요즘 건물 내에서의 생활이 많아진 현대인에게 실내공기의 질은 매우 중요한 개념이고, 새롭게 생각을 해 보아야 하는 문제이다. 실내공기의 질은 실내공기의 온도, 습도 등으로 결정이 된다. 그리고 실내공기 개선을 위해서는 에너지 소비 가 심하다는 단점이 있다. 그리하여, 전열교환을 이용하여 이러한 문제를 해결하려는 방법에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 전열교환 분리막 적용을 위하여, poly(styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) 고분자에 친수성 치환기 인 암모늄을 도입하여 아민화된 SEBS 고분자를 합성하였고, 합성고분자에 대한 특성평가를 진행하였다. 암모늄을 도입하기 위하여 클로로메틸화 반응과 아민화 반응을 통하여 합성을 진행하였다. 결과적으로 합성고분자는 반응용제의 함량이 높아질 수록 함수율, 이온교환용량이 증가하였고, 전열교환 분리막에서 중요한 투습도 또한 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다.

In this study, we investigated the quality characteristics and optimum conditions of porridge containing rice incubated with Phellinus linteus mycelium (PLMR). Composition measurements of PLMR were moisture 13.05%, ash 0.88%, carbohydrate 78.65%, crude protein 6.29%, and crude lipid 1.13%, also glutinous rice composition was moisture 13.99%, ash 0.32%, carbohydrate 77.18%, crude protein 7.85%, and crude lipid 0.66%. The water absorption rate of PLMR increased with increasing soaking time during 6 hours. However, the water absorption rate of glutinous rice increased until 30 minutes of soaking time. The pH of porridge was decreased as PLMR contents increased. The viscosity of porridge was increased as PLMR contents increased, and it was the lowest for the control at 914.77 cP. However, spreadability of porridge was decreased as PLMR contents increased. In terms of color, lightness was the highest for the 50% level, redness was the highest for the 75% level, and yellowness was the highest for the 25% level. In terms of textural characteristics, hardness and fracturability were increased as PLMR contents increased, whereas springiness, cohesiveness and resilience showed reverse results. In terms of consumer acceptance, flavor, appearance, viscosity, delicate taste, and overall acceptability were not significantly different between samples. Hot taste was decreased as PLMR contents increased, whereas grittiness showed reverse results. In conclusion, the results indicate that adding 25~50% PLMR to porridge is optimal for a recipe.

위암의 전이는 주로 혈행성 전파, 림프절을 통한 전이, 주위 장기를 통한 직접 침윤과 복강내 파종을 통해 이루어지며 장 기로는 주로 간, 폐, 뼈로 전이가 된다고 알려져 있다. 위암의 담낭 전이는 흔하지 않고 예후가 좋지 않으며 담낭염으로 발현한 경우 더 예후가 나쁘다고 알려져 있다. 본 저자들은 위암 의 담낭으로의 전이와 담낭염이 동반된 증례를 경험하여 보고 하는 바이다.

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, is a globally distributed and important economic pest. Chemical control is the primary approach to regulate populations of this pest. Chlorantraniliprole is the first commercial insecticide that belongs to the new chemical class of diamide insecticides. In this study, the resistant strain was observed 1578-fold resistance to chlorantraniliprole. Point mutation (G4946E) in ryanodine receptor (RyR) showed a high frequency. Enzyme assays indicated that glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the resistant strain was 2.4 times higher compared with the susceptible strain, whereas no difference was seen for P450 and esterase. In addition, the expression of two GSTs genes was up-regulated. These findings pave the way for the complete understanding of the mechanisms of diamide insecticides resistance in insects.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of music therapy and ball exercise on women experiencing menstrual discomforts, thereby identifying the validity of these methods as interventions against menstrual discomforts, with a particular goal of presenting basic data for clinical use. Twenty university students in their 20s were assigned to two therapy groups in a sequence via simple random sampling; ten subjects attended a ball exercise combined with music therapy group and the other ten subjects attended a music therapy group. Ball exercises were conducted 3 times per week for a total of 12 times, starting from 3 weeks before the expected first day of the menstrual period and ending on the last day of the menstrual period. Similarly, the subjects participated in music therapy by listening to music for 35 minutes per session and 3 sessions per week, starting from 3 weeks before the expected first day of the menstrual period and ending on the last day of the menstrual period. Five out of six categories of menstrual discomforts were significantly decreased in both music therapy and ball exercise, the exception being changes in the autonomic nervous system, while those in the music therapy group showed a significant difference only in the category of behavioral changes. The results of the present study demonstrate that the ball exercise combined with music therapy more effective in improving menstrual discomforts than the music therapy group.

