This study presents the development of an integrated software program that evaluates the seismic fragility of nuclear power plant (NPP) structures using a large language model (LLM). The program combines machine learning (ML)-based prediction of concrete aging deterioration and seismic floor response with a Monte Carlo simulation-based seismic fragility assessment, and integrates them into a single web-based environment. A distinctive feature of the program is an artificial intelligence assistant built upon an LLM and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG); it interprets natural-language queries, automatically invokes the relevant prediction and fragility-assessment tools, and generates answers together with supporting evidence retrieved from technical documents and automatically produced fragility curves. The ML modules predict chloride diffusion, carbonation, thermal effects, and floor response spectra, and recommend the best-performing algorithm automatically, while the fragility module derives lognormal fragility curves and supports aging-degradation scenarios. By connecting deterioration prediction, response prediction, fragility assessment, and literature-based reasoning into one conversational workflow, the developed program significantly lowers the technical barrier for ML-based seismic fragility evaluation and improves both accessibility and reliability. The overall architecture, development environment, and main functions of the program are described in detail.

This study compared casualty patterns between general fishing vessels and recreational fishing vessels to examine accident-type differences in human casualties. Marine accident data for 2021-2025 were obtained from the Korea Maritime Safety Tribunal. Casualty intensity (CI) for fatalities and missing persons combined and for injuries was calculated as the mean number of casualties per vessel in which the corresponding casualty category occurred. The relative casualty concentration index (RCCI) was calculated as the ratio of each accident type’s casualty share in recreational fishing vessels to that in general fishing vessels. Recreational fishing vessels accounted for 15.4% of vessels involved in accidents, but 29.5% of casualties. Human casualties per 100 accident-involved vessels were 14.91 for general fishing vessels and 34.28 for recreational fishing vessels, a 2.3-fold difference. Corresponding fatality and missing-person CI values were 1.31 and 1.56 persons/vessel, and injury CI values were 1.35 and 4.59, respectively. Collisions, groundings, and contacts accounted for 91.9% of recreational fishing vessel casualties. Injury CI values for contacts, groundings, and collisions were 8.86, 4.69, and 4.68 persons/vessel, respectively; the corresponding RCCI values were 22.84, 9.58, and 1.64. Collisions were prominent in terms of absolute casualty burden and CI while contacts and groundings showed high injury CI and relative casualty concentration. Together, CI and RCCI provide baseline information for interpreting accident-type casualty characteristics and reviewing safety management measures.

Multicomponent Nb-15Si-23Ti-3Cr-2Sn-2Al-2Hf-1B-0.5Y alloy powders were synthesized by high-energy ball milling using a zirconia chamber and balls for milling times of 0.5–12 h, and the effects of milling time on powder evolution, contamination behavior, and the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-pressed sintered specimens were systematically investigated. The dominant deformation mechanism shifted from flattening to cold welding and then to a fracture- dominated steady state with increasing milling time, and the particle size decreased sharply up to 4 h before stabilizing. Yield and composition analyses showed that zirconia contamination remained limited up to 4 h but increased sharply beyond 6 h owing to severe wear of the milling chamber and balls. Sintered specimens from powder milled for 4 h exhibited a homogeneous microstructure with finely and stably dispersed Nb5Si3 intermetallic phases and moderate hardness, whereas insufficient milling for 2 h left coarse, unreacted phases, and excessive milling for 12 h introduced substantial zirconia contamination that lowered density while raising hardness. These results indicate that a milling time in the range of 4–6 h offers a favorable balance between alloying efficiency and contamination control, with 4 h being preferred owing to its comparatively minimal zirconia contamination.

