In this study, numerical simulations using community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) were conducted to analyze the change in ozone (O3) concentration due to the reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions in Busan. When the NOx and, VOCs emissions were reduced by 40% and, 31%, respectively, the average O3 concentration increased by 4.24 ppb, with the highest O3 change observed in the central region (4.59 ppb). This was attributed to the decrease in O3 titration by nitric oxide (NO) due to the reduction of NOx emissions in Busan, which is classified as a VOCs-limited area. The distribution of O3 concentration changes was closely related to NOx emissions per area, and inland emissions were highly correlated with daily maximum concentrations and 8-h average O3 concentrations. Contrastingly, the effect of emission reduction depended on the wind direction. This suggests that the emission reduction effects may vary depending on the environmental conditions. Further research is needed to comprehensively analyze the emission reduction effects in Busan.

Tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP) mainly occur during June-October, and result in significant casualties and damages to property in East Asian countries (e.g., Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and China, etc.). Although the total number of TCs that occurred over WNP was similar to normal years, the numer of TCs that affected Korea in August and September 2019 was 3 times higher than with the same number of TCs in July. Therefore, this study examined why more TCs migrated into Korea in 2019 through analyzing four environmental conditions: steering flow, geopotential height at 500 hPa, vertical wind shear (VWS), and sea surface temperature (SST). Results showed that the tracks of TCs were significantly associated with steering flows from July to September. Furthermore, weaker VWS and warmer SST were distributed near the tracks of TCs during August and September, whereas strong VWS and lower SST were dominant in July. The environmental conditions in August and September were favorable for maintaining and developing TCs, explaining why more typhoons have affected Korea during August and September in 2019.

Littlemore (2015) claims that metonymy can perform a wide range of communicative functions in different forms and modes of expressions. This paper examines the visual metonymies observed in Green Book, the 2019 Best Picture Oscar Academy Award-winner, elucidating how the movie integrates its narrative with visual metonymy to express abstract and profound themes. Exploring various types of visual metonymy utilized in this movie, this paper reveals how the visual metonymy contributes to the communication effect of a movie. The paper also demonstrates that analysis of visual metonymy in movies enriches the current research on both visual metonymy and movie studies.

2019년(2019년 1월 30일~12월 31일; USGS 자료) 48주 동안에 활동한 화산은 82개이다. 지구상에서 화산은 1년간 평균 80~90여 개가 활동하고 있다. 이들 중 91% 이상이 흔히 “불의 고리”(Ring of Fire)라고 부르는 환태평양화산대에 위치한다. 지금까지 밝혀진 활화산들의 80%가 판의 수렴경계부, 15%가 발산경 계부, 나머지 5%가 판 내부에 분포한다는 사실과 잘 부합된다. 조사 기간인 2019년 1월 30일부터 2019년 12월 31일에 이르는 48주 중 가장 빈번하게 활동한 화산들은 Dukono(인도네시아, 48회), Aira(일본, 47회), Ebeko( 러시아 46회), Merapi(인도네시아, 37회), Krakatau(인도네시아, 33회) 화산이다. 2018년과 비교할 때 분화한 화산수가 1개 감소하였으나 이는 2018년 화산활동은 50주, 2019년은 48주와 비교할 때 현격한 증감은 발생하지 않았다. 이는 지구상의 화산들의 활동이 안정세를 유지하고 있는 것으로 평가된다.

The purpose of this study is to provide benefits and ethically-rooted managerial implications based on theoretical underpinnings through an empirical study using correlation between wages, bank credit, government expenditure on economic growth, and employment via a case study in Indonesia. Besides that, managerial implications strive to provide benefits to the government regarding the importance of establishing effective and pro-development regulations to realize economic growth and employment through the efficient role of wages, bank credit, and government spending. This study uses secondary macroeconomic data from the period 2010-2019 with analysis using the correlation test with the Pearson correlation method. Out of eight hypotheses tested, two hypotheses do not have a significant correlation. The details of the statistical results obtained the following correlations: the correlation between bank credit and wages has a significant, but indirect (negative) correlation. However, the correlation between bank credit and economic growth has a direct and significant (positive) correlation. Government expenditure correlates positively with wages, but correlates negatively with bank credit. Wages are positively correlated with economic growth, but have no significant effect on employment. Finally, economic growth has a positive correlation with government expenditure, but does not have a significant correlation with employment.

