This study investigates the performance of four Bayesian methods, Random Walk Metropolis (RWM), Hit-And-Run Metropolis (HARM), Adaptive Mixture Metropolis (AMM), and Population Monte Carlo (PMC), for estimating the parameters and uncertainties of probability rainfall distribution, and the results are compared with those of conventional parameter estimation methods; namely, the Method Of Moment (MOM), Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM), and Probability Weighted Method (PWM). As a result, Bayesian methods yield similar or slightly better results in parameter estimations compared with conventional methods. In particular, PMC can reduce parameter uncertainty greatly compared with RWM, HARM, and AMM methods although the Bayesian methods produce similar results in parameter estimations. Overall, the Bayesian methods produce better accuracy for scale parameters compared with the conventional methods and this characteristic improves the accuracy of probability rainfall. Therefore, Bayesian methods can be effective tools for estimating the parameters and uncertainties of probability rainfall distribution in hydrological practices, flood risk assessment, and decision-making support.

In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects of Abeliophyllum distichum (A. distichum) leaves that were prepared via air-drying. Fresh and air-dried A. distichum leaves were examined via 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and measurements of the reducing power. The suppression effects on inflammation of the leaves were analyzed by a western blot and RT-PCR on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. As a result, the antioxidant activity of the fresh leaves was found to be more effective than that of the air-dried leaves. Also, the fresh leaves were more effective in suppressing the protein and mRNA levels of iNOS and COX-2 than the air-dried leaves, thereby indicating the better anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, the contents of phenolic compounds and acteoside were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the acteoside content decreased with the use of the air-drying method, while there was no change in the content of phenolic compounds. Therefore, this study indicated that fresh A. distichum leaves potential antioxidant and suppression activities of various factors that are involved in the production of NO, which were found to be better than those of air-dried A. distichum leaves. These biological activities were also found to be independent of the content of phonolic compounds and were assumed to be directly or indirectly related to the content of acteoside.

This study aimed to investigate the various biological activities of Geranium thunbergii such as antimicrobial activity and protective effect against oxidative damage. To evaluate its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, we first performed methanol extraction; this methanol extract was further partitioned using various solvents. And then, its antioxidant activity was measured using various assays including total phenolic content and protection against oxidative DNA damage, and antimicrobial activities were examined using minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC) test, and paper disc method. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography was performed to analyze the major chemical components of ethyl acetate fraction. The G. thunbergii fraction with ethyl acetate exhibited higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than the other fractions. The results showed that G. thunbergii ethyl acetate fraction at 50 μg/mL had strong DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of 80.88% and 80.12%, respectively. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction protected DNA from the oxidative damage induced by ferrous ion and hydroxyl radicals and showed high antimicrobial activity with diameter of inhibition zones ranging from 13.33 to 15.67 mm. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the major phenolic compounds of G. thunbergii to be ellagic acid and gallic acid. These results suggest that G. thunbergii might protect DNA against oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species and can be utilized as a natural source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in the food industry.

A new lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) variety ‘Sunny Red Butter’ that belongs to butter-head type has transverse broad elliptical leaf with red color. Crossbreeding of ‘Oriana’ and ‘Cardinale’ was made to obtain seeds of the F1 generation. Subsequent generations were selected using in pedigree methods until 2011, resulting in ‘Sunny Red Butter’. The new variety ‘Sunny Red Butter’ is brown in seeds and the upper part of the leaf is light red and glossy. The leaf stalk is white. It can be harvested from 30 days after planting. The average harvested leaf number is 51 leaves per plant. The average weight is 556.5g per plant, which is 44% higher than a control lettuce variety ‘Germania’. It showed that 30.9 tons/ha production was made in spring, summer, and autumn cultivations for 3 years in 6 areas (Daegwanryeong, Gyeonggi, Chungbuk, Jeonbuk, Gyeongnam, and Jeju) than the control variety ‘Germania’. The shelf-life of ‘Sunny Red Butter’ was 4 weeks for storage at 4℃. Anthocyanin amount (10.3 mg/100g) of ‘Sunny Red Butter’ was lower than that of ‘Germania’. BSL (latucin+8-deoxylactucin+lactucopicrin) amount of ‘Sunny Red Butter’, the bitter ingredients was 26.1 μg/g and higher than BSL amount of ‘Germania’. Leaf hardness of ‘Sunny Red Butter’ was 1,554 kg/cm 2 , which was thicker than ‘Germania’. ‘Sunny Red Butter’ showed better taste (more crispy and sweeter) than ‘Germania’. The new variety ‘Sunny Red Butter’ can be used as lettuce productions during spring and autumn in most area and in summer in highland of Korea.