본 연구는 중국 기업의 ESG 경영과 기업의 소유형태가 기업 평판에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고, 소유형태에 따른 기업 유형이 ESG 경영과 평판 간의 관계를 조절하는지 검증하였다. 기업 평판은 대중, 고객, 투자자 등 다양한 이해관계자들 사이에서 형성되는 무형 자산으로서 기업의 장기적 경쟁력과 지속가능한 발전의 중요한 근거가 되 며, 환경․사회․지배구조(ESG) 성과는 이러한 평판 형성에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 핵심 요인으로 주목받고 있 다. 이에 본 연구는 기업의 ESG 경영이 기업 평판에 긍정적 영향을 미칠 것이며, 기업 유형(국유기업 여부)은 기업 평판에 부정적 영향을 미치는 동시에 ESG 경영과 기업 평판 간의 관계를 강화할 것이라는 가설을 설정하 였다. 이를 검증하기 위해 2009년부터 2022년까지 중국 A주 상장 기업의 ESG 정보 및 평판 자료, 그리고 기업 유형 및 재무․경영활동 정보를 수집하였으며 데이터의 선별 및 처리 과정을 거쳐 총 4,453개 기업의 31,943개 표본자료를 확보하였다. 분석 결과, 기업의 ESG 경영은 기업 평판에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 국유기업 여부는 기업 평판에 부정적 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 국유기업의 정부 연계에 따른 신호 효과보다 소유구조 상의 비효율성에 대한 우려가 더 크게 작용하였을 가능성을 시사한다. 그러나 기업 유형 과 ESG 경영의 상호작용항은 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타나 기업의 유형이 ESG 경영과 평판 간의 관계를 강화한다는 증거는 발견하지 못하였다. 본 연구는 ESG 경영과 기업 평판 간 관계에 대한 이해를 심화시 키고, 기업의 소유 구조와 무관하게 ESG 관리 전략의 질적 향상이 기업 평판 제고에 중요하다는 점을 시사한다 는 점에서 이론적 기여와 함께 실무적 의의를 지닌다.

This study classified environmental regimes at inferred fishing locations of the Korean large purse seine fishery by integrating automatic identification system-based fishing activity data from Global Fishing Watch with public marine environmental data. Temperature and salinity from GOFS3.1 and gridded NIFS serial oceanographic observations, together with MODIS-Aqua chlorophyll a, were matched to fishing locations from 2021 to 2023. Correlation, principal component, and variance inflation factor analyses identified temperature and salinity at 30 m depth and chlorophyll a as representative variables. Seasonal Gaussian mixture models identified five clusters for each environmental dataset, which were integrated into four meta-groups using Ward’s hierarchical clustering. The meta-groups represented low-temperature/high-chlorophyll a, stable, high-temperature/low-salinity, and high-temperature/high-salinity conditions. Spatial similarity between datasets varied among meta-groups, with Pearson correlations of 0.438-0.643 and Top 10% Jaccard indices of 0.303-0.524. Major distribution areas were broadly consistent around southeastern Korea, the Korea Strait, and Jeju Island. These results support the complementary use of public marine environmental data for classifying environmental conditions at fishing locations. Since species-specific catch data were unavailable, the meta-groups should be interpreted as environmental regimes rather than species-specific fishing grounds.

This exploratory cross-sectional study examined screen time, sedentary behavior, Nutrition Quotient (NQ) and weight status among 221 elementary, middle and high school students in Chungbuk, Korea. Weight status was recalculated from self-reported height and weight using the sex- and assumed-age-in-months-specific body mass index LMS values of the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts. Groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher’s exact tests, and associations with weight status were estimated by binary and ordinal logistic regression adjusted for sex and school level, with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. Total screen time increased across school levels (elementary 220.8, middle 390.4, high 418.7 min/day; p<0.001), whereas sedentary time did not differ. Overweight and obesity combined affected 29.0% of the students and increased with school level (p=0.007). Total screen time differed by weight status (p=0.002) and showed an increasing trend across categories (p<0.001), but this association was attenuated after adjustment and no longer significant; school level was the dominant correlate (high vs elementary, p=0.005). NQ was not associated with weight status. The apparent association between screen time and weight status appears to be largely explained by school level and should be regarded as hypothesis-generating.

