While the subduction zone earthquakes have long ground motion durations, the effects are also not covered in seismic design provisions. Additionally, the collapse risk of steel frame buildings subjected to long-duration ground motions from subduction earthquakes remains poorly understood. This paper presents the influence of ground motion duration on the collapse risk of steel frame buildings with special concentrically braced frames in chevron configurations. The steel buildings considered in this paper are designed at a site in Seattle, Washington, according to the requirements of modern seismic design provisions in the United States. For this purpose, the nonlinear dynamic analyses employ two sets of spectrally equivalent long and short-duration ground motions. Based on the use of high-fidelity structural models accounting for both geometric and material nonlinearities, the estimated collapse capacity for the modern code-compliant steel frame buildings is, on average, approximately 1.47 times the smaller value when considering long-duration ground motion record, compared to the short-duration counterpart. Due to the sensitivity to destabilizing P-Delta effects of gravity loads, the influence of ground motion duration on collapse risk is more profound for medium-to-high-rise steel frame buildings compared to the low-rise counterparts.

This study evaluates the occupational accident risks of anchovy boat seine fishery in Korea. Using Bayesian network modeling within the framework of the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) proposed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), data from 508 accident compensation claims between 2018 and 2022 were analyzed. Accidents were categorized into processes (sailing, fishing, maintenance, loading/unloading, and catch processing) and risk factors (hull and working environment, fishing gear and equipment, machinery and equipment, weather and external conditions, and processing equipment). The analysis revealed significant risks associated with fishing processes and hull-related factors. Fishing accounted for 36.42% of all accidents with trips/slips being the most frequent type (29.13%). Bayesian network analysis showed that trips/slips accidents during fishing posed the highest risks (0.001100). The risk of fishing operations was 4.60 times higher than sailing and 30.00 times higher than loading/unloading. The findings indicate that risks vary significantly depending on the processes and risk factors involved. As risk assessments mandated by the 2025 revision of Korean fishing safety laws are expected to remain simple and qualitative, this study underscores the necessity of incorporating quantitative approaches to enhance the reliability and effectiveness of safety management practices.

This study analyzed the Conservation and Management Measures (CMMs) related to fishing operations using Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) among the measures implemented by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) overseeing tuna purse seine fisheries. Additionally, we analyzed the FADs fishing status by sea area and examined the sustainable tuna purse seine fishing using FADs. Significant variations were observed in the number, materials, structure, and timing of FADs deployments, which were influenced by the fishing ground environment and methods in each ocean. These variations resulted in corresponding differences in the CMMs. However, all oceans required the use of non-entangling FADs and recommended biodegradable materials to mitigate marine pollution and bycatch of protected species. An analysis of FADs usage based on field interviews revealed that the total number of FADs deployed across all oceans in 2023 reached 142,020 sets, an increase of approximately 18% compared to 120,680 sets in 2013, despite the enforcement of CMMs by each RFMOs aimed at gradually reducing FADs fishing to promote sustainable fisheries. Each RFMOs aims to gradually reduce FADs fishing rates and ultimately achieve sustainable fisheries. Therefore, to achieve sustainable tuna purse seine fisheries using FADs, prioritizing research on the biodegradable materials used in FADs construction is essential. Furthermore, strict adherence to principles concerning the quantitative use and retrieval of FADs is deemed necessary.

