본 논문에서는 빙하가 녹아 갈라져서 떠내려 온 새끼 펭귄이 다시 펭귄 무리로 되돌아가기 위 해서 길을 찾아 나서는 퍼즐 어드벤처 게임을 제안한다. 플레이어 40명의 로그 기록과 설문지 를 분석한 결과를 바탕으로 제안하는 게임의 특징을 살펴보고자 한다. 첫째, 제안하는 게임은 새끼 펭귄이 얼음 덩어리를 밀어서 길을 만들어 이동하는 직관적인 규칙을 제공한다. 로그 기 록에서 플레이 평균 시간은 19분이며, 이를 19개의 리스폰 지점으로 나누면, 구간별 플레이 평균시간은 1분이다. 설문에서 게임 목표 명확성은 4.45점, 게임 난이도는 4.16점을 받았다. 둘째, 제안하는 게임은 가마우지가 새끼 펭귄에게 도움말을 제시하는 등 유용한 정보를 친절 하게 제공한다. 전체 플레이 평균 시간은 baseline이 24분이고, kinder UI가 19분이다. kinder UI에서 새끼 펭귄이 얼음 덩어리를 덜 밀고, 게임 재시작을 덜 하고, 더 빨리 상호작 용하여, 문제를 빨리 해결한다. 설문에서 게임 스토리 이해는 4.15점, 유용한 정보는 4.45점을 받았다. 셋째, 제안하는 게임은 남극과 유사한 환경을 제공하여 몰입도를 상승시킨다. baseline에 비해서 kinder UI에서 다양한 게임 오브젝트와 더 적극적으로 상호작용을 시도하 고, 미션 완료 후 더 오랫동안 오로라를 지켜봤다. 설문에서 게임 캐릭터 선호도는 4.56점, 게 임 환경 만족도는 4.22점을 받았다.

자생식물은 관상용, 약용, 식량자원으로 활용될 수 있는 잠재력을 지닌 고유 유전자원이다. 돌부추(Allium koreanum H.J. Choi & B.U. Oh)는 우리나라 해안 암반지대에 분포하는 자생식물 중 하나로, 기후변화와 서식지 감 소로 인해 보전 가치가 높은 식물이다. 이번 연구는 온도와 과산화수소가 돌부추의 발아에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 종자를 무처리(대조군) 또는 1% 과산화수소(H2O2)로 90분간 처리한 종자를 준비해 15, 20, 25°C 로 설정된 식물 생장 챔버에 배치하였다. 그 결과, 파종 23일 후 15°C에서 42%인 발아율이 20°C와 25°C에서 각각 18%와 0%인 발아율보다 2배 이상 높았으며, H2O2 처리 여부와 관계없이 15°C에서 발아율이 42%로 가장 높았다. H2O2 처리와 관계없이 최종 발아율 50%(T50)에 도달하는 일수는 20°C에서 가장 짧았지만, 일평균 발아율(MDG)은 15°C에서 가장 높았다. 따라서 1%의 H2O2 처리는 돌부추의 발아율에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았으며, 15°C의 온도가 돌부추의 발아율을 높이는 데 최적인 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구 결과는 돌부추의 발아를 위한 기초 연구 자료로 활 용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Narcissus (Narcissus spp.) bulbs were used to investigate contagious viral retention in the dormant stage. The amplified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) bands were screened using universal potyvirus primers and sequenced to identify specific viruses. To identify individual viruses, primers for specific viruses were designed, and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was performed. The PCR fragments were sequenced and compared by phylogenetic analysis. Three potyviruses, cyrtanthus elatus virus A (CyEVA), narcissus yellow stripe virus (NYSV), and narcissus late season yellows virus (NLSYV) were singly or doubly detected in 18 samples from six cultivars of the 38 samples representing eight cultivars that were tested. Based on RT-PCR using specific primers, CyEVA was detected in the split corona daffodil cv. Orangery. NLSYV and NYSV frequently occurred as co-infections with each other in the double daffodil cv. Tahiti, and the N. cyclamineus daffodil cv. Tete-a-tete and cv. Tete Boucle. Results has shown that at least three potyviruses are present in imported Narcissus bulbs.

Bacterial phytopathogen Pectobacterium causes soft rot disease in several vegetable crops globally, resulting in heavy agricultural losses at both the pre and postharvest stages. The present work was carried out to screen Kimchi cabbage genetic resources conserved at the National Agrobiodiversity Center, Rural Development Administration, Korea, for resistance against the soft rot pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum KACC 21701 over a period of three years (from 2020 to 2022). Infection of the phytopathogen was carried out at four-leaf stage and for each accession, twenty-five plants per germplasm were infected with KACC 21701. Kimchi cabbage cultivars Wangmatbaechu, Seoulbaechu, and CR Kiyoshi were used as control. Seven-days post-infection, the Disease Index (DI) values were manually recorded from zero to four, zero matched perfectly heathy plants and four completely dead plants. The 682 accessions of Kimchi cabbage exhibited varying degrees of disease resistance to KACC 21701 and thirty accessions, exhibiting a DI≤2, were considered for replication studies. During the replication studies, four landrace germplasms (IT102883, IT120036, IT120044, and IT120048) and one cultivar (IT187919) were confirmed to be moderately susceptible to KACC 21701. Results of the preliminary screening as well as replication studies were documented for the all the 682 germplasms. Addition of such information to the passport data of stored germplasms might serve as potential bio-resource for future breeders and researchers to develop resistant varieties or study the mechanisms involved in resistance of plants to such phytopathogen.