Sophora japonica has been used for treatment of liver and blood-related diseases in herbology. We evaluated whitening activities of Sophorae Flos and Fructus. Sophorae Flos and Fructus were extracted with methanol (MeOH) and divided into petroleum ether, ethyl acetate(EtOAC) and water fraction. For whitening effect by western blot in B16 F10 cells, we analyzed it by investigating the effect of tyrosinase, TRP-l (tyrosinase-related protein 1), TRP-2 (tyrosinase-related protein 2) and MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) protein expression. The protein expressions of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and MITF in B16 F10 cells treated with Sophorae Flos and Fructus extract were reduced in a dose-dependant manner. Therefore, these results suggest that Sophorae Flos and Fructus have useful plant resource to be developed as functional cosmetic.

In this study, we produced the recombinant lunasin peptide using E. coli and P. pastoris, and evaluated biological activity of the recombinant lunasin peptide. Lunasin peptide was produced from E. coli transfected with pPGEX-lunasin expression vector and P. pastoris GS115 transfected with pPIC-lunasin expression vector. These recombinant lunasin peptides were similar to the synthetic lunasin peptide in the identification by LC-ESI-MS. In addition, the recombinant lunasin peptide from E. coli and P. pastoris was bound in the chromatin, and inhibited histone acetylation and the activity of histone acetyltransferase. These findings suggest that the production of the lunasin peptide using E. coli and P. pastoris will be useful for industrial utilization of lunasin peptide.

A new mandarin hybrid cultivar ‘Shinyegam’ was developed from a cross between ‘Kiyomi’ (Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis) and ‘Wilking’ (Citrus reticulata) at the Citrus Research Institute of the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in 2012. The ‘Jegam na No. 33’, a first selection seedling from the fruits obtained in 2008 was finally named ‘Shinyegam’ after field evaluation trials at five locations in Jeju island, Korea from 2010 to 2012. The tree vigor was intermediate and the tree was spreading in nature, similar to that of the ‘Kiyomi’ cultivar. The fruits produced were compressed to oblate and globose in shape, were a deep orange in color, and moderately weighed at 130 g. ‘Shinyegam’ produces fruit that mature in late December, and has few seeds, which are mono-embryonic. The average seed number of a fruit varied depending on the pollinator citrus tree. Cultivation of ‘Shinyegam’ along with the other cultivars possessing high pollen fertility resulted in seed numbers that was more than 20, while in the absence of a pollinator species the seed number was around 5. The fruit contained soluble solids at 11 to 12 ° Bx and the acidity was approximately 1% at maturity. The rind thickness of approximately 2.5 mm ensures easy peeling. The flesh is very tender and juicy, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor similar to that of ‘Wilking’ but is comparatively weak. ‘Shinyegam’ is moderately resistant to the citrus scab disease and melanose, but susceptible to citrus canker. Owing to the high quality of fruit, good aroma, and cold hardness characteristics, this cultivar is expected to satisfy consumer acceptability in terms of the diversity of the cultivar in open-field cultivation.

Background: Valeriana fauriei (Valerianaceae) has been used to as a traditional medicine to treat a variety of symptoms, including headache, insomnia, hypertension, and menstrual irregularity. However, the present study investigates the species' antioxidant activity and its inhibition of oxidative DNA damage, which have yet to be studied.Methods and Results:The antioxidant activity was assessed using radical scavenging assays with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and, 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and a reducing power assay. The total phenol content was also analyzed, and phenolic compounds were detected using HPLC/UV, whereas the inhibitory effect of Valeriana fauriei on oxidative DNA damage was measured using φ-174 RF I plasmid DNA cleavage assay. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were 75.17 ± 3.55% and 95.83 ± 0.63%, repectively, and the reducing power was 93.14 ± 1.74 at 200 μg/ml. The total phenol content was 10.24 ± 0.04 ㎎/g, whereas chlorogenic acid, catechin, caffeic acid and epicatechin were identified using HPLC/UV, and the φ-174 RF I plasmid DNA cleavage assay indicated that V. fauriei provided protection against oxidative damage.Conclusions:The results of the present study suggest that V. fauriei has powerful antioxidant activity that can provide protective effects against the oxidative DNA damage caused by free radicals. The species, therefore, provides a valuable resource for the development of natural pharmaceutical to treat aging, cancer, and degenerative diseases.

