Buckwheat leaves have the best antioxidant properties, including flavonoids, rutin, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging ability compared to common buckwheat and tartary buckwheat. The total dietary fiber content of the powder extracted by mixing buckwheat leaves and sea tangle was 30.5%. To manufacture bread containing mixed buckwheat flour, 10, 20, and 30% buckwheat flour was mixed in to produce buckwheat bread. The bread’s characteristics underwent significant changes with varying levels of buckwheat flour. As the buckwheat content increased, the size of the bread decreased, but its hardness, gumminess, and chewiness tended to increase. The sensory characteristics of the bread were not improved due to the addition of gluten in the case of bread mixed with 20% buckwheat flour. When the buckwheat flour content was mixed at 20%, and the mixed extract of buckwheat leaves and sea tangle were added at 0.4% and 1.0%, there was no significant difference in the appearance of the buckwheat bread. Still, regarding sensory properties, the preference was higher in the sample with 1.0% added buckwheat flour.

백합은 항산화, 항균효능 및 만성폐쇄성폐질환에도 효능이 있고, 비수리는 항균, 항산화, 항노화, 피부 미백, 피부 광노화 개선 효과 등의 다양한 약리적 효능이 있다고 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 백합 및 비수리를 열수와 20- 80% 주정으로 추출한 추출물을 대상으로 총 폴리페놀, 총 플라보노이드, 항산화 소거능을 조사하여 백합 추출물과 비수리 추출물의 혼합 비율을 선정하였으며, 혼합한 추출물을 이용하여 음료를 제조한 후 10, 25, 35oC에서 6개월 동안 저장하면서 조사포닌 및 총 플라보노이드 함량 변화 및 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 백합·비수리를 함유하는 음료를 각 온도별로 6개월 동안 저장한 후에 pH는 약간 감소하였으며, 산도는 약간 증가하였다. 저장 기간 중 당도와 고형분 함량은 크게 변화하지 않았다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 2개월 동안 저장하는 동안에는 초기의 활성과 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 온도에 따라 4개월 후와 6개월 후에는 다소 감소하였다. 6개월 동안 저장하는 동안에 명도(L값)와 적색도(a값)는 큰 변화가 없었으나, 황색도(b값) 35oC에서 6개월 저장한 후에 약간 감소하였다. 조사포닌 함량은 저장 2개월까지는 큰 함량의 변화를 나타내지 않았으나, 저장 4개월과 6개월 후에는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 저장 1개월이 지났을 때 저장온도에 상관없이 약 1/2로 감소하였으며, 그 후 6개월까지 일정하게 유지되었다. 백합구근 추출물과 비수리 추출물을 함유한 음료는 6개월 동안 저장하는 동안에 일반세균과 대장균군은 검출되지 않았다.

인삼열매는 진세노사이드 함량이 인삼뿌리와 다르게 나타나며, 항 고혈당효과, 항암활성 등의 다양한 약리적 효능이 있다고 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 인삼열매를 수확하여 Rb1 및 Rg1 등의 진세노사이드 함량이 풍부한 4회 증포 인삼열매와 Rg3를 포함한 총 진세노사이드 함량이 풍부한 7회 증포 인삼열매를 혼합하여 열수추출물과 에탄올 추출물을 얻었고, 이를 L. plantarum으로 발효시킨 추출물을 이용하여 액상 스틱을 제조한 후 10, 25, 35oC 에서 4개월 동안 저장하면서 진세노사이드 함량 변화 및 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 인삼열매 추출물을 함유하는 액상스틱을 35oC에서 4개월 동안 저장한 후에 pH는 4.81에서 3.81로 저하되었으나, 산도와 고형분 함량은 변화하지 않았다. DPPH 소거능은 10oC와 25oC에서 4개월 동안 저장했을 때 큰 변화를 나타내지 않았으나 35oC에서 4개월 저장했을 때 크게 감소하였다. L값(명도)와 b값(황색도)는 저장기간 동안 감소하였으나, a값(적색도)는 변화 하지 않았다. Rg1, Rb1, F2, Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rg5 등 6종류의 총 진세노사이드 함량은 10, 25, 35oC에서 4개월 동안 저장하는 동안에 큰 변화가 없었으며, 일반세균과 대장균군도 검출되지 않았다.

