Since rice is the main food in Korea, there are no regulations on corn milling yet. Corn is known as one of the world's top three food crops along with wheat and rice, and it is known that 3.5 billion people worldwide use corn for food. In addition, corn mills are not developed or sold in Korea, but the use of corn mills is increasing significantly in many countries in Southeast Asia. In the Philippines, as Korea's rice mill import increases, Korea's KAMICO (Korea Agricultural Machinery Industry Cooperative) and domestic company A agreed to develop a corn mill jointly with PHilMech, an organization affiliated with the Philippine Ministry of Agriculture. However, research on corn milling was very insignificant, so the development was carried out based on the technology of Korea's rice mill. Rice milling is performed by peeling off the skin of rice and producing brown or white rice, so it is carried out by removing the skin and cutting the skin. On the other hand, in the corn mill, the skin of the corn is peeled, pulverized and selected to produce main products suitable for edible use. Therefore, in order to develop a corn mill, processes such as peeling, transfer, grinding, sorting, and by-product separation are required, and suitable parts must be developed. In addition, the performance must be gradually improved through experiments in which corn is repeatedly milled. The Philippines produces 7.98 million tons/year of corn, which is about 100 times that of Korea, and is mostly consumed as a staple food. This is about 10% of the total crop production in the Philippines. In addition, the main cultivation complexes of corn are the mountainous regions of Tarlac or Pangasinan, and the produced corn is 72.4% of the so-called yellow corn called Arabel and Sarangani, and the remaining 27.6% are known as white corn. In this study, it was intended to produce grains of 2.5 mm or less suitable for food for yellow corn and to develop a corn mill for 200 kg per hour. Detailed conditions for development are stipulated as more than 55% of the main product recovery rate, more than 31% of the by-product recovery rate, less than 5% of the raw material loss rate, and more than 80% of the embryo dislocation rate. In this study, to achieve this, the overall process of the corn mill was developed, and the optimal conditions for the corn mill were obtained through the development of parts and empirical tests to improve performance. In addition, it was intended to achieve the development goal by evaluating and analyzing the performance of each part so that it did not conflict.

In this study, we conducted a survey on odor characteristics of single odor and collective odor facilities using the German olfactory odor method and carried out the odor frequency modeling. The influence of the odor from a sewage treatment plant, which is a single discharge facility, was strong in the eastern and northern parts of the plant and appeared to be in good agreement with the areas where the odor complaints were frequent. The German olfactory method reflects the odor complaints and odor occurrence characteristics of the receptors as compared with the domestic odor measurement method. The influence of the odor from the odor control area, which is a collecting and discharging facility, showed a tendency in which the sum of the odor occurrence frequency increased with the proximity of the odor discharge facility to the dense industrial complex. Furthermore, it was judged that it is not easy to extract the odor frequency results for individual facilities because the survey subject is the group discharge facility area. Therefore, it will be necessary to introduce a method to manage odor in the future. In this study, the measurement of odor frequency using the German olfactory odor method is partially applied to some odor sources. Appropriately, it is not applicable to various emission sources. However, the odor measurement method based on odor occurrence frequency and odor sensory can be used for investigation of the actual condition, permits of odor discharge facilities and the environmental review.

The purpose of our study was to determine the effect of Maitland orthopedic manual therapy, Silver Spike Point, dietary fiber and gymnastic exercise on the improvement of constipation. Forty patients with constipation participated in the study (Maitland Orthopedic Manual Therapy Group(n=10), Silver Spike Point Therapy Group(n=10), Dietary Fiber Group(n=10) and Gymnastics Exercise Group(n=10)). The assessment scale and weekly bowel frequency were measured before and after the experiment. Assessment scale was significantly increased in Silver Spike Point Therapy, Maitland orthopedic therapy, gymnastic exercise compare to dietary fiber. Weekly bowel frequency was significantly increased in gymnastic exercise compared to dietary fiber. The results of this study suggest that Silver Spike Point Therapy, Maitland orthopedic therapy, gymnastic exercise improve the symptom in patients with constipation.

