본 연구는 두 가지 주요 목적을 갖고 있다. 첫째는, 실험적 베리오그램을 작성하는데 필수적인 분리거리 허용한계를 얼마로 하느냐에 따라 변화되는 베리오그램 모델링에 기초를 둔 정규크리깅 보간법을 유한요소법에 적용이 가능한 가를 시험하는 것이다. 둘째는, 다항식모델, 가우스모델 및 구형모델의 선택에 따른 정확성을 조사하는 것이다. 이 목적을 위해 가우스 적분점에서 취득된 응력값 데이터로터 새로운 응력장을 예측하기 위해 가중-최소제곱법이 적용되었다. 여기서 가중치는 동일한 값을 사용하는 기존의 방식과 달리 응력값들의 보간을 위해 사용되는 실험적 및 이론적 베리오그램에 의해 결정된다. 제안된 접근방식의 타당성을 보이기 위해 2개의 수치예제를 테스트하였다. 이 논문에서 사용된 수치예제의 경우 25% 분리거리 허용한계를 사용한 가우스모델이 참고문헌의 이론 해들과 가장 잘 일치하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to divide into a few groups of Bibimbabs with distinctive menu patterns and accompaniments from 484 Bibimbab menus of 360 elementary school foodservices around Busan city and Gyeongnam province. The menus were collected from the internet(http://www.kdclub.com) and the home page of elementary schools from December, 2004 to September, 2005. Moreover, Bibimbabs with high frequency were analyzed by seasons and regions to give informations for menu planing and developing in elementary school foodservices. The serving frequency of Bibimbabs was significantly different among seasons, highest in summer and lowest in winter. Kongnamulbibimbab and Bomnamulbibimbab were highest in frequency in rural areas meanwhile, Sanchaebibimbab, and Chamchibibimbab were frequently served in Busan. The basic structure of Bibimbab meal based on main dish, soup, kimchi and one or two accompaniments consisted of 'side dish', 'fruit & beverage', or 'starchy food & dessert'. Thus, most of the Bibimbab meals were composed of 4~5 dishes. Five groups of Bibimbabs were suggested by the menu patterns and kinds of soups. Soups, fruit & beverage, and kimchi were included in the menu patterns of nearly all groups of Bibimbab. However, side dishes and strachy foods & desserts were included of excluded according to the groups of Bibimbabs. Some kinds of soups and side dishes were different among the groups of Bibimbab. These results suggest that the cost, avaliable labor and seasonal constraints contributed mainly to the numbers and kinds of accompainments in the Bibimbab meals. However, taste and sensory balance were also considered in the Bibimbab menus in the School Lunch Program.

PSS hetero 돼지를 이용하여 PSS와 관련된 유전자를 cloning 하여 유전자 구조를 분석하고 세포내의 유전자의 존재를 확인하여 PSS 돼지의 유전양식을 밝히고자 실시되었고, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 615번 amino acid가 N과 n에서 각각 arginine과 cysteine으로 존재함을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 6번 염색체(PSS 관련유전자)로부터 우성유전자 N과 열성유전자 n이 각각 유전자 좌위(locus)에 대립 유전자(alleles)로 존재함을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이러한 alleles로 존재함으로써 각각의 유전자가 나뉘어져 유전됨을 알 수 있었다.

저가형 TiO2 광촉매의 개발과 광촉매의 활용범위를 확대하고자, 석탄회를 지지체로 이용하여 TiO2 광촉매를 제조하였다. 석탄회 표면에 TiO2 입자의 피복은 침전법에 의해서 수행되었다. TiO2의 공급원으로는 TiCl4수용액과 침전제로는 NH4HCO3가 사용되었다. 이들의 중화반응에 의해 석탄회 표면에 생성되는 Ti(OH)44는 300~700˚C의 열처리 과정에서 산화되었다. 여기서 생성된 TiO2의 결정구조는 anatase형을 나타내었다. 피복 TiO2의 결정립 크기는 열처리 온도의 상승에 따라 증가하였으나, NO가스의 제거능은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. TiO2피복 석탄회를 300~400˚C의 온도 범위에서 2시간 동안 열처리할 경우, TiO2의 결정립 크기는 약 9nm이었고, 질소산화물 제거율은 85~92%이었다. 또한, TiO2피복 석탄회의 백색도는 TiO2의 피복량이 증가할수록 열처리 온도가 증가할수록 상승하는 경향을 나타내었다.

Paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) occurrence and variation in the different bivalve species including oyster, Crassostrea gigas and mussel, Mytilus edulis in Jinhae bay Korea from January to December in 1997 were surveyed. And also compositional characteristics of PSP ingredients in the different bivalve species were investigated. PSP in shellfish was detected from late February and increased continuously until the middle of April in Jinhae bay. And after April PSP level had been decreased gradually and the toxicity was not detected by mouse bioassay in the early of June. Of the examined bivalve species, PSP content in the mussel exhibited the highest value and the PSP content in the mussel in the middle of April, PSP high season in Jinhae bay, was 6 times higher than that in the oyster. Gonyautoxin (GTX)1-4 group occupied 59.0-78.8% of whole PSP contents and identified as dominant ingredient in the examined bivalves except oyster. And it is also identified that the PSP toxicity in the tested species were derived from the GTX group. And the dominant ingredient of PSP in the oyster was carbamoyl-N-sulfo-llα- hydroxysaxitoxin sulfate(C1)(37.9%) and neosaxitoxin(neoSTX)(26.2%). But the toxicity of C1 in the tested oyster could be ignorable and most toxicity (80.0%) was derived from saxitoxin (STX) group.

Totally, twenty seven specimens of tiger puffer, Fugu rubripes rubripes were collected at Jagalchi fish market in Pusan, Korea during January, April and September in 1995. Anatomical distribution of pufferfish toxin in tiger puffer was examined by mouse bioassay. The frequency rate of toxic specimens containing ≥ 10 MU/g was 14.8% in liver; 16.7% in gonad; and 14.8% in skin, and no toxin was detected in muscle. The highest toxin level found was 160 MU/g in liver, 600 MU/g in gonad and 26 MU/g in skin, and each average toxin level (mean ± standard error) was 7 ± 6, 50 ± 35 and 5 ± 1 MU/g, respectively. Some specimens collected in January and April were toxic, while none of the specimens collected in September showed its toxicity. Although toxicity of tiger puffer showed the seasonal variation, tested tiger puffer was evaluated as a safe seafood for consumption, in that an acceptable level of toxin was found in the edible muscle and skin.

To develop a lactic starter to produce antimicrobial substance for inhibiting the growth of a variety of foodborne spoilage bacteria in fermented foods, we investigated the antibacterial effect of the antibacterial substance, produced by Lactobacillus amylovorus IMC-1, against foodborne spoilage strains, and its sensitivity on the treatment of proteolytic enzymes. L. amylovorus IMC-1, which was isolated from a traditional cheese in Inner Mongolia, produced a maximum amount of antibacterial substance in the skim milk medium after 72 h incubation at 37℃, and further incubation resulted in the same activity. The substance obtained from gel filtration inhibited all strains used such as Bacillus subtilis IFO 3025, Staphylococcus aureus IAM 1011, Listeria monocytogenes VTU 206, Escherichia coli RB, and Pseudomonas fragi IFO 3458 at the concentration of 20 units/ml. This substance was found to show bactericidal action against B. subtilis, E. coli, and Ps. fragi, and bacteriostatic activity against both Staph. aureus and L. monocytogenes. The bactericidal action was due to cellular lysis. The substance is not organic acid, hydrogen peroxide and proteinaceous compound.

In previous reports, the authors isolated the algicidal marine bacterium, Alteromonas sp. SR-14 and demonstrated its growth inhibition of diatom, Chaetoceros calcitrans (C. calcitrans). In this paper, we studied the effects of cell free culture filtrate of Alteromonas sp. SR-14 on the growth of C. calcitrans, and the characteristics of the algal growth inhibition substance. The culture filtrate of Alteromonas sp. SR-14 grown in peptone broth showed growth inhibition activity against C. calcitrans. The reasonable culture conditions of the bacterium for producing of algal growth inhibition substances were 15-20℃ in temperature, 7.0-9.0 in pH and 23-30‰ in salinity, respectively. The algal growth inhibition activity of culture filtrate was increased from stationary phase in growth curve of Alteromonas sp. SR-14. The molecular weights of algal growth inhibition substances produced by Alteromonas sp. SR-14 were ranged about from 3 KDa to 12 KDa. Among the substances, less than 10 KDa fraction were stable by heating at 100℃ for 10 minutes, while more than 10 KDa fraction were heat labile. According to the experimental results, the algal growth inhibition substance produced by the bacterium was not a single compound.

