Recently, Korean government has introduced Multi Metric Indices (MMI) using various biocommunity information for aquatic ecosystem monitoring and ecosystem health assessment at the national level. MMI is a key tool in national ecosystem health assessment programs. The MMI consists of indices that respond to different target environmental factors, including environmental disturbance (e.g. nutrients, hydrological and hydraulic situation of site etc.). We used zooplankton community information collected from Korean lakes to estimate the availability of candidate zooplankton MMI indices that can be used to assess lake ecosystem health. First, we modified the candidate indices proposed by the U.S. EPA to suit Korean conditions. The modified indices were subjected to individual index suitability analysis, correlation analysis with environmental variables, and redundancy analysis among indices, and 19 indices were finally selected. Taxonomic diversity was suggested to be an important indicator for all three taxonomic groups (cladoceran, copepod, rotifer), on the other hand, the indices using biomass for large cladocerans and copepods, while the indices using abundance were suggested for small cladocerans and rotifers.

Forest destruction is an inevitable result of the development processes. According to the environmental impact assessment, over 10% of the destroyed trees need to be recycled and transplanted to minimize the impact of forest destruction. However, the rate of successful transplantation is low, leading to a high rate of tree death. This is attributable to a lack of consideration for environmental factors when choosing a temporary site for transplantation and inadequate management. To monitor transplanted trees, a field survey is essential; however, the spatio-temporal aspect is limited. This study evaluated the applicability of remote sensing for the effective monitoring of transplanted trees. Vegetation indices based on satellite remote sensing were derived to detect time-series changes in the status of the transplanted trees at three temporary transplantation sites. The mortality rate and vitality of transplanted trees before and after the transplant have a similar tendency to the changes in the vegetation indicators. The findings of this study showed that vegetation indices increased after transplantation of trees and decreased as the death rate increased and vitality decreased over time. This study presents a method for assessing newly transplanted trees using satellite images. The approach of utilizing satellite photos and the vegetation index is expected to detect changes in trees that have been transplanted across the country and help to manage tree transplantation for the environmental impact assessment.

This study monitored temperature using electronic sensors and developed a prediction model for compost maturity. The experiment used swine manure in a mechanical composting facility equipped with a screw-type agitator, and the composting process was conducted for 60 d during the summer season in South Korea. Four electronic temperature sensors were installed on the inner wall between the compost piles on Days 7, 14, 21, and 28 for daily temperature monitoring. Compost samples were collected daily for 60 d, and compost maturity was analyzed using the Solvita method. Multiple comparisons, correlations, and modeling were performed using the stat package in R software. The average compost pile temperatures was 39.1±3.9, 36.4±4.3, 31.3±4.5, and 35.4±8.1 on days 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively, after composting. The average compost maturity according to the composting date was 3.61±0.60, 4.13±0.59, 4.26±0.47, and 4.32 ±0.56 on days 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. A significant negative correlation was observed between the compost composting periods (seven, 14, 21, and 28 d) and the temperature of all compost piles (p<0.05), where the correlation coefficients were -0.329, -0.382, -0.507, and -0.634, respectively. A significant positive correlation was observed between the compost composting periods (seven, 14, 21, and 28 d) and the maturity of the compost (p<0.05), where the correlation coefficients were 0.410, 0.550, 0.727, and 0.840, respectively. The model for predicting the maturation of the 14 d average compost pile according to the compost composting period and the average temperature for 14 d was y=0.026 x d – 0.021 x mt.x_14 d (mean temperature for 14 d) + 4.336 (R2=0.7612, p<0.001). This study can be considered a basic reference for predicting compost maturity by the proposed model using electronic temperature sensors.

Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2) is a species in the genus Fabavirus and family Secoviridae, which is transmitted by aphids and has a wide host range. The BBWV2 genome is composed of two single-stranded, positive-sense RNAs, RNA-1 and RNA-2. The representative symptoms of BBWV2 are mosaic, mottle, vein clearing, wilt, and stunting on leaves, and these symptoms cause economic damage to various crops. In 2019, Perilla fructescens leaves with mosaic and yellowing symptoms were found in Geumsan, South Korea. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) was performed with specific primers for 10 reported viruses, including BBWV2, to identify the causal virus, and the results were positive for BBWV2. To characterize a BBWV2 isolate (BBWV2-GS-PF) from symptomatic P. fructescens, genetic analysis and pathogenicity tests were performed. The complete genomic sequences of RNA-1 and RNA-2 of BBWV2-GS-PF were phylogenetically distant to the previously reported BBWV2 isolates, with relatively low nucleotide sequence similarities of 76-80%. In the pathogenicity test, unlike most BBWV2 isolates with mild mosaic or mosaic symptoms in peppers, the BBWV2-GS-PF isolate showed typical ring spot symptoms. Considering these results, the BBWV2-GS-PF isolate from P. fructescens could be classified as a new strain of BBWV2.