Skin color is primarily determined by the amount of melanin pigmentation in the skin. In recent years, cosmetic compositions have been developed to reduce the melanin pigmentation in the skin. Treatment of the skin with whitening agents, from the pharmacological and cosmetological views, should provide safety and efficacy without side effects. Currently used whitening agents which are mostly cause many harmful and cytotoxic effects. In view of the lack of safe whitening agents, this study has been conducted to find the stable and harmless compounds inhibiting melanogenesis. The use of light and Herbal extract for the purpose of skin whitening has been formally reported. So, this study is to investigate the effects of LED irradiation and Bletillae rhizoma (Br) extract on tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis in B16F0 melanoma cells. Melanin biosynthesis was induced by α-MSH. Experimental group were conducted five groups; 1) Pre-LED group (LED light irradiation, followed by 1 μM α-MSH) 2) Post-LED group (α-MSH treat, followed by LED light irradiation) 3) Pre-Br extract group (Br extract treat, followed by 1 μM α-MSH) 4) Post-Br extract group (α-MSH treat, followed by 10 μg/ml Br extract) 5) LED and Br extract group. The melanin contents, tyrosinase activity, dendrite length of cells and expression of melanogenesis-related genes under LED light irradiation and Br extract treatment were investigated. Pre-635, Post-425 nm and Post-Br extract group were significantly reduced melanin contents and tyrosinase activity compared with other group. But both for LED irradiation and Br extract group, melanin contents and tyrosinase activity were increased. However, Pre-425 nm and Post-Br extract group could reduce the melanin contents, tyrosinase activity and dendrites length of cells. In addition, the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins, including microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase (TYR) is inhibited. The Pre-425 nm and Post-Br extract group activated Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and involved in the inhibition of melanogenesis via stimulation of MITF degradation. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of Pre-425nm irradiation and Post-Br extract on melanogenesis are derived from reduced TYR expression via the downregulation of MITF signaling, as well as acceleration of ERK phosphorylation. Thus, these results suggest that Pre-425nm irradiation and Post-Br extract could prevent and treat melanin hyperpigmentation or useful in whitening agents.

본 연구에서는 동화 유아교육학과 대학생들을 대상으로 한 동화책 활용 독서토의 기반 생활지도 및 상담 수업이 예비유아교사에게 주는 의미를 탐색하고 그 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 서울시 소재 대학 유아교육과 학사학위 교직 과정으로 개설된 생활지도 및 상담 교과목을 수강하는 대학생 61명을 연구참여자로 선정하였다. 동화책을 활용한 독서토의 생활지도와 상담 수업 과정에서 연구참여자들이 작성한 보고서를 통해 자료를 수집하고 근거이론(grounded theory) 방법을 통해 분석하였다. 연구 결 과, 독서 토의를 통한 생활지도와 상담은 예비 교사들에게 공감을 토대로 한 자연스러운 분위기를 형 성하고, 의사소통의 키워드와 주제를 제공하며, 긍정적인 변화로 안내하는 실천적 의지를 형성하는데 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 동화책을 활용한 독서 토의 활동이 예비 교사교육 현장의 정서적, 인지적, 실천적 영역에서 중요한 역할을 수행하며, 독서 토의 활동을 통한 교사교육은 예비교사의 교육적 역량 을 강화하고, 유아교육의 생활지도와 상담에 긍정적인 효과를 주었다.

본 연구는 빅데이터 분석을 통해 지방자치단체의 스포츠도시 구현 노 력을 살펴보고자 스포츠도시에 대한 사회적 인식과 현상을 파악하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 텍스톰과 Ucinet 6을 활용하여 2021년 6월부터 2024년 6월까지 '스포츠도시'와 관련된 텍스트 자료를 통해 키워드와 토 픽을 분석하였다. 구체적으로 텍스트마이닝, 의미연결망 분석, TF-IDF, CONCOR 분석을 통해 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째 '스포츠', '도시', ' 대회', '체육', '개최', '국제', '전국', '선수', '세계', '조성' 순으로 빈도 가 높게 나타났다. 둘째 ‘국제 스포츠이벤트 개최’, ‘전국대회 유치 및 개 최를 통한 도시 위상 제고’, ‘시민을 위한 생활체육 인프라 조성’, ‘스포 츠도시를 통한 지자체의 지역 경제발전’ 등 4개의 그룹이 형성되었다. 따라서, 지자체는 지역 특성을 고려하고 주민의 의견을 적극적으로 반영 하며, 지역 경제 활성화에 기여하는 스포츠도시 구현에 앞장서야 할 것 이다. 마지막으로, 지역주민의 스포츠 참여가 일상이 되도록 양질의 스포 츠 프로그램을 제공해야 할 것이다.