The primary purpose of this paper is to show the theoretical and empirical problems of Case theory suggested in GB and the Minimalist Program. The secondary purpose of the paper is to criticize the notion of Case feature, arguing that the feature is not necessary for computation but for interpretation at the interfaces. From a pure ontological view, the notion of Case feature is not necessary for computation. The morphological Case manifests the relationship between nominals and functional heads.

Background: Various Schisandra chinensis (SC) varieties grow in diverse regions in Korea. However, there is no valid scientific evidence of these varieties. This study aimed to select the excellent resources in terms of the growth characteristics, antioxidant activities, and analysis of the active compounds of the SC collection. Method and Results: In total, 154 resources of SC were collected from various regions of Korea. The growth characteristics were measured by the number of fruit bunches, fruit number, and weight of 100 fruits. The antioxidant activities were investigated by analyzing the total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents and the radical scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTS. Schizandrin A, schizandrin c, gomisin a, and gomisin N were analyzed by HPLC. Each resource showed different growth characteristics. Among the antioxidative effects, the highest 20 resources showed high antioxidant activities in selected 29 resources. Analysis of the SC lignan index showed that all resources contained more than 1.16% of active compounds. Conclusions: All of the selected 29 SC resources were shown to have excellent growth characteristics, antioxidant activities, and bioactive compound richness. Especially, SC-004, SC-007, and SC-154 showed the best growth characteristics, and SC-22, SC-40, and SC-45 showed the best antioxidant activities and bioactive compound richness.

Background : Ixeris strigosa is a herb which has used leaves and roots in Korea. Recently, the cultivation area and food imports have been increased because it has been used as an functional crops for anti-obesity. However its cultivation method has not been developed and it is difficult to produce with good quality. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to determine the optimum seedroot size, plant number per hill, planting time, planting density, planting method and mulching materials for improving the cultivation method suitable for domestic environment. Methods and Results : In order to identify the proper cultivation method, I. strigosa was collected in Dangjin, Chungnam in 2016 and the yield and crop characteristics were investigated at the end of October. The seedroots were cultivated by size such as large (length 30 ㎜, thickness more than 1 ㎜), medium (30 ㎜, 1 ㎜ - 1.5 ㎜) and small (30 ㎜, less than 1 ㎜). As a result, the production of the medium-sized seedroot was highest at 950 ㎏/10a. Based on these results, medium-sized seedroots passed winter in previous year were used when plant number per hill, planting time, planting density, planting method and mulching materials were investigated. At plant number per hill, 3 seeds/hill was the highest at 836 ㎏/10a among 1, 3 and 5 seeds/hill. When the seedroots were planted at intervals of one month from mid April to mid August, the yield was the highest at 1,647 ㎏/10a at the middle of May. When the planting densities were 10 × 10, 20 × 10, 20 × 15 and 20 × 20 ㎝, 10 × 10 and 20 × 10 ㎝ had highest production. And two methods for planting have been used, one was to plant at right angles and the other to lay down. As a result, the latter yield was 612 ㎏/10a. Finally, when comparing non woven fabrics, color combination polyethylene film, black polyethylene film and no treatment among the mulching materials, black polyethylene film made the highest yield at 1,044 ㎏/10a. Conclusion : For improving the cultivation of I. strigosa, this study determined the optimum seed size, plant number per hill, planting time, planting density, planting method and mulching materials. In conclusion, the production was the best when the plant was laid down on a black polyethylene film at intervals of 20 × 10 ㎝ at the middle of May, using 3 medium-sized seeds per hill. These results are expected to contribute to the productivity and income farmers of I. strigosa.

Background: Atractylodes japonica Koidz. and Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. belong to the family (Asteraceae). Their rhizomes, called white Atractylodes rhizomes, are used in traditional medicine. To address some issues with their cultivation, we recently developed eight hybrid cultivars by interspecific hybridization of A. japonica and A. macrocephala. This study was conducted to screen the hybrid cultivars that have high amounts of active ingredients and yield ability. Methods and Results: Experiments were conducted using the eight hybrid cultivars and A. macrocephala (control cultivar) in the experimental field of the department of Herbal Crop Research located in Eumseong, South Korea. We investigated the growth characteristics of the aerial and underground parts. Among the cultivars, ‘Sanwon’ had the highest rhizome dry weight (53.8 g/plant), followed by ‘Dachul’ (50.0 g/plant). In addition, the content of atractylenolide I, II, III and total active ingredients were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Compared with A. macrocephala, most of the inter-specific hybrid cultivars had a higher content of active ingredients and yield ability. Conclusions: Through study, we established the superior quality of Atractylodes inter-specific hybrid cultivars. In particularly, it was found that ‘Dachul’ may be grown as a superior cultivar, with high amount of active ingredients as well as yield ability.

