, 단일 추출물보다 추출혼합물이 더 안전함을 확인 하였으며 농도 의존적으로 항산화 활성 이 증가됨을 확인하였다. 뿐만 아니라 NO 생성을 억제함으로써 우수한 항염증 효과가 있을 것으로 예상되며, 섬유아세포에서 UVB로 유도된 세포 손상을 보호하면서 type 1 pro-collagen 합성량이 증가되는 것을 관찰 하였다. 또한 추출 혼합물은 melanin 합성과 tyrosinase 활성 및 melanin 합성 관련 인자 및 효소들(MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2)의 발현을 효과적으로 억제하였다. 이러한 연구결과로 보아 승마, 황련, 황백, 후박 추출 혼합물은 항노화 및 미백 등 기능성 화장품 소재로써 개발 가능성이 높을 것으로 사료된다.

Biological nitrogen removal is generally accomplished by aerobic nitrification coupled with anoxic denitrification. Many commercial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) use external carbon source, such as methanol, to support heterotrophic denitrification process. Using organic wastes as an alternative to commercial carbon sources could thus be beneficial by saving the expense as well as reducing the environmental footprint. Here we report a full-scale (treating 2300 m3 wastewater/d) WWTP that previously utilized a butanediol-based organic waste as the sole external carbon source, which diversified the carbon sources by using a second organic waste generated from food waste recycling. Process parameters were extensively monitored for seven months at all biological unit processes, the aerobic and anoxic tanks, as well as the recirculation flow. Bacterial community structures were analyzed at anoxic tank using next-generation sequencing. The WWTP showed a stable nitrogen-removing performance over the seven months period. The estimated COD/N utilization ratio for food waste-recycling wastewater (FRW) was near 30. The bacterial populations significantly shifted during the operation. Lactobacillaceae and Prevotellaceae were the major bacterial families in the FRW, whereas the denitrification tank was populated by many families including Saprospiraceae, Nannocystaceae, Chitinophagaceae, Eubacteriaceae, and Rhodocyclaceae. Detailed discussion of the results will be presented at the conference.

‘Hyesun’, a new cultivar of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with sharply wrinkled oval and red leaf, produced by a cross between 'Nongjeockchima’ (red leaf color) and ‘Jeockchima’ (high yield) has late bolting and high yield in the field. The cross and selection for advanced lines had been done by the pedigree method from 2002 to 2008. The ‘Hyesun’ has gray seed color and medium elliptic leaves. The yield and adaptability of the advanced lines were evaluated at several locations of Korea (Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Jeollabuk-do, Gyeongnam-do, and Jeju-do) for 3 years (from 2009 to 2012). The type of maturity of ‘Hyesun’ is early-medium. The leaf hardness of ‘Hyesun’ is a 1,237kg/cm2, which is not thicker than ‘Yeolpungeokchima’. The anthocyanin content of 'Hyesun' is a 88.32mg/100g, which is lower than that of ‘Yeolpungeockchima’. The BSL (Bitter Sesquiterpene Lactones, latucin + 8-deoxylactucin + lactucopicrin) content of ‘Hyesun’ is a 5.0ug/g of DW, which is lower than that of ‘Yeolpungeockchima’. Compared to ‘Yeolpungeockchima’, marketable yield of ‘Hyesun’ was higher by 7% (at 381g per plant) and the bolting time of ‘Hyesun’ was remarkably delayed under high temperature cultivation in the field. The shelf-life of ‘Hyesun’ was four weeks longer than ‘Yeolpungeockchima’ at 4℃. Furthermore, because ‘Hyesun’ is more crispy and sweeter than ‘Yeolpungeockchima’, ‘Hyesun’ has the better taste. So, we recommend that the new cultivar ‘Hyesun’ can be suitable for cultivation in both spring and fall season.