본 연구는 2000년부터 2019년 8월까지 국내 학회지에 발표된 장애학생의 행동문제 중재에 관한 부모교육 프로그램의 실시방법과 효과를 탐색하는데 목적이 있다. 일련의 논문 선정 기준과 과정에 따라 총 20편의 논문을 선정하였으며, 선정된 20편의 논문의 전반적 연구 동향과 부모교육 프로그램 의 특성을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 부모교육 프로그램의 대상은 어머니가 대부분이었고, 실시 장소는 치료센터가 많고, 실시 횟수는 주 1회가 많았다. 종속 변인인 학생의 문제행동은 외현화 행동이 가장 많았다. 일부의 논문에서 일반화, 유지, 사회적 타당도를 측정하였으며 일반화는 측정이 어려우며, 유지와 사회적 타당도는 효과적이라는 결과가 나타났다. 둘째, 부모교육 프로그램은 9가지 의 종류의 프로그램으로 나눌 수 있었으며 중재가 효과적이었던 문제행동은 9가지로 나타났다. 또한 15편의 논문에서 학생의 문제행동의 변화를 포함한 부모의 변화를 나타내었다. 셋째, 상호작용과 관련한 부모교육 프로그램은 장애학생의 외현화적인 문제행동과 내재화적인 문제행동 이외에도 사회성과 관련한 문제행동에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 장애학생의 행동문제에 대한 부모교육 프로그램의 향후 연구 방향에 대한 논의 및 제언을 하였다.

이 글은『한국교회사학회지』에 게재된 논문들을 대상으로 중세교회사 연구 40년사를 결산하고 향후 연구과제와 방향을 전망해 보려는 시도이다. 본고에서 중세교회사 범위에 포함시킨 연대는 통상적으로 ‘중세 천년’이라 일컬어지는 500년에서 1500년대이다. 학회지에 발표된 이 시기에 관한 논문 34편을 대상으로 양적 지표와 주제별 연구 현황과 추이를 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 국내에서 황무지와 같았던 서양 중세 연구 분야에 용기 있게 도전한 연구자들이 라틴어와 자료접근의 어려움과 같은 열악한 연구 조건을 딛고 발표한 논문의 질은 그동안 국내 연구역량의 강화와 함께 점차 발전해 온 것을 확인할 수 있다. 그러나 본고에서 분석한 34편의 논문에서 다루어진 주제는 다양하고 풍부한 중세교회사 주제에 비춰볼 때 매우 협소하다. 따라서 연구자층과 연구 지평의 확대가 절실하게 필요하다.

한국교회사학회는 1966년에 국내 6번째 신학회로 시작되어 활발한 학술 대회 개최와 수준 높은 학회지 (한국연구재단 등재지)를 발간하며 모범적으로 활동해 왔다. 본 논문은 2000년부터 2019년까지의 학회 활동을 분석 하고 향후 방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 논문의 내용은 1) 보관자료의 성격과 분석 2) 이사회/임원회 구성의 변화 3) 학회의 다양한 활동 소개 4) 특 기사항: 특별 제안이나 활동들 5) 향후 발전을 위한 제안 등으로 구성되었 다. 한국교회사학회 임원진들이 보관하고 있는 일차자료는 중복과 상실, 또 단순/부실 기술의 문제점이 있었으나 지난 20년간의 학회 활동을 추적 하는데 별 어려움은 없었다. 임원진의 구성 변화의 원인과 내용을 추적하고, 연 4회 정기학술대회의 특징을 분석하며, 학술지의 위상 변화, 번역/저 술 작업과 특별학술활동 등을 살펴보며 학회의 향후 발전을 위한 구체적인 제안을 시도하였다.