A fashion social platform is a system that leverages the power of social connectivity to enable individuals to interact, accumulate information and create social values in fashion marketing. Fashion social platform participants, through their collective intelligence, give social platforms essential competence to solve economic and social issues, gather social capital, and create customer value. This study highlights the critical value of fashion social platforms and explains the relationships between knowledge sharing, social capital, and sustainable customer value. They examine (1) the effects of social network properties on knowledge sharing in fashion social platforms, (2) the effects of knowledge sharing on social capital, and (3) the effects of social capital on customer value in fashion social platforms. In the context of social platforms, this study clarifies the concept of customer value, the role of knowledge sharing, and the relationships between social capital and customer value. The study constructs a theoretical model regarding fashion social platforms and sustainable customer value that offers possible implications for fashion marketing practitioners.

Oral galvanism is known to induce chronic irritation on oral mucosa, but the related pathology rarely occurs. A 65 years old male complained of linear horizontal ulcerations on his bilateral buccal mucosa for one month. The oral ulcerations were parallel and approximated to his occlusal plane. He had multiple metallic crowns using gold and nickel cobalt alloy at bilateral upper and lower molar teeth, and also had accustomed to heavy smoking for more than twenty years. Biopsy examination was performed with immunohistochemical staining using antisera of PCNA, D2-40, and PARP. The epithelial ulcer had clear margin and was replaced by granulation tissue containing many dilated lymphatic vessels, which were positive for D2-40, but showed no feature of pseudo-necrotic membrane. Nearby epithelium showed the typical features of leukoedema, characterized by edematous keratinocytes with clear cytoplasms and pyknotic nuclei, low rete ridges, and rough superficial epithelial layer, where PCNA was rarely positive. Some superficial edematous keratinocytes showed perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization, and their peripheral nuclear chromatins were positive for PARP. Taken together, the present mucosa ulceration was different from aphthous stomatitis, herpes stomititis, oral lichen planus, etc., thus it was postulated that the galvanic current generated from between the upper and lower dissimilar metal crowns could affect the precedent leukoedema caused by heavy smoking habit and produce the linear horizontal buccal ulceration. Therefore, the present case was diagnosed as galvanic mucositis associated with leukoedema, and it was also hypothesized that the mild and persistent galvanic current was able to deplete the cytoplasmic fluid of leukoedema keratinocytes via the osmotic pressure difference elicited by increased ionic concentration of galvanism, and followed by severe keratinocyte apoptosis and oral mucosa ulceration.

흑마늘의 일반성분을 분석한 결과 총당은 5.75±0.03, pH는 4.46±0.06으로 나타났다. 흑마늘와인의 제조 과정에서는 본 발효 과정 중 초기 pH, 초기당도 및 최적온도를 찾아 내었는데 흑마늘와인의 효율적인 발효를 위해 흑마늘액의 초기 pH를 pH 6, 초기당도를 25 brix로 조절한 후 효모를 접종하여 25℃에서 발효하는 것이 적합하였다. 흑마늘와인의 young wine을 제조한 후, 흑마늘 young wine의 최적의 저장조건으로 프랑스산 오크칩을 사용하여 10℃ 저장실에 서 3개월간 저장하여 흑마늘 와인을 완성하였다. 흑마늘 와인의 색도 측정결과 L값 24.78±0.14, a값 2.89±0.53, b값 3.29±0.72로 나타났다.

These days, thanks to lots of smart devices and advanced communication technologies, consumer’s recognition and relations have been changed. They, beyond relying on information and services which are produced by experts, produce information and knowledge by themselves via SNS or web that they want to know. As consumer’s recognition is changing like this, SNS is evolving into social platform. Therefore, this paper is intended to clarify overall relationship between network characteristics in social platform, knowledge sharing, social capital, social innovation and customer’s value. This paper has clarified influences between variables related to consumer’s behaviors in social platform and the results are summarized as following: First, network characteristics in social platform are found to positively affect knowledge sharing efforts of social platform. Second, knowledge sharing has been found to positively affect social capital and innovation in social platform. However, enjoyment in helping others i.e a sub variable is found to positively affect social capital and innovation through anticipated reciprocal relationships. Third, social capital and innovation in social platform have affected customer value in social platform positively. Consequently, this paper is intended to solve various problems found from overall societies and industries through social innovation and also to advance them. For these purposes, social platform is believed to prompt sharing idea and knowledge based on interactions between users and social relationship. These actions become social capitals resulting in social innovation. Moreover, these would create new businesses and marketing opportunities across various areas in the processes that innovative activities form customer values.