본 연구는 해양에서 선박 운항 시 발생할 수 있는 항행장애물, 특히 부유물과의 충돌 위험성을 예측하기 위해 몬테카를로 시뮬 레이션을 적용한 항행안전 충돌 확률 모델을 개발하는 데 중점을 두고 있다. 항행장애물은 해양에서 선박의 운항을 방해하거나 위험을 초 래할 수 있는 물체로, 선박 사고의 주요 원인 중 하나이다. 연구는 부유물 감김 사고와 관련된 최근 5년간의 해양사고통계 정보와 7년간 사 고 데이터를 분석하여 사고 발생 패턴을 파악하고, 이를 기반으로 위험성 평가 방법론을 검토하였다. 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 통해 임의 의 제한된 해상 공간 내에서 표류하는 부유물과 이동 중인 선박이 접촉할 확률을 도출하였으며, 다양한 변수(부유물의 크기, 개수, 속도, 이 동하는 선박의 개수, 선박의 통항 패턴 등)가 충돌 확률에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 표류하는 장애물의 속도보다는 장애물의 크기와 이동하는 선박의 개수에 따라 충돌 확률이 영향을 받음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 연구는 해양과 선박 데이터 기반 실행 가능한 모델 을 제안하며, 이를 통해 선박 운항의 안전성을 높이고, 사고 예방을 위한 효과적인 관리 방안을 제공하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다.

식품의 가공 및 조리에 정제 가공유지를 사용하면 2- monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPDEs), 3-monochloropropane- 1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDEs)와 glycidyl esters (GEs)가 다양한 유형의 식품에 포함될 수 있다. EU뿐만 아니라 최근 대만에서는 식용 혹은 식품가공원료로 공급 하는 시중 판매 식용유지에 대해 GEs 1 mg/kg 이하, 홍콩 에서는 3-MCPDEs에 대해 영유아 분유 50 μg/kg 이하, 영 유아 액상 분유 6 μg/kg 이하로 기준·규격을 관리하고 있 다. 최근 다양한 한국 식품의 수출이 확대되고 있어 많은 식품에 사용되는 식용유지류의 국외 기준·규격에 대한 검증이 필요하다. 본 연구는 시중에서 판매되고 있는 식용유 지류 샘플을, AOAC Cd 29a-13 방법 및 EFSA 방법을 참 고하여 GC/MS를 사용하여 시험법을 검증하고, 지방산 유 래 유해물질(2-MCPDEs, 3-MCPDEs 및 GEs)을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 시험법의 결정계수(r²) 평균은 0.9999, 검출한계 (limit of detection, LOD)와 정량한계(limit of quantification, LOQ)는 각각 9.6-20.4 μg/kg와 29.0-62.0 μg/kg이었다. Intraday 및 inter-day 정확도는 2-MCPDE 93.07%±9.58%- 107.92% ±5.19%, 3-MCPDE 92.14%±11.05%-108.60%±2.86% 및 GEs 87.68%±9.32%-105.66%±8.50%이었고, 정밀도는 각각 5.91- 11.72%RSD, 2.63-11.99%RSD 및 7.50-12.96%RSD로 AOAC 가이드라인에 적합함을 확인하였다. 또한 Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS) 국제 숙련도 시험 에 참가하여 적합한 z-score를 얻었으며, Quality Control (QC) material의 회수율은 89.16-108.14%로, 외부 및 내부 검증을 통해 분석 결과의 신뢰성을 확보하였다. 확립된 시험법을 토대로 시판 중인 식용유지류(n=272)를 분석한 결과, 2- MCPDEs는 N.D.-1,753 μg/kg, 3-MCPDEs는 N.D.- 2,492 μg/kg, 그리고 GEs는 N.D.-985 μg/kg이었으며, 이는 EU 기준·규격에 적합한 수준이었다. 샘플의 특성에 따라 liquid oil과 semi-solid oil로 구분하였으며, 지방산 유래 유 해물질 검출 결과가 EU 기준·규격에 근접(90-100%)한 샘 플은 각각 3-MCPDEs는 3개, 13개이고, GEs는 1개, 6개 로, liquid oil보다 semi-solid oil에서 근접하는 샘플이 더 많았다. 따라서 본 연구는 국내 유통 중인 식용유지류의 지방산 유래 유해물질을 모니터링함으로써 식용유지류의 안전 확보를 위한 기초자료로 활용되고, 수출품목 유지 및 기업체 저감화 연구에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The objective of this study was to categorize consumers' food-related lifestyles into various types and discern the differences in consumer preferences for locally sourced ingredients in Home Meal Replacement (HMR) based on food-related lifestyles. The online survey was conducted from December, 2020, involving 474 adults who registered with Macro Mill Embrain. Statistical analyses, including frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, K-means cluster analysis, and one-way ANOVA were applied to the collected data. The findings revealed the ‘convenience-seeking group,’ the 'high interest in food-related lifestyle group,' and the ‘health and taste-seeking group.’ The ‘convenience-seeking group’ showed a high proportion of respondents (65%) didn’t check the origin, whereas the ’high interest in food-related lifestyle group’ (57.5%) and the ‘health and taste-seeking group’ (66.7) had higher proportions of respondents who checked the origin. Regarding the reasons for preferring locally sourced HMR, all three clusters emphasized safety, hygiene, and fresh ingredients as the most critical factors. This study represented the first exploration into consumer preferences for HMR using locally sourced ingredients, segmented by their food-related lifestyles. The findings provided valuable foundational information for the development of HMR using locally sourced ingredients and could be applied to decisions in the food industry and related policy-making.