This study aimed to determine the changes in the vitamin B5 content of raw and cooked vegetables. The nineteen vegetables were subjected to different cooking methods, viz. blanching, boiling, pan-broiling, and steaming. Vitamin B5 was quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using photodiode-array (PDA) detection (200 nm). The standard reference materials (SRM) were used to validate the accuracy of vitamin B5 measurement method used in this study. The cooking yields ranged from 82.63 to 107.62% and decreased in most of the vegetables except bitter melon, curled mallow, and eggplant. The raw kabocha squash, Danhobak, had the highest vitamin B5 content (0.671 mg/ 100 g) among the samples. All cooked vegetables showed lower vitamin B5 content compared to the raw samples. The true retention ranged from 0% (crown daisy, blanching) to 84.49% (kabocha squash, steaming). These results indicate that vitamin B5 is degraded after cooking. Pan-broiling and steaming are better cooking methods than the others for retaining vitamin B5. The true retention of vitamin B5 in the samples markedly depends on the cooking method and food matrix. These results can be used as important basic data for nutritional evaluation of meals.

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has a low thermal conductivity, high thermal expansion coefficient, and excellent mechanical properties; thus, it is used as a thermal barrier coating material for gas turbines. However, during long-time exposure of YSZ to temperatures of 1200oC or higher, a phase transformation accompanied by a volume change occurs, causing the YSZ coating layer to peel off. To solve this problem, YSZ has been doped with trivalent and tetravalent oxides to obtain coating materials with low thermal conductivity and suppressed phase transformation of zirconia. In this study, YSZ is doped with trivalent oxides, Nd2O3, Yb2O3, Al2O3, and tetravalent oxide, TiO2, and the thermal conductivity of the obtained materials is analyzed according to the composition; furthermore, the relative density change, microstructure change, and m-phase formation behavior are analyzed during long-time heat treatment at high temperatures.

Through sample-size-based rarefaction analyses, we tried to suggest the appropriate degree of sample concentration and sub-sample extraction, as a way to estimate more accurate zooplankton species diversity when assessing biodiversity. When we collected zooplankton from three reservoirs with different environmental characteristics, the estimated species richness (S) and Shannon’s Hʹ values showed different changing patterns according to the amount of sub-sample extracted from the whole sample by reservoir. However, consequently, their zooplankton diversity indices were estimated the highest values when analyzed by extracting the largest amount of sub-sample. As a result of rarefaction analysis about sample coverage, in the case of deep eutrophic reservoir (Juam) with high zooplankton species and individual numbers, it was analyzed that 99.8% of the whole samples were represented by only 1 mL of sub-sample based on 100 mL of concentrated samples. On the other hand, in Soyang reservoir, which showed very small species and individual numbers, a relatively low representation at 97% when 10 mL of sub-sample was extracted from the same amount of concentrated sample. As such, the representation of sub-sample for the whole zooplankton sample varies depending on the individual density in the sample collected from the field. If the degree of concentration of samples and the amount of subsample extraction are adjusted according to the collected individual density, it is believed that errors that occur when comparing the number of species and diversity indices among different water bodies can be minimized.

해양환경으로 유출된 침강 HNS에 대하여 환경영향 평가를 위한 사후 모니터링 수행은 다량의 오염 물질이 유출된 경우와 해 양 환경에 영구적 또는 장기적인 영향을 주는 경우에 특히 필요하다. 침강 HNS의 유출은 해저면에 혐기성 환경을 만들거나 지형과 해류 에 따라 이동하며 퇴적물에 섞기거나 흡착되고 또는 반응하여 오염물질을 방출하기도 한다. 이는 저서생태계와 관련된 해양환경에 영향 을 줄 수 있으며, 불용성 침강 HNS는 해양 환경에 지속적으로 존재할 수 있다. 침강 HNS 유출 후 사후 모니터링은 사례연구를 통해 첫째, 모델링을 통한 유출물질의 영향을 예측하고, 둘째 원격탐사 등을 이용한 유출지역의 탐색 및 오염물질 유무를 확인하며, 셋째 수계 및 퇴 적물 시료의 화학적 분석과 생물학적 분석을 통하여 해양환경을 평가하는 단계로 되어 있으며, 모니터링 결과는 복원(Restoration) 또는 피 해 및 보상 평가 등의 계획을 수립하는데 활용되고 있다. 또한 사후모니터링 조사항목 중 해양환경기준에 명시되어 있는 항목은 그 기준 을 적용하여 평가하는 것이 유출 사고 전과 후의 환경영향을 평가하는데 유용할 수 있다.