본 실험은 영양번식계 사과배양묘의 규격묘 생산을 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 순화된 사과 M.9묘의 광질 영향이 생육과 광합성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 6주간 환경이 조절된 룸에서 재배하였다. 인공광원은 6처리[적색(R), 청색(B), 백색(W), RBUV(UV-A 함유된 R7B3), RBW(R3B1W1), SMF(고압나트륨+메탈할라이드+형광등)]이며 식물에 조사된 광량은 154±4μmol·m-2·s-1이였다. 사과 묘 생육 특성 반응은 3주와 6주 각각 인공광원에 따라 차이를 보였다. 사과 묘 초장이 3주에는 R, RBUV, RBW, SMF 광원에서 높았으나, 6주에는 R 광원에서 높았다. 묘경은 3주째는 처리 간 차이가 없었으나, 6주째는 RBUV, RBW 광원에서 높았으며, 엽수는 3주와 6주 모두 RBUV 광원에서 가장 많았다. 엽록소 함량 SPAD 값은 3주째는 B와 RBUV 광원과 광원에서 높았으나 6주째는 차이가 없었다. 초장을 기준으로 인공광원 처리기간 중 생장율은 R 광원에서 1.12mm/day로 가장 빨랐으며, RBUV 광원(0.95mm/day), RBW 광원 (0.86mm/day), SMF 광원 (0.76mm/day), W 광원 (0.69mm/day), B 광원(0.44mm/day) 순 이였다. 엽면적은 RBUV, RBW 광원에서 높았고, B 광원에서 낮았으며, 비엽면적은 W 광원에서 높았으며, 생체중과 건물중은 RBUV 광원에서 높았다. 처리 6주째 광합성율은 B 광원에서 가장 높았으며, R 광원에서 낮았고, 기공전도도와 증산율은 B와 W 광원에서 높았다. 따라서 순화된 기내 배양 사과 M.9묘의 초장, 묘경, 엽수, 생체중 등 생육을 위해서는 광파장 영역이 R, R+B가 혼합비율이 높았던 R, RBUV, RBW 광원이 적합하였다.

Insect peptides have been extensively studied due to beneficial effects in the treatment of infectious diseases. Melittin, a fundamental component of honeybee venom produced by European honeybee Apis mellifera, has applied to prevent various inflammatory disease and bacterial infections in human. However, the therapeutic application of melittin is limited due to its low stability, hemolytic activity and expensive manufacturing costs. In this study, we aimed to discovery unknown peptides from the Apis mellifera and evaluate its antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli KACC 10005. A total 15,853 peptide sequences were diciphered using Illumina HiSeq 2500 next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform and analyzed based on the Apis mellifera official Gene Set Version 3.2 (amel_OGSv3.2) and the Collection of Anti-Microbial Peptides (CAMPR3) database. All the peptide sequences and annotation data sets were combined and sorted by physicochemical features of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as short peptide length <=50, positive charge, isoelectric point (8.0<=pl<=12), and aggregation propensity (in-vitro: <=500, in-vivo: –40<= Na4vSS <=60). Among the screened peptides, four unknown peptide candidates, named AMP1-4, were chemically synthesized and tested for antimicrobial activity in comparison with a reference peptide, melittin. Inhibition of bacterial growth was observed in the AMP4 treated group from 6 hours to 48 hours post-treatment against E. coli. These results suggest that honeybee-derived peptide sequences can be applied as natural resources to acquire novel AMPs and the peptide sequences derived parameters are enough to recognize antibacterial peptides. In addition, the selected novel peptide candidate, AMP4, has antibacterial activity.

The hypopharyngeal gland (HPG) of the honeybee worker produces royal jelly (RJ) and has a developmental cycle closely related to the division of labor. In this study, we investigated to compare the HPG acini diameter of differently aged worker bees with high royal jelly producing colony (HRC) or less producing colony (LRC). Additionally, we also evaluated whether the fresh weight of the head is a reliable indicator of the developmental status of HPG. The HRC showed a significantly higher RJ production about two-times as compared with those of the LRC. We measured the HG-diameters on days 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15. The microscopic analysis revealed that the acini size of the HRC was significantly larger than the LRC. In addition, the acini diameter of HRC was 15% longer than the LRC on the first day after emerging. It was shown that the fastest development during 3 days which is preparing for nurse the brood. The HPG acini diameters increased in both colonies in a similar fashion until day 12 and then decreased. We also compared the fresh head weight of the experimental colonies, differences were similar to the development of HPG. Therefore, high royal jelly production may have a positive correlation between HPG acini size and the fresh head weight.