목적 : 본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자에게 적용된 착용형 손 보조기 기반 중재의 연구 특성과 중재 방법을 확인하고, 상지 운동기 능과 손 기능에 미치는 효과를 체계적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials(CENTRAL), CINAHL에서 데이터베이스 개설 일부터 2026년 5월 23일까지 발표된 문헌을 검색하였다. PRISMA 2020 지침에 따라 성인 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 손 또는 손목 착용형 보조기 기반 중재를 적용한 무작위 대조군 연구를 선정하였다. 포함 연구의 방법론적 질과 비뚤림 위험 은 각각 PEDro scale과 Cochrane Risk of Bias 2(RoB 2)를 이용하여 평가하였으며, 대상자 특성, 중재 특성 및 결과 를 정성적으로 분석하였다. 결과 : 최종적으로 6편의 무작위 대조군 연구가 포함되었으며, 표본 수는 10~51명이었다. 사용된 장치는 smart glove와 다양한 wearable hand orthosis였으며, 중재 기간은 2~6주였다. PEDro 점수는 평균 6.0점이었고, RoB 2에서는 2편 이 Low risk of bias, 4편이 Some concerns로 평가되었다. 일부 연구에서 상지 운동기능과 손 기능의 향상이 보고되었 으나 군 간 비교에서는 일관된 효과가 확인되지 않았으며, 일상생활활동과 삶의 질에 대한 효과는 제한적이었다. 결론 : 착용형 손 보조기 기반 중재는 반복적인 손 사용과 과제지향적 훈련을 지원하여 일부 상지 운동기능과 손 기능의 회복에 도움이 될 가능성이 있다. 그러나 연구 간 이질성이 커 기존 재활치료보다 우수한 효과를 단정하기는 어려우며, 향후 표준화된 중재 프로토콜과 충분한 표본을 갖춘 무작위 대조군 연구가 필요하다.

Idiopathic osteosclerosis in the jaws is often detected incidentally on dental radiographic examination and may resemble other radiopaque lesions or normal anatomical structures. This study aimed to evaluate the imaging characteristics of osteosclerosis on panoramic radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to improve differential diagnosis. Fifty-nine lesions from 55 patients(32 male, 23 female, mean age 29yrs±15) were retrospectively analyzed for location, shape, border, and internal structure on panoramic images, and for external contour, size, radiodensity, and cortical bone relationship on CBCT images. Most lesions were smaller than 10 mm, lacked a radiolucent border, and showed variable internal patterns. The cases where the internal structure appeared as mixed radiolucent and radiopaque on panoramic radiographs were found to show more uniform radiopacity on CBCT compared to panoramic radiographs. These findings may help clinicians distinguish osteosclerosis from other radiopaque entities and support more accurate diagnosis in daily dental practice.

목적 : 본 연구는 기능 제한 고령자의 디지털 수단적 일상생활활동(Digital Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, D-IADL) 수행 패턴을 분석하여, 디지털 기술이 오프라인의 고비용 이동을 대체하고 시간 주권을 회복시키는 현실적인 해결 방안임을 실증적으로 확인하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 2024년 한국생활시간조사 마이크로데이터를 활용하여 만 65세 이상 고령자 6,093,592명(모집단 추정치)을 분석하였다. 디지털 활동 참여 수준을 반영하는 디지털 관여지수(Digital Engagement Index, DEI)와 오프라인 활동 대 비 디지털 활동의 상대적 비중을 나타내는 디지털 대체비율(Digital Substitution Ratio, DSR), 그리고 기능 제한과 관 련될 가능성이 있는 필수 시간 부담을 나타내는 기능적 시간비용지수(Functional Time Cost Index, FTCI)를 구성하였 다. 분석은 복합표본 일반선형모형과 1:1 성향점수매칭 기법을 적용하여 기능 제한 유무에 따른 시간 사용 구조의 조정된 격차를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 결과 : 기능 제한 고령자 집단은 대조군에 비해 D-IADL 수행 시간이 유의하게 짧았으나(MD = -2.94, p = 0.008), 재 량시간은 유의하게 길게 나타났다(MD = 44.15, p = 0.008). 반면, 오프라인 시간비용과 DSR은 두 집단 간 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이와 달리, 높은 수준의 DEI는 무의미한 비자발적 유휴 시간을 능동적 재량시간으로 전환 함으로써, 기능 제한 고령자의 주도적인 시간 활용 구조 개선과 시간 주권 확장에 기여할 가능성을 시사하였다. 결론 : D-IADL은 기능 제한 고령자의 재량시간 확보와 시간 활용 구조 개선에 기여할 가능성을 시사한다. 따라서 보조 공학 지원 체계는 단순 기기 보급을 넘어 기능적 제약을 고려한 접근성 중심의 디지털 활용 지원과 교육을 강화할 필요가 있다.