This study is intended to examine the tDCS and Morris Water maze training in Alzheimer’s disease(AD) rats on Tau protein expression. Experiment groups were divided into four groups and assigned 16 rats to each group. Group Ⅰ was a control group(AD induced by scopolamine); Group Ⅱ was a experimental control group(AD injured by scopolamine and treatment tacrine); Group Ⅲ was a group of tDCS application after AD injured by scopolamine; Group Ⅳ was a group of morris water maze training after AD injured by scopolamine. In cognition test, the outcome of group Ⅱ was significantly lower than the groups(p<.001). and group Ⅲ, Ⅳ were significantly low result at 14 days(p<.05). In histological finding, the experimental groups were destroy of micro vessels and finding of cell atropy and swelling. Group Ⅲ, Ⅳ were decreased in degeneration of liver and kidney cells. In immuno- histochemistric response of BDNF and tau protein in hippocampus, BDNF expression of Group Ⅱ was more increase than the other groups. and increase of BDNF expression was Ⅲ, Ⅳ were higher than group Ⅰ at 21 days. Tau protein expression of Group Ⅱ was more decrease than the other groups. and decrease of Tau protein expression was Ⅲ, Ⅳ were lower than group Ⅰ at 21 days. These result suggest that improved tDCS and morris water maze training after scopolamine induced is associated with dynamically altered expression of BDNF and Tau protein in hippocampus and that is related with cognitive function.

Antimicrobial peptides are widely found in living organisms and are known to play a critical role in innate immunity. Numerous antimicrobial peptides from diverse species appear to be effective against pathogenic microorganisms of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Because antibiotic resistance is a global health issue in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms, there has been an urgent need for development of new antibiotic substances. In the current study, we performed yeast two hybrid screening using Beclin1 bait in order to find new peptide antibiotics from a random peptide library. Two candidate peptides from the screening were expressed in a yeast secretory system of Pichia pastoris and tested for any antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, MRSA2242, MRSA2250, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Disc clear zone assay and spectrophotometric analysis revealed that the two peptides exert a decent activity against the pathogenic bacteria, in contrast to minimal effect on the commensal Lactobacillus strains. Taken together, this study presents novel peptides with antibacterial activity against the pathogenic forms of Staphylococcus aureus and suggests the possibility that these peptides, upon further characterization, may be developed as clinically useful antibiotics.

Background : Heat stress induced from high temperature are known to crucially affecting on physiological properties and yield in Cnidium officinale. Methods and Results : The effect of foliar application of mixture including a urea, ascorbic acid and calcium chloride on high temperature injury of Cnidium officinale. Photosynthesis and leaf temperature in Cnidium officinale were investigated after cultivating for 24 hours at 35℃. Net photosyntheis rate, transpiration was measured at 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of photon flux density and leaf temperature was analyzed by thermal image. Net photosyntheis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in mixture traetment were 2 times of higher than in control. Water use efficience was not different significantly. Leaf temperature was lower in mixture treatment (25.3℃) than in control (29.0℃). Conclusion : This result show that foliar application of urea, ascorbic acid and calcium chloride was reducing a high temperature injury through a improving photosynthetical capacity and decreasing leaf temperature of Cnidium officinale.

Background : Management of air temperature are known to primarily affecting on physiological properties and yield in plant. Methods and Results : The effect of air temperature on characteristics of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in Cnidium officinal were investigated using growth chamber after cultivating for 24 hours under controlled condition. Net photosyntheis rate, transpiration was measured at 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of photon flux density and chlorophyll fluorescence was analyzed by OJIP method. Net photosyntheis rate was highest in treatment of 25℃. Although transpiration rate was lowest, water use efficience was also in treatment of 25℃. Stomatal conductance was mainly influenced from ambient climatric factors such as vapor pressure deficit. As results of chlorophyll fluorescence by OJIP analysis, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII), PIabs and the relative activities per reaction center such as ABS/RC, DIo/RC were not changed at air temperature. Therefore, elevated air temperatue during short term influence the dark reaction in photosystem through controlling a water use efficience and transpiration. Conclusion : This result show that 25℃ of air temperature may be a adequate temperature to improving the efficiency of photosynthesis in Cnidium officinale.