저층 침적 위험·유해물질(Hazardous and Noxious Substances)은 해저에 침적되는 위험·유해물질로 직접 및 광학 탐지 기법의 적용 이 어렵기 때문에 수중에서 효과적인 음향 탐지 기법 적용이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 저층 침적 위험·유해물질인 클로로폼(Chloroform)을 이용한 후방산란신호 측정 실험을 통해 저층 침적 위험·유해물질 음향 탐지 가능성을 확인하였다. 제작된 아크릴 수조 내에 지점토를 이 용하여 웅덩이를 만든 후 Pan&Tilt를 이용하여 수평입사각을 90°에서 50°까지 0.5° 간격으로 변화시켜가며 클로로폼 유무에 따른 후방산란 신호 측정이 수행되었다. 송수신기를 단상태로 주파수 200 kHz, 신호길이 25 인 정현파 신호를 이용하여 송수신하였으며, 클로로폼 유 무에 따른 후방산란신호를 측정하였다. 클로로폼이 침적된 경우 수평입사각 약 80°이하에서 물과 클로로폼 경계면에서의 후방산란신호 수신준위가 작아지는 것이 확인되었다. 물과 클로로폼 경계면에서의 후방산란신호 측정된 결과를 통해 저층 침적 위험·유해물질 음향 탐 지 가능성을 확인하였다.

This study investigated the changes in fruit quality characteristics and how they correlated with the storage conditions and storage period. The firmness of peaches stored in cold storage decreased rapidly after 14 days (13.0 N), but the firmness of peaches stored in CA storage remained high for 28 days (20.9 N). The titratable acidity of peaches stored in cold storage decreased rapidly from 0.23 to 0.26% after 21 days, but there was no change until 7 days for peaches stored in CA storage, and then it decreased to 0.23% after 28 days. The soluble solid content increased significantly as the storage period elapsed under cold storage, but there was no notable difference for CA storage. After 28 days of storage, the weight loss rate of peaches stored in CA storage(8%) was lower than peaches stored in cold storage( 23%). The was significant background color for peaches stored in cold storage after 7 days, and changed to a completely different color after 28 days of storage. As for the correlation between the quality characteristics of peach fruits stored at low temperatures, weight loss rate, sunny side ΔE value, background color lightness, background color redness, and ΔE value showed high correlations, and CA storage showed high correlations with weight loss rate and coloration. In conclusion, according to our study results, 'Kunika' peaches can be stored for 14 days in low-temperature storage and up to 28 days in CA storage, and it is thought that the weight loss rate, firmness, and coloration during storage can be used as factors for quality prediction.

Climate change due to global warming causes a rise in atmospheric air temperature to rise and extreme shift in precipitation patterns. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is widely known as one of the major cause of global warming and accounts for about 72% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture is more vulnerable to climate change than other industries. Many studies have been conducted to investigate how agroecosystems, both natural and controlled, will respond to the rising level of CO2. Studies on the responses of crops and agricultural environments to climate change are crucial in predicting changes in agro-ecosystems. Research facilities for various types of CO2 treatment have been developed. The representative research facilities are SAR (Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research), OTC (Open Top Chamber), FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment System), and TGC & CTGC (Temperature Gradient Chamber & CO2-Temperature Gradient Chamber). Therefore, this study reviewed research data and their application in agriculture.

In SRC column, the closed hoops are applied with the same detail of both 135° standard hooks to expect the same performance as hoops of RC columns. This standard detail is actually complicated to construct, thus, two separating rebars are connected in the form of a square shape and welded over the overlapping section. But this is also complicated in construction practice. Therefore, this study describes experimental results regarding cyclic behaviors shown with alternative hoops cramped by the steel clip type-binding device instead of welding and standard specimen. As a result of the experiment, the specimens with alternative hoops of the SRC column showed comparable performance to the specimens with closed hoops. Therefore, it can be evaluated that the alternative hoops applied with the rebar confinement clips in the SRC column can replace the closed hoop.

To predict the quality of Fuji apples, this study investigated the characteristics and correlations of their fruit quality according to storage method and storage period. Fuji apples were stored in cold storage at 0oC for 250 days with no treatment, with 1-MCP treatment, and under controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. According to the storage method, the weight loss was the lowest in the CA-treated group (3.43%) until 250 days, and the change in fruit firmness was the least in the 1-MCP group. The titratable acidity remained above 0.2% for 1-MCP and CA storage until 250 days and decreased to 0.1% for cold storage. The principal component analysis showed a difference in quality between the 1-MCP group, CA group, and cold storage group after 200 days of storage. Six types of volatile components were commonly detected in all storage methods, while three types of independent components with a low threshold were detected in 1-MCP. Weight loss, titrable acidity, and firmness were highly correlated with physicochemical quality, and CA storage was judged to be a long-term storage technology that satisfies consumers’ tastes by maintaining excellent flavor and quality.