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) has been widely investigated as a photoanode material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting because it has a suitable bandgap and strong visible-light absorption. However, its performance is highly dependent on film thickness, as there is a trade-off between light absorption and charge transport. In this study, BiVO4 thin films with thicknesses of 200, 300, and 400 nm were deposited on FTO substrates via RF magnetron sputtering to systematically investigate the thickness-dependent PEC performance. X-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of uniform and crystalline BiVO4 thin films. UV–vis spectroscopy revealed that light absorption increased with film thickness. PEC measurements showed that the 300 nm BiVO4 photoanode delivered the highest photocurrent density of 1.91 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE, along with a maximum HC-STH efficiency of 0.309 %. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that the 300 nm film exhibited the lowest charge transfer resistance, suggesting reduced charge recombination. Furthermore, the optimized photoanode maintained stable photocurrent for over 5 hours. These results highlight that precise thickness control via RF magnetron sputtering is critical for optimizing the PEC performance of BiVO4 photoanodes.

Purpose: Most of the preceding studies on True Self Meditation (TSM) have been quantitative studies, and various effects have been verified, but there has been a limit to revealing the specific psychological mechanisms of the meditation experience. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the meaning and essential structure of the experience of mental training by grasping the psychological mechanism through which the experience of TSM leads to practical healing and change in life using phenomenological research methods. Methods: Study participants comprised 14 adults (10 women and 4 men) aged≥20 years. They ranged in age from their mid-20s to their 70s and had practiced TSM for at least one year. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling, and data were collected through in-depth interviews conducted between October 26, 2025, and March 26, 2026. Data were collected through interviews, which lasted from 35 min to 4.5 h, with an average duration of approximately 2 h per session. Each participant underwent two to three interviews. The interview data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. Results: Data analysis yielded 29 themes grouped into, 9 theme clusters, and 3 categories. The three categories were ‘Confronting the past and experiencing inner purification’, ‘Profound transformation of cognitive structures and changes in self-identity’, and ‘Transcending the Self and Recovering Human Nature’. Conclusion: TSM can be seen as a fundamental healing method that ultimately causes externally revealed symptoms to disappear; rather than merely focusing on those symptoms, it guides practitioners to deeply search for and empty their minds of all the underlying causes and background factors by repeatedly reflecting on their entire past life. It can be utilized as a powerful psychological self-healing mechanism that heals wounds, and at the same time, as a tool for self-development by cultivating potential competencies such as concentration and insight. It can also be regarded as an important methodology that leads to not only individual happiness but also harmony and coexistence within organizations and society by improving the quality of human relationships. In addition, through a continuous process of self-reflection and emptying, TSM can contribute to discovering the nature of a larger consciousness that transcends the individual self.

본 연구는 2026년 발효된 「국가관할권 이원지역의 해양생물다양성 보전 및 지속가능한 이용에 관한 협정(BBNJ 협정)」이 남극 조약체제(ATS)에 미치는 영향과 양 규범 간 조정 가능성을 검토하였다. BBNJ 협정은 해양유전자원(MGR), 구역기반관리수단(ABMTs), 환경 영향평가(EIA) 및 역량강화 등을 규율함으로써 기존 해양법 질서에 새로운 규범적 요소를 도입하였다. 그러나 남극해는 이미 ATS를 중심으 로 독자적인 관리체계를 구축하고 있다는 점에서 BBNJ 협정의 적용은 영유권, 해양관할권 및 국가관할권 이원(ABNJ)의 범위에 관한 새로 운 법적 논의를 야기할 수 있다. 본 연구는 남극해에서의 BBNJ 협정 적용 범위, 외측대륙붕 문제, 해양생물유전자원 이용과 이익공유, 해양 보호구역(MPA) 및 ‘not undermine’ 원칙을 중심으로 양 체제의 관계를 분석하였다. 그 결과, ATS와 BBNJ 협정은 일정한 규범적 중첩과 파편 화 가능성을 내포하고 있으나, 양 체제는 동일한 보전 목표를 공유한다는 점에서 상호배제적 관계가 아니라 조정과 상호보완의 관계로 이 해할 필요가 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 향후 남극해 거버넌스의 핵심 과제는 어느 규범의 우위를 인정하는 것이 아니라, 정보공유와 협의 메커니즘을 통해 두 체제 간의 제도적 정합성과 운영 효율성을 확보하는 데 있다고 본다.