The initial and boundary conditions are important factors in regional chemical transport modeling systems. The method of generating the chemical boundary conditions for regional air quality models tends to be different from the dynamically varying boundary conditions in global chemical transport models. In this study, the impact of real time Copernicus atmosphere monitoring service (CAMS) re-analysis data from the modeling atmospheric composition and climate project interim implementation (MACC) on the regional air quality in the Korean Peninsula was carried out using the community multi-scale air quality modeling system (CMAQ). A comparison between conventional global data and CAMS for numerical assessments was also conducted. Although the horizontal resolution of the CAMS re-analysis data is not higher than the conventionally provided data, the simulated particulate matter (PM) concentrations with boundary conditions for CAMS re-analysis is more reasonable than any other data, and the estimation accuracy over the entire Korean peninsula, including the Seoul and Daegu metropolitan areas, was improved. Although an inland area such as the Daegu metropolitan area often has large uncertainty in PM prediction, the level of improvement in the prediction for the Daegu metropolitan area is higher than in the coastal area of the western part of the Korean peninsula.

히솝(Hyssopus officinalis)은 통화식물목 꿀풀과의 여러해살이풀로 방부제, 기침, 거담제 등 일반적으 로 방향족 허브와 약용식물로 사용되어왔다. 본 연구에서는 항산화 및 미백소재의 개발을 위해 히솝을 열수와 주정으로 추출하여 각 추출물의 in vitro 상에서의 항산화 효과 및 B16F10 melanoma 세포에서 멜라닌 생성 저해효과를 평가하였다. DPPH와 ABTS assay 시험법을 이용하여 항산화 효과를 측정한 결과, 히솝 추출물의 항산화 활성이 모두 농도 의존적으로 증가하였다. 또한 히솝 추출물은 tyrosianse 활성을 저해시켰으며, B16F10 세포에서 UVB로 증가된 활성산소와 α-MSH로 유도된 멜라닌 또한 감소시키는 효과를 보였다. 멜라 닌 생합성에 관여하는 유전자의 발현에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 RT-PCR을 실시한 결과 히솝 추출물에 의해 MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-2의 발현이 감소되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과에 따라 히솝 추출물은 미백개선을 위한 화장품 소재로서 이용 가능성이 높을 것으로 사료된다.

시장의 세계화와 정보통신의 발전에 의해 물류 네트워크가 장기, 복잡화되어 지며, 네트워크 내에서 발생하는 리스크에 대응할 수 있는 시스템 능력이 감퇴했다. 이러한 리스크의 발생에 의해 물류시스템의 신뢰성이 저하되어, 리스크 관리의 필요성이 함께 증가하였다. 본 연구에서는 운송시스템 상에서 발생할 수 있는 리스크를 정의하고, 운송시스템의 신뢰성과 리스크 간의 관계를 규명하였다. 또한 운송시스템 의 리스크 인자를 도출하여, 운송시스템의 리스크를 수리적으로 평가하는 분석 방법론을 제안하였다. 리스크 인자의 값을 산정하기 위해 발생 지수와 영향지수를 이용하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 분석방법론을 대형화물자동차 운송시스템에 적용하여 사례연구를 실시하였고, 적용된 운 송시스템에 대한 리스크 지수를 최종적으로 도출하였다. 본 연구결과로서 운송시스템에 대한 리스크를 수치화하여 분석 할 수 있음을 보였으 며, 향후 본 연구 결과가 운송시스템의 리스크 관리와 리스크 회피전략 도출을 위한 기초연구자료로 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

This study was considered chances of additional income, if farmers raised silkworms in unused mulberry leaves, after harvesting mulberry, investigated yields of mulberry leaves in vinyl-house and optimal amount in raised silkworms, First, the results was investigated productions of mulberry leaves in the mulberry tree-shape of vinyl-house, T-shape harvested 7.07 kg, Y-shape was 6.55 kg, in comparison with convention of it was harvested 4.75 kg mulberry leaves/1 mulberry tree, was harvested 49%, 38% more each. Also, yields of mulberry leaves was used 302 kg when was raised 1box of silkworms in the mulberry tree-shape of vinyl-house. In other hand, yields of raising silkworms was analysed in the mulberry tree-shapes of vinyl-house, mulberry leaves of 1,000 ㎡ vinyl-house mulberry tree was raised average of 3.74 boxs silkworms, in the concrete conventional-shape was 3.24 boxs, T-shape did 4.17 boxs and Y-shape was 3.83 boxs, Consequently, if the farmers of 1,000 ㎡ vinyl-house mulberry tree raised silkworms with unused mulberry leaves, could get 1~1.2 million won additionally.