Component-specific information is crucial for identifying sources of PM2.5 in indoor environments. However, profiles of PM2.5 at various locations, including subway tunnels are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between PM2.5 and its component across tunnels, platforms, and outdoor environments at underground subway stations in Incheon. The study was conducted at six underground subway stations in Incheon. PM2.5 concentrations were measured twice at each station, simultaneously covering the tunnel, platform, and outdoor areas. Carbon (two types), ion (eight types), and metal components (20 types) were analyzed using each analytical instruments. The mean PM2.5 concentration in the tunnel was 33.0±15.7 μg/ m3, significantly higher than the concentrations observed on the platform (12.9±4.6 μg/m3) and outdoors (13.1±7.6 μg/m3). The proportion of total metal concentrations in PM2.5 was highest in the tunnel (57.8%), followed by the platform (22.2%) and outdoor areas (11.3%). Significant correlations between the platform and tunnel were observed for organic carbon, SO4 2–, NO3 –, NH4 +, Ba, Mn, Fe, and Se. Significant correlations between the platform and outdoor were observed for SO4 2–, NO3 –, NH4 +, and Ti, while the tunnel and outdoor showed correlations for SO4 2– and NH4 +. PM2.5 concentrations and total metal concentrations were highest in the tunnel. While PM2.5 concentrations on the platform and outdoors were similar, total metal concentrations were higher on the platform than outdoors. From the platform’s perspective, the concentrations of Ba, Mn, Fe, and Se were only associated with the tunnel, while SO4 2–, NO3 –, and NH4 + had tendency of correlations between both the tunnel and outdoors. The findings suggest that for platform PM2.5 concentrations, Ba, Mn, Fe, and Se may serve as indicators of tunnel-originating PM2.5, while SO4 2–, NO3 –, and NH4 + may serve as indicators for outdoor sources.

Black bear (Echeveria spp.) and Adromischus maculatus are ornamental succulents that change color in response to light and temperature. Colors of leaves play an important role in their ornamental value and market demand. However, there is a lack of quantitative research on flavonoids contained in succulent leaves. In this study, a colorimeter and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) were used to analyze color changes of leaf surfaces and components of bioactive substances to understand the relationship between color change and internal bioactive substances of black bear and A. maculatus. The colorimeter analysis showed that red, green, and blue colors of black bear increased by 42.31%, 49.32%, and 21.58%, respectively, compared to their initial values, resulting in a clear change in leaf color from reddish-black to green. On the other hand, in A. maculatus, the red color decreased by 0.15% and the green color decreased by 10.44%, resulting in a more pronounced red spotted pattern and an increased area. UPLC analysis detected quercitrin in Black Bear leaf extracts and quercetin-3-O-sambubioside in A. maculatus. These substances are considered to play a key role in the concentration of anthocyanins and color changes in response to environmental changes such as light and temperature. Results of this study could be used as basic data to understand the correlation between leaf color change and bioactive substances in succulents in response to light and temperature.