The development of nanostructured functional materials derived from biomass and/or waste is of growing importance for creating sustainable energy-storage systems. In this study, nanoporous carbonaceous materials containing numerous heteroatoms were fabricated from waste coffee grounds using a top-down process via simple heating with KOH. The nanoporous carbon nanosheets exhibited notable material properties such as high specific surface area (1960.1 m2 g–1), numerous redox-active heteroatoms (16.1 at% oxygen, 2.7 at% nitrogen, and 1.6 at% sulfur), and high aspect ratios (>100). These unique properties led to good electrochemical performance as supercapacitor electrodes. A specific capacitance of ~438.5 F g–1 was achieved at a scan rate of 2 mV s–1, and a capacitance of 176 F g–1 was maintained at a fast scan rate of 100 mV s–1. Furthermore, cyclic stability was achieved for over 2000 cycles.

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson)(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), has known as a key pest of blueberries in the southeastern United States, Europe and Canada. It can cause considerable damage to developing blueberry flower buds and also injure vegetative growth by distorting and blackening shoot tips. Similar symptoms of damage, which mighty be caused by D. oxycoccana, have been investigated on blueberry plants(damage rate: 20~80% of total shoot tips), Vaccinium spp., in Hwaseong-si of Gyounggi-do in 2010. And, followed by an investigation on the occurrences of D. oxycoccana and its damages in 2010~2012. We emphasize caution concerning the possibilities that D. oxycoccana could infest flower buds and shoot on blueberries and developed monitoring methods and environment-friendly management strategies for D. oxycoccana on buleberry.

Background : Kalopanacis Cortex (海桐皮) is listed in「The Korea Pharmacopoeia (KP)」as the original plant of Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz. However, the dried cortex of Erythrina eariegata L (刺桐) is an adulterant, one of the most indiscriminately used herbal medicines because of its similar morphologic. Due to the morphological similarities of the dried cortex of this plant to those of K. septemlobus which is used as a substitute herbal for E. eariegata, distinguish these two species is extremely difficult. Meanwhile, K. septemlobus is a polymorphic species, its morphological characteristics showed great diversity due to the different geographical and environmental factors. For this reason, it is conducted to develop molecular markers to distinguishing these K. septemlobus with E. eariegata by using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods and Results : In this study, In order to clearly identify origin of K. septemlobus, E. eariegata was analyzed from four barcode regions of chloroplast DNA (psbA-trnH, rbcL, matK, atpH-atpF) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS2) to evaluate the ability of discrimination for each barcode region. The present study aimed to analyze the percent of variable sites were provided the highest ITS2 (2.3%) followed by rbcL (8.2%), in oder to develop a species-specific primer that can distinguish K. septemlobus form E. eariegata. Conclusion : The INDEL markers were developed based on the divergence of each sequence, and it is possible now to identify the two species of K. septemlobus with just a single performance of PCR. This will not only prevent misused of the plant, but also to maintain the quality of the herbal medicine as well as to verify and guarantee safety for public health.

Background : In the KHP (the Korea Herbal Pharmacopoeia), the Cuscutae Semen (菟絲子) is defined as the seed of the Cuscuta chinensis Lamark (family: Convolvulaceae). Using authentic raw herbal materials is fundamental to herbal medicine quality and Cuscutae Semen is widely distributed in many asian countries. Due to having tiny bodies of seeds, it is extremely difficult to differentiate them from adulterants and closely related species by morphologic characteristics, leading to serious safety problems. For this reason, there was conducted to develop molecular markers to distinguishing these Cuscuta chinensis with Cuscuta japonica and Cuscuta pentagona by using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Method and Results : In this study we developed a clearly and efficient method to identify Cuscutae Semen on the market. These samples (C. chinensis, C. japonica and C. pentagona) were analyzed from two barcode regions of chloroplast DNA (rbcL, psbA-trnH) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS2). Based on genetic distance, the precent of variable sites were provided the highest psbA-trnH value (38.7%), followed by ITS2 (23.4%), rbcL (9.9%), in order to develop a specific primer that can distinguish C. chinensis, C. japonica and C. pentagona. Conclusion : From the above results, DNA barcoding was proved to be a successful tool for authentication the three species of Cuscutae semen. The adoption of DNA barcoding as an authentication tool by food safety agencies can safeguard the interests of both consumers and traders.