‘Hyesun’, a new cultivar of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with sharply wrinkled oval and red leaf, produced by a cross between 'Nongjeockchima’ (red leaf color) and ‘Jeockchima’ (high yield) has late bolting and high yield in the field. The cross and selection for advanced lines had been done by the pedigree method from 2002 to 2008. The ‘Hyesun’ has gray seed color and medium elliptic leaves. The yield and adaptability of the advanced lines were evaluated at several locations of Korea (Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Jeollabuk-do, Gyeongnam-do, and Jeju-do) for 3 years (from 2009 to 2012). The type of maturity of ‘Hyesun’ is early-medium. The leaf hardness of ‘Hyesun’ is a 1,237kg/cm2, which is not thicker than ‘Yeolpungeokchima’. The anthocyanin content of 'Hyesun' is a 88.32mg/100g, which is lower than that of ‘Yeolpungeockchima’. The BSL (Bitter Sesquiterpene Lactones, latucin + 8-deoxylactucin + lactucopicrin) content of ‘Hyesun’ is a 5.0ug/g of DW, which is lower than that of ‘Yeolpungeockchima’. Compared to ‘Yeolpungeockchima’, marketable yield of ‘Hyesun’ was higher by 7% (at 381g per plant) and the bolting time of ‘Hyesun’ was remarkably delayed under high temperature cultivation in the field. The shelf-life of ‘Hyesun’ was four weeks longer than ‘Yeolpungeockchima’ at 4℃. Furthermore, because ‘Hyesun’ is more crispy and sweeter than ‘Yeolpungeockchima’, ‘Hyesun’ has the better taste. So, we recommend that the new cultivar ‘Hyesun’ can be suitable for cultivation in both spring and fall season.

The 12 cultivars of the Jeju native Citrus are considered to have originated from China. However, the origin of the cultivar ‘Byungkyool’ (Citrus platymamma Hort. ex Tanaka) is not clearly known. We performed PCR analysis by using three primer sets designed from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) to analyze the phylogenetic relationship between the traditional citrus cultivars and the Byungkyool cultivar. Sequence length of the nrDNA ITS1 region of JNCPCRI (Jeju Native Citrus platymamma Citrus Research Institute) cultivar was 247 bp, 8the ITS2 region was 228 bp and the total ITS region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) was 638 bp. Analysis of the genetic relationship based on the sequence analysis at the ITS region of the JNCPCRI cultivar revealed that the ITS1 region of the cultivar was genetically the same as that of the Byungkyool (JQ990189) cultivar, and the ITS2 region was genetically similar to the Binkyool (JQ990180), Hongkyool (JQ990178), Dangyooja (JQ990179), and Pyunkyool (JQ990181) cultivars. Moreover, the total ITS region in the 5.8S rDNA region was genetically similar to the Hongkyool (JQ990178) cultivar. In addition, the total ITS region of the JNCPCRI cultivar was the most closely related to the Cheongkyool (JQ990183) cultivar and has been reported to originate from the Binkyool (JQ990180) and Pyunkyool (JQ990181) cultivars. Although the JNCPCRI cultivar was morphologically the same as the Byungkyool (JQ990189) cultivar, the ITS region showed genetic heterogeneity. Taken together, we conclude that the genetic variation in the ITS region of JNCPCRI cultivar suggests that it was propagated through fertilization with the surrounding citrus cultivars.

본 연구는 최근 항산화활성이 우수하다고 알려지면서 재배면적이 증가하고 있는 아로니아의 소비촉진을 위해 아로니아에 사과를 부재료로 첨가하여 떫은맛은 감소되고 기호도가 향상이 된 아로니아 혼합잼을 다양하게 제조한 후, 그 품질특성을 조사하고자 하였다. 100% 아로니아 잼을 비롯한 90%, 70%, 그리고 50% 아로니아 잼을 제조한 뒤 4가지 잼의 품질을 조사한 결과, 아로니아의 함량이 증가할 수록 pH는 감소하였고, 총산은 증가하였다. 색도는 아로니 아 함량이 감소할수록 명도는 증가하였고, 적색도와 황색 도는 아로니아 함량이 감소하여도 큰 변화를 보이지 않았 다. 조직감에서 견고성과 탄력성, 점성, 씹힘성은 아로니아 함량이 100%일 때 가장 높았다. 총 폴리페놀과 전자공여능 은 아로니아의 함량이 줄어들수록 감소하는 경향을 보였 다. 관능평가에서 색상과 향미, 신맛은 아로니아 함량이 증가하여도 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 빵 발림성과 단맛은 아로니아 함량이 감소할수록 증가하였다. 전반적인 기호도는 아로니아 함량이 70%일 때 가장 선호도가 높았 다. 따라서 생리활성, 관능적인 면을 고려했을 때 70% 아로 니아와 30% 사과를 첨가한 아로니아 혼합잼의 경우 현재 한정된 범위의 가공식품의 재료로 쓰이고 있는 아로니아의 이용성을 증진시킬 수 있을 것이라 기대된다.

Antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on oxidative DNA damage of ethyl acetate fractions extracted from Cone of Red Pine (Pinus densiflora) were investigated to find utilization of Cone, by-product of Red Pine, thrown out after berry shatter, as a new natural plant resource. Cone from P. densiflora was extracted with methanol (MeOH) and separated to petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and water fraction. Among them, ethyl acetate fraction was used. The antioxidant activity was conducted by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2, 2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, Fe 2+ chelating assay and reducing power assay. The inhibitory effect on oxidative DNA damage was determined by DNA cleavage assay using φX-174 RF I plasmid. The results of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity at 200 ㎍/㎖ of extracts were 86.50% and 95.80% respectively, which were similar figures compared with L-ascorbic acid as control. Fe 2+ chelating activity was 77.96% and reducing power was 0.77 at 200 ㎍/㎖. Total phenolic component was 27.29±0.3 ㎎/g and Vitamin C content was 1.84±0.1 ㎎/g. Also ethyl acetate fraction from Cone has inhibitory effect, using φX-174 RF I plasmid on DNA cleavage assay. In conclusion, Cone, by-product of P. densiflora, showed high antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on oxidative DNA damage. Therefore this study suggests Cone, useless by-product, can be developed as a new natural plant resource with lots of utilization such as an effective antioxidant, natural medicine, food, cosmetics and so on.

The major objective of this study was to investigate the usability as cultivar for processing of new Citrus hybrid 'Hamilgam'. We investigated various antioxidant activities, such as DPPH radical, ABTS radical, Hydroxyl radical and Superoxide anion radical effect, along with total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content of Citrus hybrid 'Hamilgam', C. unshiu, C. natsudaidai. The total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content were the highest in the Hamilgam. The major flavonoids of Hamilgam and Natsudaidai were naringin and neohesperidin, and those of Unshu were narirutin and hesperidin, as determined by HPLC. Especially, the neohesperidin content of Hamilgam showed much higher (100 times over) than that of Unshu. However, the aglycone form was not found. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were the highest in Hamilgam peels. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was high in the order of Unshu, Hamilgam and Natsudaidai. Superoxide anion radical scavenging of 3 cultivars peels displayed low activities compared to DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging. Based on these results, Hamilgam peel extracts possess antioxidant activities and may thus serve as potential sources of functional food, cosmetic products, etc.

‘고홍’은 ‘DL 1672’와 ‘청치마’를 교배하여 육성한 잎상추 로 누운타원형 잎을 가진 축면 상추이다. 2005년 교배하여 2010년까지 계통육종법에 선발과 고정을 하였다. 신품종 ‘고 홍’은 회색 종자이며 엽형은 누운타원형이다. 잎 상단부는 붉 고 광택이 좋으며 잎 기부는 녹색이다. 다수성 품종으로 기존 품종보다 주당 45매 정도의 잎을 수확할 수 있으며, 주당 무 게는 평균 331 g로 12% 수량성이 많은 품종이다. 전국 6개지역(대관령, 경기, 충북, 전북, 경남, 제주)에서 1년간 봄, 여 름, 가을 재배하였을 때 평균 2,737 kg/10 a을 나타내었다. 특히 수량성에서 봄작형은 36.7톤, 가을작형에서 16.7톤이 생 산되어, 대비품종에 비해 34%, 23% 증수되는 다수성 품종이 다. 숙기는 정식 후 25일 후부터 수확이 가능한 조･중생종이 며, 고온기 비가림하우스 재배시에도 적색이 발현되는 특성을 가지고 있다. 적색발현의 주 요인인 안토시안닌 함량은 7.5 mg/ 100 g으로 대조품종인 ‘뚝섬적축면’보다는 고온기 적색발현이 좋은 품종이다. 쓴맛 성분인 락투신(latucin+8-deoxylactucin +lactucopicrin)은 ‘뚝섬적축면’보다 적어 쓴맛이 적고 단맛이 나며 아삭아삭하여 맛이 좋다. 이것은 잎두께와 엽연이 ‘뚝섬 적축면’보다 조밀하고, 잎의 경도가 21.1 kg/cm 2로 ‘뚝섬적축 면’보다 강한 특성을 가지고 있기 때문이다. 따라서 신품종 ‘고홍’은 봄과 가을작형에 가장 적합한 품종으로 추천할 수 있다.