The role of oral corrective feedback (CF) in second language (L2) learning has been extensively investigated. However, little attention has been given to the relationship between different types of CF and explicit/implicit L2 knowledge. For this reason, the present study explored the effects of recasts and metalinguistic feedback on the development of explicit and implicit knowledge of the English articles. Sixty-three university students enrolled in intermediate Communication English classes participated, and they were assigned into a metalinguistic group, a recast group, and a control group. While the students engaged in meaning-based activities (i.e., retelling stories), the feedback groups received respective CF on the errors of English articles and the control group did not receive any feedback. Untimed grammatical judgement tests were employed to measure the students’ improvement of explicit knowledge and elicitation oral imitation tests were used to examine their gains of implicit knowledge. The study found that both recasts and metalinguistic feedback equally facilitated the development of explicit knowledge over time. However, they were not as effective as in the improvement of implicit knowledge, showing a short-term effect on the development.

Despite the increasing interest in noticing by second language (L2) learners during the output process, little attention has been given to child L2 learners’ noticing and output. Thus, the present study investigated what child L2 learners of different English proficiency levels noticed as they composed a text and received written corrective feedback (WCF) (error correction vs. models), and how they incorporated the noticed features into their revised texts. Data were collected from twenty-six child pairs throughout three stages (composition, comparison, and revision stages) and note-taking was employed as a means of measuring learner noticing. It was found that learners were able to initiate noticing on their own when composing texts, and that highproficiency learners tended to attend to grammatical problems more frequently than medium/low-proficiency learners. WCF played a facilitative role in leading learners to notice, and their attention to language was mediated differently by different types of WCF. Learners incorporated the noticed features into their revisions, and textual revisions were mostly lexical. Error correction (EC) triggered more grammatical revisions, while the model text helped learners to notice something beyond what they could produce on their own. These findings suggest a facilitative role for output and WCF as a means of learner noticing, and the different roles of EC and model texts.

The effects of ultrasound and enzyme treatments on reducing sugar production from Korean 6-row barley Dahyang during the mashing process of brewing were studied. The concentration of reducing sugar produced by the traditional method was 41.5 mg/mL. The treatment of both the ultrasound at 400 W and amyloglucosidase (0.1 U/mL) increased the reducing sugar concentration produced in the mashing process by 15% compared to the traditional method. In addition, both treatments reduced the total mashing time from 115 min to 70 min. The combination of ultrasound and amyloglucosidase treatment increased the reducing sugar production yield by 17% during mashing, in comparison with the traditional method.

Task-based language instruction has been increasingly promoted in second language (L2) classrooms under the assumption that it can provide an ultimate condition for L2 learning when combined with form-focused interventions such as teacher corrective feedback (CF). The present research investigated the amount, type, and learner uptake of teacher CF in relation to the following task-related variables: (1) task vs. nontask work, (2) focused vs. unfocused tasks, and (3) open vs. closed tasks. Data were collected from 8 intermediate adult EFL classrooms. It was found that the amount of teacher CF provided during tasks versus nontasks and focused versus unfocused tasks was not significantly different. However, the teachers used different strategies depending on the focus of tasks. The study did not relate the matter of open versus closed tasks to the amount and types of teacher CF. When considering learner uptake, the study found that the teachers tended to offer more uptake opportunities during relatively form-oriented activities, and the learners’ uptake was more successful when they were working in relatively form-oriented activities compared to the cases where they were in meaning-based activities. Learner uptake was not associated with whether or not tasks were open and closed.

This study was conducted in order to examine relationship between stroke patients' degree of satisfaction with leisure and quality of life according to their leisure activity types and whether they conducted leisure activities. A direct survey was performed from April 8 to May 3, 2013 on 92 inpatients and outpatients who received occupational therapy at hospitals located in Jeonju and Gunsan. A frequency analysis was carried out in order to look at the general characteristics of the subjects, their degree of participation in leisure activities, and their degree of satisfaction with leisure activities. A Pearson's coefficient was used to examine relationship between their degree of satisfaction and quality of life according to participation in leisure activities. Their degree of satisfaction according to participation in leisure activities was significantly higher when they took part in leisure activities such as handicraft activities, sports activities, or travel or tourism activities than when they did not perform any leisure activities. Their quality of life according to participation in leisure activities was higher when they conducted sports activities, outing activities, or tourism activities than when they did not. There was significant correlation between their degree of satisfaction with leisure and quality of life according to leisure activities.