부영양화 및 적조현상의 발생 등에 따라 최근 영양염류에 대한 방류수 규제 기준이 점차 강화되고 있으며, 이에 따라 방류를 위해 영양염류 제거가 필요하다. 따라서 여러 가지 질소제거 방법들이 사용되고 있으며, 이중 하,폐수처리를 위해 사용되는 생물학적 질소제거 방법이 물리/화학적 처리공법에 비해 친환경적이고, 경제성을 갖춘 방법으로 평가되어 널리 사용되고 있다. 생물학적 질소제거는 두 가지 단계에 의하여 이루어진다. 이 중 첫 번째 단계(질산화)에서는 암모니아가 질산성질소로 산화되고 이 후 두 번째 단계(탈질소화)에서는 종속영양미생물(heterotrophic bacteria)들에 의해 질산성질소가 전자수용체로 사용되어 질소가스로 제거되어진다. 탈질 공정 이전에 질산화 과정에서 유기물이 대부분 소모되기 때문에 종속영양 탈질공정에서는 전자공여체로서의 유기탄소원이 부족하고, 이는 주로 메탄올, 에탄올 등을 사용하여 보충해 준다. 이 실험에서는 음폐수를 제철폐수의 탈질을 위한 대체탄소원으로 음폐수를 사용하여 탈질효율을 평가하였다. 음폐수는 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방 모두 포함된 복합 유기성 폐수이며,이를 탈질공정의 핵심 미생물인 탈질화 박테리아들의 생장에 필요한 탄소원으로 이용가능하기 때문에 적용되기에 용이한 대상물질이다. 다시 말해, 대체탄소원으로 사용 가능한 대상 물질이다. 실험은 duplicate로 수행하였고, 대체탄소원의 종류, 즉 RCS45와 음폐수가 독립변수이며, 탈질속도를 종속변수로 설정하였다. 결과적으로, RCS45와 음폐수를 대체 탄소원으로 사용했을 때, 탈질 속도는 각각 57.6과 36.4로 얻을 수 있었다.

The main goal of e-learning systems is just-in-time knowledge acquisition. Rule-based elearning systems, however, suffer from the mesa effect and the cold start problem, which both result in low user acceptance. E-learning systems suffer a further drawback in rendering the implementation of a natural interface in humanoids difficult. To address these concerns, even exceptional questions of the learner must be answerable. This paper aims to propose a method that can understand the learner’s verbal cues and then intelligently explore additional domains of knowledge based on crowd data sources such as Wikipedia and social media, ultimately allowing for better answers in real-time. A prototype system was implemented using the NAO platform.

This paper aims at featuring dynamic characteristic of 2-span bridge by means of an cochlea-inspired artificial filter bank(CAFB), for the purpose of effective acquirement of real-time valid dynamic(acceleration) responses. Through dynamic testings performed on a model of 2-span bridge, its dynamic characteristics were featured on natural frequency. They were evaluated in comparison to wired measurement responses. Finally, the dynamic wireless measurement system on the basis of CAFB were found technologically and economically effective by obtaining valid dynamic(acceleration) responses whose size was compressed over the frequency range of interest.

본 연구에서는 두충 추출물이 RBL-2H3 세포의 β-hexosaminidase의 분비 억제와 HaCaT keratinocytes피부장벽의 회복과 관련한 filaggrin, transglutaminase-1 (TGase-1), cornified cell envelope(CE)의 발현에 미치는 영향에 관하여 연구하였다. β-hexosaminidase 방출 억제 능은 13% 효능을 확인하였고, 피부장벽기능의 회복과 관련된 인자들은 발현과 활성의 정도가 매우 우수한 것을 확인하였다. 각질형성세포의 분화를 판단할 수 있는 CE 측정에서는 두충추출물이 양성대조군보다 더 좋은 효능을 나타내기도 하였다. 따라서 두충 추출물은 β-hexosaminidase 분비 억제에 효과가 있으며, 손상된 피부장벽강화에 영향을 미치는각질형성세포의 분화 촉진에 효과가 있음을 확인하였다.