Edible biopolymer films were developed from the exopolysaccharides (EPS) extracted from Weissella confusa 113-2. The optimum composition for film formation was determined using the response surface analysis with the explanatory variables of the EPS (0.5-5.5%) and glycerol (0.5-5.5%) concentrations and the response variable of film elastic modulus (EM). The mass ratio of distilled water to solids was set constant (14:1). Tensile strength (TS), percentage elongation at break (%E), EM, water vapor permeability (WVP) of EPS films were evaluated. The glass transition temperatures of the films were also determined by a dynamic mechanical analysis. The optimum mass ratio of EPS to glycerol was 0.754:0.375. The WVP, TS, %E, and EM of the film under the optimal composition were 3.53±0.21 g·mm/kPa·h·m2, 7.03±0.49 MPa, 84.82±12.31%, and 62.03±6.93 MPa, respectively. The glass transition temperature varied from 54 to 83 °C. The EPS film has the potential to be applied to food products as an edible film with physical and barrier properties comparable to other biopolymer edible films.

Porcine spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) prefer three-dimensional (3D) culture systems to 2D ones for the maintenance of self-renewal. Of the many 3D culture systems, agar-based hydrogels are candidates for supporting porcine SSC self-renewal, and there are various types of agar powder that can be used. In this study, we sought to identify an agar-based 3D hydrogel system that exhibited strong efficacy in the maintenance of porcine SSC self-renewal. First, 3D hydrogels with different mechanics were prepared with various concentrations of Bacto agar, lysogeny broth (LB) agar, and agarose powder, and the 3D hydrogel with the strongest alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and greatest increase in colony size was identified for the different types of agar powder. Second, among the porcine SSCs cultured in the different 3D hydrogels, we analyzed the colony formation, morphology, and size; AP activity; and transcription and translation of porcine SSC-related genes, and these were compared to determine the optimal 3D hydrogel system for the maintenance of porcine SSC self-renewal. We found that 0.6% (w/v) Bacto agar-, 1% (w/v) LB agar-, and 0.2% (w/v) agarose-based 3D hydrogels showed the strongest maintenance of AP activity and the most pronounced increase in colony size in the culture of porcine SSCs. Moreover, among these hydrogels, the strongest transcription and translation of porcine SSC-related genes and largest colony size were detected in porcine SSCs cultured in the 0.2% (w/v) agarose-based 3D hydrogel, whereas there were no significant differences in colony formation and morphology. These results demonstrate that the 0.2% (w/v) agarose-based 3D hydrogel can be effectively used for the maintenance of porcine SSC self-renewal.

The organic light-emitting diodes are fabricated with six anthracene derivatives containing simple substituents such as phenyl or naphthyl group. The device structure is as in the following: Indium tin oxide (ITO) (180 nm)/4,4-4,4`,4``-tris[N-(1-naphthyl)-Nphenylamino] triphenylamine (2-TNATA) (30 nm)/4,4`-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-1-amino] biphenyl (NPB) (20 nm)/Emitting compound (30 nm)/2,2′,2"- (1,3,5-Benzinetriyl)-tris (1-phenyl-1-H–benz-imidazole) TPBi (40 nm)/lithium quinolate (Liq) (2 nm)/Al (100 nm). In the emitting layer the anthracene derivatives are used without any dopant. All the six devices show blue emissions. Among the tested diodes, the one with 9-(2-naphthyl)-10-(p-tolyl) anthracene (2-NTA) exhibited luminous efficiency, power and external quantum efficiencies of 3.26 cd/A, 0.98 lm/A, 2.8 % at 20 mA/cm .

Ixodid ticks are notorious as the vector of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in Korea. To confirm the transovarial transmission of SFTSV, we collected blood-fed adult ticks from animals in SFTS case reported area of Jeju island in 2015. A total of 476 ticks were collected from four host animal species, horse (81.3%), dog (9.0%), roe deer (7.1%) and wild boar (2.5%). They were identified as 1 genus and 2 species, Haemaphysalis longicornis (87.8%) and H. flava (12.2%). Among them, 131 adults hatched their eggs successfully. The body weight of females was highly correlated with the number of egg masses laid (P < 0.05). We confirmed that one adult H. flava was infected with SFTSV and its infection rate was 0.77%. The eggs of the SFTSV-infected adults also were infected with SFTSV and its transovarial transmission was confirmed. This result suggests that the parent generation of H. flava could transmit SFTSV transovarially into their F1 progeny and H. flava might be one of major vectors of SFTSV in Korea.