The legume family (Fabaceae) is the third largest family of flowering plants worldwide and often damaged by stink bugs, particularly Riptortus clavatus Thunberg (Heteroptera: Alydidae). This insect selectively feeds and oviposits on these plants, resulting in >50% of damage to soybeans harvested in autumn. The most common control methods for this insect are periodic application of chemical pesticides, pheromone traps, and bait crops, but still they encounters residual problem, insect resistance or low control efficacy. The current management system needs alternative control methods, which possibly combined with the present methods. Some entomopathogenic fungi have high virulence against the nymphs and adults of R. clavatus in a favorable conditions, reaching ∼80% mortality with mycosis in 3∼5 days. The genera of Beauveria and Metarhizium are possible control agents for effective and safe management of the serious pest. Fungal infection in R. clavatus was observed using an egfp-expressing fungal transformant. Thermotolerant entomopathogenic fungal conidia can be produced in cereal substrates, which enables conidia to be stable for long times. Our considerations need to be given to the combinations with other control methods, such as chemical pesticides or pheromone trap.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of auditory biofeedback training and kicking training on walking times in patients with hemiplegia to determine if the effects of such training would be maintained even after stopping the intervention. Thirty hemiplegia patients were selected and randomly assigned to a control group of 10 patients to receive general exercise treatment; an auditory biofeedback training group of 10 patients to receive auditory biofeedback training, along with general exercise; and a kicking training group to receive kicking training, along with general exercise. All the patients received their respective training 12 times in total, three times per week for four weeks. In addition, all those in the control and experimental groups received the same general exercise treatment 12 times in total, three times per week for four weeks, and underwent follow-up tests thereafter. The patients’10m walking times were measured using a stopwatch. The significance was analyzed using repeated-ANOVAs. In cases where there were interactions between measuring times and groups, in each group were examined using repeated-ANOVAs. In cases where there were differences, post-hoc tests were conducted using repeated of contrast test. The 10m walking times of the control and experimental groups were significant differences in 10m walking times were shown between measurement times(p<.05), and significant differences in the interactions between measuring times and groups were shown between the groups(p <.05). However, no significant differences in 10m walking times were shown between the groups(p>.05). The auditory biofeedback training group showed significant decreases in walking times four weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05) and significant increases eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05). The kicking training group showed significant decreases in walking time four weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05) and maintained the walking times without showing any significant differences eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p>.05). The walking speeds of only the kicking training group were maintained until eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of auditory biofeedback training and kicking training on walking times in patients with hemiplegia to determine if the effects of such training would be maintained even after stopping the intervention. Thirty hemiplegia patients were selected and randomly assigned to a control group of 10 patients to receive general exercise treatment; an auditory biofeedback training group of 10 patients to receive auditory biofeedback training, along with general exercise; and a kicking training group to receive kicking training, along with general exercise. All the patients received their respective training 12 times in total, three times per week for four weeks. In addition, all those in the control and experimental groups received the same general exercise treatment 12 times in total, three times per week for four weeks, and underwent follow-up tests thereafter. The patients’10m walking times were measured using a stopwatch. The significance was analyzed using repeated-ANOVAs. In cases where there were interactions between measuring times and groups, in each group were examined using repeated-ANOVAs. In cases where there were differences, post-hoc tests were conducted using repeated of contrast test. The 10m walking times of the control and experimental groups were significant differences in 10m walking times were shown between measurement times(p<.05), and significant differences in the interactions between measuring times and groups were shown between the groups(p <.05). However, no significant differences in 10m walking times were shown between the groups(p>.05). The auditory biofeedback training group showed significant decreases in walking times four weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05) and significant increases eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05). The kicking training group showed significant decreases in walking time four weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05) and maintained the walking times without showing any significant differences eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p>.05). The walking speeds of only the kicking training group were maintained until eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention.

As a replication study of Hanaoka and Izumi (2012), the present research investigated the process of learners’ noticing of problems in their interlanguage (IL) while they were producing the second language (L2) and their process of relevant input provided in the form of two types of feedback (i.e., reformulation and a model text) in L2 writing. The data were collected from twenty-five university students in Korea, and they engaged in a four-staged picture description task consisting of the writing stage (Stage 1), the comparison stage (Stage 2), the immediate revision stage (Stage 3), and the delayed revision stage (Stage 4). It was found that output triggered learners’ noticing of problems; however, the problems did not always show up overtly in their writing. Some problems were manifested in writing (i.e., overt problems), while some were hidden (i.e., covert problems). A model text and reformulation played somewhat different roles in offering the solutions to the problems: a model text provided more solutions to covert problems while reformulation provided more solutions to overt problems. And, the extent of learners’ noticing was associated with the types of problems (overt vs. covert problems) and feedback (i.e., models vs. reformulation). However, the types of problems and feedback were not related to the rate of incorporation of feedback into subsequent writing.