Background : Cylindrocarpon root rot, caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani, is a major disease which lead to replanting failure in ginseng garden. Chlamydospores of C. destructans, generated by poor environmental condition, can survived more than ten years in soil without host plant, ginseng. Density of soil pathogens gradually decreased as the progress of time since ginseng was harvested. Methods and Results : Soil chemical properties was analyzed from soil samples of 43 regions in farmer’s ginseng garden to study the variation of content and the correlation among inorganic contents. Soil samples of 24 regions was also analyzed to study correlation between progressed-year after ginseng harvest and soil chemical properties. Variation of soil chemical properties in descending order was Fe, Zn, P2O4, NO3, Mn. The content of Fe and Zn were great variation among inorganic chemicals of soil of farmer’s field. Electrical conductivity to induce physiological demage in excessive concentration showed highly significant positive correlation with the content of NO3 and K. As the progress of year after ginseng harvest, the content of organic matter and zinc was increased, while pH and Na were decreased in farmer’s field to cultivate ginseng. There were highly significant positive correlation between the progress of year after ginseng harvest and zinc content in farmer’s field to cultivate ginseng. Ratio of root rot of 2-year-old ginseng showed significant positive correlation with K content, and negative correlation in experimental field cultured by six rotation crops for one year. Conclusion : Root rot by soil pathogens was closely related with the content of potassium and zinc in soil chemical properties.

Background : Root diseases caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani decrease the yield and quality of ginseng. Cylindrocarpon root rot is a major disease caused by replanting failure in ginseng garden. Methods and Results : Solarization was done in the infested soil of the greenhouse for summer season (from July 24 to Autumn 31, 2014) after putting green manure (Sudan grass) and calcium cyanamide (CC) into the soil. Mycelium and conidia of C. destructans died at 4 0℃ after 15 hours, and 45℃ after 5 h, but it did not die at 35℃ after 15 h. Those of C. destructans died after keeping it for 2 hours daily at 40℃ for 9 days, and 45℃ for 8 days, but did not die at 38℃ for 9 days. Maximum soil temperature was 55.4℃ in 5 cm depth, 48.7℃ in 10 cm, 44.7℃ in 15 cm, 42.5℃ in 20 cm, and 31.9℃ in 30 cm by putting green manure into the soil and solarization. Reduction of sudan grass increased electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter, P2O5, K, and Mg, while decreased pH, NO3-N, and Na. Addition of calcium cyanamide and urea gave a negative effect on the growth of ginseng because EC and NO3-N were increased excessively than the optimal range. Solarization using green manure mixed with CC was the most effective in decreasing soil-borne pathogens of 2-year-old ginseng. But the root disease that occurred between single treatment of sudan grass and the treatment mixed with calcium cyanamide showed not a significant different. Addition of calcium cyanamide showed the decrease of root weight because leaves were dead early by a excessive increase of EC and NO3-N. Conclusion: Soil disinfection using green manure and solarization in greenhouse was effective in inhibiting root rot, however, it did not completely kill the soil-borne pathogens.

Enhancing yield has been a major challenge of agriculture. In rice, tiller number is one of the important biomass and yield components. A maize mutant grassy tillers1 (gt1) increases lateral branches in maize. The GT1 gene encodes a class I homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-Zip) protein. In maize, the gt1 expression is induced by shading and is dependent on the activity of teosinte branched1 (tb1), a major domestication locus controlling tillering and lateral branching. To estimate the biological role and agricultural utility of gt1 in rice, rice homologue (OsGT1) has been isolated and its overexpressors and RNAi lines were generated. Field data showed that OsGT1 overexpressors reduced tillers and panicles while RNAi lines increased them, compared to wild type. Shade signal is an important factor in determining lateral branching. To understand the relationship between OsGT1 and shade avoidance, plants have been grown under 50% shading in the field. Also, double genetic combinations with phytochrome mutants (phyA, B, and C) are being examining for tillering phenotype. These ongoing researches will provide insights in determining the action of OsGT1 on branching and shade avoidance in rice.

Compared to wide ranges of genetic variation of natural populations, very limited Miscanthus cultivar has been released. This study was the first report on the development of Miscanthus cultivar by means of radiation breeding. Seeds of M. sinensis were initially exposed to gamma rays of 250 Gy for 24 h, generated from a 60Co gamma-irradiator. The irradiated seeds were sown and then the highly tiller-producing mutants were selected for this study. Biomass-related parameters including tiller number, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf number were measured. Ploidy level and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were investigated to characterize the mutants compared to wild type (WT) Miscanthus. Plant height and tiller number were negatively related, where multi-tillering mutants were relatively short after 4 month growth. However stem diameter and leaf number were greater in mutants. All the materials used in this study were diploid, implying that the mutants with greater tiller numbers and stem diameter were not likely related to polyploidization. Based on the sequence of ITS regions, the mutants demonstrated base changes from the gamma irradiation where G+C content (%) was decreased in the ITS1, but increased in ITS2 when compared to WT sequence. ITS2 region was more variable than in ITS1 in the mutants, which collectively allows identification of the mutants from WT. Those mutants having enhanced tillers and allelic variations might be used as breeding materials for enhanced biomass-producing Miscanthus cultivars.