본 연구는 경남지역에서 유통·판매되는 제로음료를 대 상으로 인공감미료 4종의 사용 실태를 조사하고, 잠재적 위해성을 평가하였다. 총 150건의 시료를 수거하여 UPLCPDA로 정량분석한 결과, 모든 시료에서 인공감미료가 검 출되었으며, 원재료명 표시와 일치하는 감미료만이 사용 기준 미만 수준으로 검출되었다. 감미료별 검출률은 수크 랄로스(99.3%), 아세설팜칼륨(82.0%)이 높은 검출률을 나 타냈으며, 특히 사카린나트륨과 아스파탐은 탄산음료에서 만 일부 검출되었다. 전체 시료의 81.3%에서 감미료의 병 용 사용이 확인되었으며, 특히 아세설팜칼륨과 수크랄로 스 조합이 가장 빈번하게 나타났다. 함량 분석 결과, 아스 파탐과 수크랄로스가 상대적으로 높은 농도로 검출되는 경향을 보였다. 위해도 평가 결과, ADI 대비 EDI는 2.71% 의 수준으로 확인되어 제로음료 섭취로 인한 위해 가능성 은 매우 낮을 것으로 평가되었다. 다만, 음료류에 대한 아 스파탐의 세부 기준 마련 및 수크랄로스의 공인 시험법 등 재 등 제도적 보완이 필요하며, 빈번한 병용 사용에 따른 복합 노출의 잠재적 영향에 대한 지속적인 모니터링과 추 가 연구가 요구된다.

This study evaluated the regional adaptability of 20 chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L .) accessions from the World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg) under Korean field conditions over two consecutive growing seasons (2024–2025), using commercial cultivars as controls. Seedling vigor, vegetative growth, fruit characteristics, capsaicinoid content, and disease incidence were comprehensively assessed to identify genetic resources with high breeding potential for climate-resilient production. Significant accession-dependent variation was observed in seedling vigor, plant architecture, fruit morphology, yield, and marketability. Although excessive soil moisture and suboptimal field conditions negatively affected overall plant growth and productivity in both years, distinct differences among accessions remained evident. Accessions producing smaller, slender fruits generally exhibited lower disease and pest incidence and higher marketability compared with large-fruited types. Capsaicinoid analysis revealed substantial variation among accessions, and discrepancies between Pun1 marker genotypes and measured capsaicinoid levels highlighted limitations in marker-based pungency prediction. In 2024, AVPP22009 showed the highest capsaicinoid content and strong pest tolerance despite its small fruit size, whereas AVPP22002 displayed desirable fruit morphology but greater susceptibility to damage. In 2025, AVPP2070, AVPP2072, and AVPP22072 demonstrated superior growth and marketability, coupled with relatively low disease incidence. These findings emphasize the importance of an integrated evaluation of morphological, biochemical, and resistance traits in selecting breeding materials. The identified accessions represent valuable genetic resources for developing chili pepper cultivars with enhanced heat tolerance, disease resistance, and stable productivity under changing climatic conditions. This study provides foundational insights to support sustainable chili pepper breeding strategies in Korea.

This study develops integrated evaluation indicators for demand responsive transport (DRT) operation services from a road traffic service perspective. The purpose is to support sustainable and efficient DRT service provision by considering the perspectives of users, operators, and local communities, while also reflecting road-based operational issues such as pick-up/drop-off management, curbside stopping, transfer-node linkage, and parking-demand reduction. While previous evaluations have often focused on operational efficiency, platform performance, ridership records, or user satisfaction, this study attempts to establish a comprehensive framework applicable to various DRT service types. DRT services were classified into four types according to temporal and spatial variability: shuttle-bus type, pre-call reservation type, real-time call reservation type, and dynamic call reservation type. Candidate evaluation indicators were derived through reviews of domestic and international DRT operation cases, public transport service-quality studies, MaaS performance studies, accessibility and equity evaluation studies, and existing evaluation practices. An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) survey was conducted with experts from research institutes, local governments, public agencies, and academia to identify the relative importance of indicators. The results indicate that convenience of booking methods and user satisfaction are mandatory common indicators for all DRT types. Safety, barrier-free service provision, driver courtesy and professionalism, revenue per operating cost, and operation time were identified as optional common indicators. In addition, arrival information change rate, changes in the number of users, operation distance, ride distance, service utilization rate, and parking space saving effect were suggested as type-specific indicators. The proposed indicators can support integrated monitoring of DRT operation services and provide practical information for service improvement, policy decisions, efficient public subsidy support, and road-space management.