The fact that flip-flops, one of many different types of unstable shoes, are light and relatively easy to put on, accounts for their popularity among people. But because flip-flops rely heavily on the support of a single thong between your first and second toes, they impose a huge amount of pressure onto lower leg. Thus in the following experiment we tried to examine the different effects of flip-flops and running shoes in terms of their effect on muscle activity and fatigue of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius during walking. In order to measure an electromyogram we used Free EMG system. 10 men and 10 women in running shoes ran on treadmills for 15 minutes at 4.8km/h, 2 days later the same experiment was carried out, but this time, in flip-flops. p value turned out to be greater than .05 and thus there was no considerable difference between the effects of flip-flops and running shoes on muscle activity and fatigue during walking. Therefore we conclude that despite the fact that flip-flops are considered unstable, their effects on muscle activity and fatigue of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius are negligible.

Despite a growing interest in the role of written corrective feedback (CF) in L2development, not enough research has examined how learners actually process and understand linguistic information delivered in CF. Acknowledging the importance and necessity of process-oriented research into written CF, the present study investigated the extent to which Korean learners of English understood written CF they received from the teacher in writing classes. In addition, the study looked into whether the presence and quality of understanding of CF was related to learners’immediate uptake and retention of CF. Two intact writing classes and one native English teacher participated in the present research. The study found that a third of CF targeting grammar errors and a half of CF targeting vocabulary errors were correctly understood. The quality of the learners’ understanding of CF was closely related to their immediate uptake in terms of grammar but not in vocabulary; and the quality of their understanding was strongly related to retention in grammar and vocabulary.

본 연구는 6조 보리를 이용하여 양조한 맥주의 발효 중여러 특성의 변화를 측정하여 6조 보리 맥주의 제품 가능성을 확인해 보았다. 실험은 2조 보리 1종과 6조 보리4종을 이용하여 제맥, 당화, 발효 공정을 통해 맥주를 제조하였으며, 제조 공정 중 발효 특성의 변화를 확인하였다. 발효 특성 항목으로 효모의 생육, 비중, 색도, 거품 안정성,free amino acid, 13개의 관능 속성 변화를 측정하였고, 최종 제품인 맥주의 알코올 함량, 쓴맛, 탁도, diacetyl을 측정하였다. 결과적으로 6조 보리인 다향이 2조 보리인 진양과 발효 kinetics 특성이 가장 유사하게 나타나 맥주 제조에 적합한 것으로 나타났다.

This study aims to address the effect of interferential current therapy and thereby to provide basic resources to physical therapies for internal medicine by identifying symptoms for functional dyspepsia and serum gastrin level that shows gastric motility. Following results were obtained by performing interferential current therapy to 16 subjects composed of 8 for functional dyspepsia group and 8 for control group for 20 minutes a day, 3 days a week, for 6 weeks. In control group, serum gastrin level was significantly( p<.01), lowered after the therapy whereas there was no significant difference observed in all questions from questionnaire for symptoms of functional dyspepsia between before and after the therapy. In functional dyspepsia group, serum gastrin level was significantly(p<.01), lowered after the therapy and there was also significant(p<.01) reduction in every question from questionnaire for symptoms of functional dyspepsia between before and after the therapy. There was more significant decrease in serum gastrin level and reduction in questionnaire for symptoms of functional dyspepsia in the functional dyspepsia group compared to the control group(p<.01). This study confirms the interferential current therapy as an effective therapeutic method for internal diseases including functional dyspepsia since it not only improves the symptoms of functional dyspepsia but also allows the gastric motility close to normal.

Recasts have been at the center of much di scussion in the field of second language acquisition (SLA) and a great deal of research has explored the effects of recasts on second language (L2) learning. However, there are st ill many issues and questions left to be answered. As a means of responding to these needs, the current study investigated the effectiveness of recasts in the accuracy development of child EFL learners in their use of past verb forms in English. The effectiveness of recasts was examined in relation to the type of past verbs (i.e., regular vs. irregular verbs) and the degree of exp licitness of recasts (i .e., implicit recasts vs. explicit recasts). Six elementary school students participated in the study and data were collected through a time-series design for 6 weeks. The analyses of the data showed that recasts were effective in enhancing the learners' accuracy in the use of both regular and irregular verbs. The learners benefited more from explicit recasts than implicit recasts in developing the accuracy of past verbs. However, improving the accuracy of regu lar verbs was more susceptible to explicit recasts than implicit recasts, while there was no significant difference in the gains of accuracy of irregular verbs in relation to the type of recasts.