Background : This study was performed to investigate change in OnjisaponinB contents of Polygala tenuifolia depending on drying methods. Methods and Results : For this study, 5-years-old Polygala tenuifolia local cultivars from RDA(Eumseong) were used. Before starting to drying, root was shade-dried for 3 days and separated with the lead. Next, two types of drying methods conducted; natural drying and hot air drying. Hot air drying was controlled at 40℃, 50℃, 60℃ and 70℃ and checked with every 3 hours. Dried root from market was used as control group. The water content of raw root was about 52.04%. When it started to dry, the contents of it significantly decreased. The dried roots from market were 6.25 - 6.84%. To be under 7% of water contents, 6 hours of drying was enough in natural drying methods and 40℃, 50℃hot air drying methods. In case of 60℃, 70℃ hot air drying methods, it took under 3 hours. The OnjisaponinB contents of raw root was 0.53%. The dried root from market had 0.74% of onjisaponinB. During the drying, the contents of OnjisaponinB changed depending on the drying methods. Hot air drying method had more effect on OnjisaponinB contents than natural drying method. Conclusion : From the above results, we may suggest that natural drying methods was enough to drop the water content of Polygala tenuifolia. Because during pre-treatment steps including shade-drying and separating lead, much of water contents already decreased and became easy to lose water. However to get more OnjisaponinB, hot air drying methods can beneficial than natural drying methods.

Backgoound : Various varieties of Schisandra chinensis (Omija) are grown in various regions of Korea. However, there is no study on varieties with excellent efficacy for each variety. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to select the excellent lineage by analyzing the active compounds of Omija collection species Methods and Results : 154 lineage of Omija was collected from Muju of Jeollabuk-do, Jangsu of Jeollabuk-do and Hoengseong of Gangwon-do. They were cultivated in test-research farm in Rural Development Administration at Eumseong of Chungcheongbuk-do and used as materials. In order to analyze the active compounds (Shizandrin A, Shizandrin C, Gomisin A, Gomisin N) in Omija, the HPLC method described in the Korean Pharmacopoeia (compounds of Omija indicator) was used. As a result of analysis of functional compounds, SC-003, SC-005, SC-013, SC-015, SC-019, SC-020, SC-022, SC-023, SC-040, SC-042, SC-045, SC-066, SC-069 and SC-072 were collected from Jangsu, Jeollabuk-do, SC-082 was collected from Hoengseong, Gangwon-do and SC-139 was collected from Muju, Jeollabuk-do showed higher contents of functional compounds than other collected species. Conclusion : As demand for high income crop has increased, new cultivar breeding is required to produce high quality Schisandra chinensis (Omija). In this study, Shisandra A, Shizandrin C, Gomisin A and Gomisin N were analyzed as functional compounds of Omija. They can be used for new Omija breeding. Especially SC-003, SC-019, SC-022, SC-040, SC-045, SC-069 and SC-082 can be superior lineags with high functional compound contents.

Backgoound : Sprout vegetables are rich source of nutrients for human health. The safflower seeds contained various functional compounds and nutritions, and can be used as food material without restriction. Therefore, this study was performed to compare the antioxidant properties of sprouts from safflower seeds according to germination periods. Methods and Results : The safflower seeds were sterilized and steeped with distilled water, then incubated at 25℃ for 1 - 7 days. These sprouts and seeds were extracted with methanol, and used as samples for antioxidant properties (total phenolics, total flavonoids contents, DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging activities). Total phenolics, total flavonoids contents, and antioxidant activities were higher in safflower seed than sprouts. Among sprouts with various germination periods, the sprouts incubated 4 - 7 days were higher in total phenolics, total flavonoids contents, and antioxidant activities than other sprouts. The levels of antioxidant activities were similar in sprouts incubated for 4 - 7 days. Conclusion : These results indicated that the antioxidant properties of sprouts differed according to germination periods, and the optimal germination period of safflower seed as sprout vegetables are 4 days.