This study investigated residual aerosol characteristics and airborne transmission risk in a classroom associated with a COVID-19 cluster outbreak. Field experiments were conducted in an actual language institute classroom where a cluster infection occurred in 2021. The research focused on the possibility of time-shift airborne exposure caused by residual aerosols remaining after the conclusion of class. Dropletlike particle experiments were performed under actual classroom operating conditions consisting of a 55-minute class period and a 5-minute break period. Aerosol behavior and concentration changes were analyzed under two conditions: opening the door and natural cross-ventilation through simultaneous opening of windows and doors. The results showed that approximately 74% of the droplet-like particles remained in the classroom after the 5-minute break period when only the door was opened. Based on the measured residual aerosol concentration, the airborne infection risk estimated using the Wells-Riley model was 29.31%. In contrast, under natural ventilation conditions, the infection risk decreased to 3.04%, demonstrating significant aerosol removal and risk reduction effects. These findings suggest that limited ventilation during short break periods may be insufficient to remove residual aerosols in educational facilities, while natural cross-ventilation can effectively reduce airborne transmission risk associated with residual aerosols.

This study evaluated the growth characteristics of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) cultivars under semi-highland summer cropping conditions to screen cultivars suitable for stable summer production. A total of fourteen cultivars, including domestic trial cultivars and cultivars introduced from subtropical or tropical regions, were cultivated in a semi-highland region of Korea during the summer growing season. Field experiments were conducted following standard cultivation practices, and plant growth was monitored through weekly non-destructive observations. Destructive sampling was performed at the heading stage (60 days after transplanting) to assess final growth performance and head characteristics. Growth traits, including shoot fresh weight, leaf number, leaf length and width, head height, head width, head weight, and marketable yield, were evaluated. In addition, the incidence of physiological disorders such as tipburn and major diseases, including soft rot and downy mildew, was recorded throughout the cultivation period. Cultivar-dependent differences were observed in growth performance, head formation stability, and tolerance to physiological disorders and diseases. Some cultivars introduced from subtropical or tropical regions exhibited rapid early growth; however, increased disease incidence and reduced head stability were observed during the late growth stage. In contrast, several domestic trial cultivars showed relatively stable head development and lower incidence of disease and physiological disorders under semi-highland summer conditions. These results indicate that cultivar selection emphasizing stable head formation and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, rather than rapid early growth, plays a critical role in stabilizing summer Chinese cabbage production in semi-highland regions. Overall, this study provides fundamental information for selecting suitable lines and for establishing cultivation strategies for semi-highland summer Chinese cabbage production systems.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of a morphine overdose patient care simulation education program on nursing students’ error reporting intention, disclosure self-efficacy, patient safety attitude, and ethical decision-making confidence. Method: A quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest–follow-up design was used with 44 senior nursing students enrolled in a nursing management simulation course. Participants completed a simulation program incorporating error reporting, disclosure, and ethical decision-making. Data were collected at pretest, posttest, and a 4-week follow-up and analyzed using linear mixed models. Results: All outcome variables significantly improved over time. Compared with pretest scores, error reporting intention significantly increased at posttest and follow-up (β=.415, p=.001; β=.401, p<.001). Disclosure self-efficacy also increased at posttest and follow-up (β=.523, p=.002; β=.541, p=.001), as did patient safety attitude (β=.260, p<.001; β=.292, p=.003) and ethical decision making confidence (β=.381, p=.002; β=.505, p<.001). No significant differences were found between posttest and follow-up. Conclusion: The program was associated with improvements in nursing students’ error reporting intention, disclosure self-efficacy, patient safety attitude, and ethical decision-making confidence. These findings suggest that the program may help strengthen nursing students’ competencies in responding to patient safety incidents.