This study was carried out to evaluate the manufacturing characteristics of organic liquid fertilizer with poultry manure, soybean meal, and rice bran at plastic house in Chungbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Service. Treatment was given 3 treatments; poultry manure+soybean meal (PM+SM), poultry manure-rice bran (PM+RB), and soybean meal+rice bran (SM+RB). The obtained results from this study were summarized as follows; The pH in liquid fertilizer was consistently increased in PM+SM treatment, and was increased after decreased at early season in PM+RB and SM+RB treatments. The electriacl conductivity(EC) in liquid fertilizer was rapidly increased from 2nd weeks to 4th weeks after fermentation in PM+SM and PM+RB treatments, and was rapidly increased from 4th weeks to 6th weeks after fermentation in SM+RB treatment. The amount of H₂S gas occurrence was the highest as 1,200 ㎏ㆍ㎏⁻¹ in early season, and was the lowest as 50 ㎏ㆍ㎏⁻¹ at 12th weeks after fermentation of organic liquid fertilizer. The temperature of organic liquid fertilizer was stabilizing in 4th weeks after fermentation. The yield of well of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium was increased with increasing fermentation periods. It was not change from 4th weeks after fermentation in content of calcium, magnesium and sodium in organic liquid fertilizer.

본 연구는 적심이 감초의 생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 구명코자 2008년부터 2009년까지 2년간 충북농업기술원에서 수행하였다. 적심 처리시기에 따라 6월 30일(JUN), 7월 30일(JUL), 8월 30일(AUG), 무적심(대조구) 등 4처리를 하였으며, 적심량은 줄기 길이의 20%를 제거하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. (1) 초장과 분지수는 적심처리구보다 대조구에서 우수하였으며, 경엽중은 적심시기가 빠를수록 무거웠다. (2) 초장과 줄기 직경은 적심 시기에 따른 영향을 받지 않았다. (3) 지표면의 포복경 생장에는 일정한 경향이 없었다. (4) 본 실험에서 적심이 뿌리 생장을 유도하고, 조기 적심이 뿌리 생육을 촉진하였다. (5) 근중은 대조구 2년생 238 kg/10a에 비해 JUN 처리구와 JUL 처리구에서 각각 11~30% 증가하였으며, 3년생은 대조구 432 kg/10a에 비해 6~11% 증가하였다.

‘춘풍적축면’은 ‘포자비적축면’과 ‘먹치마’를 교배 육성한 잎상추로 누운타원형 잎을 가진 축면 상추이다. 2000년 교배하여 2007년까지 계통육종법에 선발과 고정을 하였다. 전국 6개 지역(대관령, 경기, 충북, 전북, 경남, 제주)에서 2년간 봄, 여름, 가을 재배하였을 때 평균 2,069 kg/10a을 나타내어 기존 품종보다 주당 53매 정도의 잎을 수확할 수 있으며, 주당 무게는 평균 372 g으로 6% 수량성이 많은 품종이다. ‘춘풍적축면’은

미홍은 "단홍적축면"과 "뚝섬적축면"을 교배하여 육성한 추대가 늦고, 엽색이 매우진한 적축면 잎상추 품종이다. 기존 같은 type의 품종보다 추대가 늦은 중만생 품종이며, 적색발현이 좋아, 안토시안닌 함량이 28.9 mg/100 g으로 "뚝섬적축면"보다 10배이상 많았으며 수확 후 4℃ 수식 이미지에서 3주간 이상 저장이 가능하였다. 재배적기는 연중재배가 가능하나 시험재배 결과 평난지에서는 봄, 가을에 고랭지에서는 여름재배가 가능하

고풍적축면은 "안동적축면"과 "뚝섬적축면"을 교배하여 육성한 적축면 잎상추 품종이다. 기존의 같은 type의 품종보다 추대가 늦은 중만생 품종이며, 적색발현이 좋아, 안토시안닌 함량이 29.4 mg/100 g으로 "뚝섬적축면"보다 10배이상 많았으며 수확후 4℃ 수식 이미지에서 3주간 이상 저장이 가능하였다. 재배 적기는 연중재배가 가능하나 시험재배결과 평난지에서는 봄, 가을에 고랭지에서는 봄, 여름, 가을에 노지 및 비가림하우스