This study assessed dried vegetables derived from sweet potato petioles to promote the use of typically discarded aerial parts. The length (18.25 to 35.00 cm) and thickness (4.59 to 6.66 mm) of the petioles varied by variety, with ‘Hophungmi’ and ‘Tongchaeru’ showing promise for dried vegetable processing due to their longer and thicker petioles. In terms of color, ‘Hophungmi’ and ‘Shinmi’ exhibited high lightness, ‘Tongchaeru’ and ‘Hayangmi’ displayed strong redness, and ‘Pungwonmi’ had high yellowness. Rehydration rates and hardness increased over the harvest period, with ‘Pungwonmi’ and ‘Tongchaeru’ demonstrating excellent rehydration capacity. Additionally, ‘Hayangmi,’ ‘Shinmi,’ ‘Tongchaeru,’ and ‘Hophungmi’ maintained lower hardness levels, appealing to consumers who prefer a softer texture. Notably, the substantial polyphenol content (10.70 to 16.20 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (4.79 to 8.11 mg CE/g), along with antioxidant activity (DPPH: 1.11 to 2.14 mg, ABTS: 5.51 to 7.78 mg TE/g), indicate their potential as antioxidant-rich functional foods. This research supports the development of dried vegetable products tailored to consumer preferences.

본 연구에서는 이온성 물질 제거와 재생을 동시 수행하는 바이폴라막에 대한 운전 조건에 따른 성능 영향과 고회 수율을 위한 재생 조건을 연구하였다. 유입수의 농도와 유량이 증가할수록 제거율이 빠르게 감소하였으며 제거율 80% 지점 까지 유입수 농도 300 mg/L에서 최대의 TDS 제거용량을 나타내었고, 유입수 유량은 낮을수록 더 많은 TDS 제거용량을 나 타내었다. 낮은 전압에서는 제거율이 급격하게 감소하였고 전압이 높아질수록 제거율이 증가하지만, 일정 수준 이상의 전압 에서는 추가적인 제거율 향상을 보이지 않았다. 한편 재생을 위한 전압은 75 V로 선정하였는데, 이 이상의 재생 전압에서는 온도의 급격한 상승 및 이로 인한 바이폴라막의 손상이 관찰되었다. 재생 시 재생수의 공급을 최소화하기 위한 다양한 운전 모드가 평가되었고 70%의 고회수율을 구현할 수 있는 재생모드를 제안하였다.

본 연구는 양육자가 경험하고 지각한 원가족기능이 양육스트레스에 미치는 영 향에서 Cloninger 자아탄력성 요인(자율성, 위험회피, 인내력)의 역할을 실증적 으로 검증하고자 하였다. 구체적으로는 원가족기능과 양육스트레스의 관계에서 자율성의 매개효과를 알아보고 자율성과 양육스트레스 사이에서 위험회피와 인 내력의 이중 조절효과를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 만 1세에서 만 12세 자녀를 둔 양육자 227명을 대상으로 원가족기능척도, 양육스트레스척도, TCI-RS척도를 실 시하였다. 수집된 데이터를 바탕으로 Process Macro 16번을 통해 분석한 결과 원가족기능이 자율성을 매개로 양육스트레스에 미치는 영향이 위험회피와 인내 력에 따라 조절되는 이중 조절된 매개모형이 검증되었다. 구체적으로 위험회피와 인내력이 함께 상승할수록 양육스트레스를 감소시키는 자율성의 영향력이 약해 지는 정도가 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 위험회피와 인내력의 영향력은 자 율성의 수준에 따라 다르게 나타났으며, 자율성이 낮아질수록 위험회피와 인내력 의 상승에 영향을 많이 받으며 양육스트레스가 급격하게 높아졌다. 이를 통해 본 연구에서 나타난 연구의 함의, 한계, 후속 연구를 위한 제언을 논의하였다.