Background : Curcumae Longae Rhizoma (薑黃) is listed in「The Korea Pharmacopoeia (K P)」as the original plant of Curcuma longa L (Zingiberaceae). Meanwhile, Zeodariae Rhizoma (莪朮) is listed in 「The Korea Pharmacopoeia (KP)」as the original plant of C. phaeocaulis, C. aromatica and C. Kwangsiensi (Zingiberaceae). Due to the morphological similarities of the dried roots of this plant to those of C. phaeocaulis, C. aromatica and C. Kwangsiensis which is used as a substitute herbal for C.longa, distinguish these four species is extremely difficult. Methods and Results : A total of 90 collected samples were used in this study, In order to clearly distinguish of Curcumae Longae Rhizoma and Zeodariae Rhizoma were analysis based on sequence of the chloroplast DNA (trnK, rbcL, trnL-F, atpB-rbcL) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS2). The present study aimed to analyze the percent of variable sites were provided the highest trnK (2.3%), in oder to develop a species-specific primer that can distinguish C.longa form C. phaeocaulis, C. aromatica and C. Kwangsiensis. In addition, the complete chloroplast genome of C. longa were sequenced by a 454 sequencing platform, and the structure of the obtained chloroplast genome was also analyzed. the result used that INDEL (insertion/deletion) marker for distinguish C.longa form C. phaeocaulis, C. aromatica and C. Kwangsiensis. Conclusion : The INDEL markers were developed based on the divergence of each sequence, and it is possible now to identify the four species of Curcumae Longae Rhizoma with just a single performance of PCR. This will not only prevent misused of the plant, but also to maintain the quality of the herbal medicine as well as to verify and guarantee safety for public health.

Background : Chrysanthemi Indici Flos (甘菊) is listed in 「The Korea Herbal Pharmacopoeia (KHP)」as the original plant of Chrysanthemum indicum L. C. indicum was one of the most representative medicinal plants in Asteraceae, Dried flowers of this plant have been valid chemical composition such as flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides, possessing broad spectrum antibacterial, antiviral, antihypertensive and anti-oxidation functions. Meanwhile, C. indicum was a polymorphic species, its morphological characteristics showed great diversity due to the different geographical and environmental factors. For this reason, there was conducted to develop molecular markers to distinguishing these C. indicum with C. morifolium, C. zawadskii var. latilobum and Aster spathulifolius by using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods and Results : In this study, In order to clearly identify origin of Chrysanthemi Indici Flos, these samples (C. indicum, C. morifolium, C. zawadskii var. latilobum and A. spathulifolius) were analyzed from five barcoding regions of chloroplast DNA (rbcL, matK, rpoB, atpF-atpH) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS2) to evaluate the ability of discrimination for each barcoding region. Based on genetic distance, the percent of variable sites were provided the highest ITS2 value (56.9%), followed by atpF-atpH (48.18%), matK (27.2%), psbK (8.2%), and rbcL (2.9%). Comparative analysis based on the complete genome sequence of the petL-petG region INDEL (insertion/deletion) that the gene annotations were registered to the GenBank (accession number: JN-867592.1, NC-020092.1, MF-034027.1, NF-279514.1). Conclusion : From the above results, we may suggest that the petL-petG region INDEL analysis were conducted for molecular authentication of four plants (C. indicum, C. morifolium, C. zawadskii var. latilobum and A. spathulifolius). The findings of results indicated that petL-petG region might be established INDEL analysis systems and hence were proved to be an effective tools for molecular evaluation and comparison of “Chrysanthemi Indici Flos” with other plants.