수전해는 물을 전기분해하여 수소를 생산하는 방법으로, 재생에너지와 연계할 경우 이산화탄소 배출이 없는 청정 수소생산이 가능하다. 수전해 기술 중, 알칼라인 수전해와 음이온교환막 수전해는 알칼라인 환경에서 구동되어 저렴한 비귀 금속 전극 사용이 가능하여, 재생에너지를 연계한 대용량 수소생산에 적합한 기술로 평가받는다. 수전해 시스템에서 분리막 은 안정성과 효율성을 담당하는 핵심부품으로, 안정적이고 효율적인 수소생산을 위하여 높은 기체차단성과 높은 이온전달능 을 필요로 한다. 수전해에 사용되는 분리막은 구조 및 특성에 따라 다공막, 이온솔베이팅 분리막, 박막 복합 분리막, 음이온교 환막으로 분류되고, 각각의 분리막은 구조 및 특성이 상이하여 각각의 특성을 보완하는 방향으로 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 총설에서는 알칼라인 수전해 및 음이온교환막 수전해에 사용되는 분리막들의 구조 및 특성과 연구 현황에 대해 소개하고자 한다.

This study sought to improve the accuracy of estimating national emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from consumer solvent products (CSPs) by updating emission factors and category-specific activity data. The classification of the CSPs, which was originally proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, was reorganized to reflect domestic consumption patterns in Korea. VOC contents, product sales, and atmospheric evaporation rates of the CSPs were analyzed for subcategories including personal care products, household products, and automotive aftermarket products to update their emission factors. Additionally, the category-specific activity data, previously based on only population statistics, were newly applied to count the characteristics of each classification, such as the number of households and the number of registered automobiles. The updated emission factors were calculated to be 1.90 kg/capita·yr for personal care products, 4.37 kg/household·yr for household products, and 2.36 kg/car·yr for automotive products. An evaluation of uncertainties revealed the limitation in the product classification, the shortage of sales data, and the lack of information on VOC contents depending on the product forms (liquid, solid, and aerosol). This study highlighted the necessity of developing detailed classification systems and standardized VOC content measurement methods, ultimately contributing to more accurate and practical assessments of VOC emissions from the CSPs.

Time-series and spatial analysis of collected odor complaints in Seoul megacity during 2014~2021 were conducted for the characterization of odor complaints emitted from the living environment. The ratio of odor complaints in the environmental complaints was 16.7%, and odor complaints increased 3.3 times from 9,053 cases in 2014 to a maximum of 29,425 cases in 2019. In the time-based evaluation (monthly, daily (day of the week), and hourly variations), the highest number of complaints occurred in June, Monday, and 9:00 AM, respectively. While the lowest number of complaints occurred in December, Sunday, and 3:00 AM, respectively. Among 25 provinces in Seoul megacity, the odor complaints that occurred from 2014 to 2021 were concentrated in Eunpyeonggu. The odor complaints of Seodaemun-gu and Nowon-gu occurred at the highest levels in January-February and June, respectively. Based on the characteristics of odor complaint occurrence according to the above time-series and spatial analyses, more effective odor management and control can be implemented by focusing on those hotspot areas and specific time periods.

The purpose of this study was to analyze English subject-specific descriptions through text mining, examine their alignment to the curriculum achievement standards, and ultimately support students’ educational growth. We collected English subject-specific descriptions for 1,030 tenth-graders from general high schools in City A, and keywords and contexts were extracted using TF, TF-IDF, phi coefficient analysis, and trigram analysis. The results revealed that the subject-specific descriptions frequently neglected the following aspects of learning and instruction in curriculum achievement standards: familiar and general themes, conversation and listening skills, language use across different types of information, and proper email writing. Although descriptions are intended to reflect students’ actual achievement levels, those for lower achievement levels (i.e., D and E) were often overstated. Improvements are necessary to ensure closer alignment between the descriptions and the curriculum achievement standards, with particular emphasis on the accurate representation of lower achievement levels. Based on the findings, we discussed potential improvement strategies for educational authorities to consider and implement.