이 글은 창간호부터 2019년까지 ｢한국교회사학회지｣에 수록된 한국기 독교의 역사 연구 논문들에 대한 분석적 연구이다. ｢한국교회사학회지｣는 해방 후 최초로 발간된 한국의 교회사 학술 연구 논문집이다. 이 기간 동안 135편의 한국교회사 연구 논문이 수록되었다. 이 글은 그 연구 논문들을 분류하여 인물 연구, 사회사, 사상사, 교단사, 문화사 등의 범주로 분류 하였다. 초창기 연구들은 한국교회사의 기초를 위한 연구들이 이루어졌다. 1990년대 이후 연구 논문들의 수가 빠르게 증가하였다. 2000년 이후의 논문들은 체제의 완성도가 높아지고 연구 분야도 다양해졌다. 2010년대의 연구 논문들은 논문 심사의 강화로 논문들의 체제와 논문의 주제들이 더욱 다양하게 발전하였다. 연구 분야는 인물 연구와 사회사 논문이 가장 많은 비중을 차지하며 신학사상, 문화사 연구들이 다수를 차지하였다. 이후의 연구에서는 통계자료의 도입과 타 분야와 복합적 연구가 필요하다.

Medical schools have a social accountability to educate competent medical trainees and to improve the quality of medicine. Accreditation Board for Medical Education in Korea was established as an accreditation board in 1993. Now, Korean Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation (KIMEE) was opened and assessed the medical curricula and environments of each medical school which included medical educational contents, teaching-learning methods, assessment, students’ elections, medical facilities and the supporting system. KIMEE will assess each medical school with new items, called ‘ASK 2019’ starting from Year 2019. According to ASK 2019, KIMEE will assess 92 basic items and 51 excellence items which are 9 domains of mission and outcome, educational curriculum, students’ assessment, students, medical professors, educational resources, educational assessment, administration and management of school, continual improvement. We will actively prepare the budget, human resources, new medical curriculum, various teaching-learning and assessment methods, administration supporting system and medical facilities to pass the accreditation of medical education and evaluation.

‘Nunkeunheugchal’ is a waxy black rice variety that has a large embryo. The quality of black rice depends on the anthocyanin content of the rice seed coat, which is mainly determined by cultivation environment. Factors that affect the anthocyanin content include nitrogen level, planting density, transplanting date and harvesting date. This study was carried out to investigate the optimum black rice cultivation conditions by examining the effects of different nitrogen levels and planting densities. An initial study was conducted to determine the optimum nitrogen level in which four levels of nitrogen were applied to the field (0, 4, 8 and 12 kg/10a). As the nitrogen contents were increased up to 8 kg/10a, there was a concomitant increase in rice yields. However, nitrogen levels greater than 8 kg/10a, the yield was maintained at the same level. Correlation analysis indicated that the optimum nitrogen level for maximum yield was 9.6 kg/10a. In addition, anthocyanin levels showed a trend similar to that of yield, with correlation analysis indicating that the optimum nitrogen level for maximum anthocyanin content is 10.6 kg/10a.On the basis of these results, a second study was conducted to determine the optimum combination of planting density and nitrogen level. The planting densities investigated were 30 × 12, 30 × 14, 30 × 16cm and nitrogen levels were 7, 9 and 12 kg/10a. A high planting density (30 × 12cm) was shown to produce higher numbers of tillers and yield. As calculated in the first study, a nitrogen level of 9 kg/10a shown to produce the highest anthocyanin content and yield. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that a planting density of 30 × 12 cm and a nitrogen level of 9 kg/10a is the optimal combination in terms of maximizing both rice yield and anthocyanin content.

The quality characteristics of ‘Xiangshui’ pears (Pyrus ussuriensis) treated with different concentrations of biomass pyrolysis liquid (BPL) during storage at 25℃ were investigated. The weight of ‘Xiangshui’ pears treated with BPL declined at a slower rate than that of the control. The rot index of BPL-treated ‘Xiangshui’ pears decreased with increasing storage times, and treatment with 20-fold-diluted BPL resulted in the lowest rot index after storage for 12 days. The total acid content of ‘Xiangshui’ pears treated with 20-fold-diluted BPL was 0.19%, and was the highest after storage for 12 days. After storage for 12 days, the total sugar content of ‘Xiangshui’ pears treated with 20-fold-diluted BPL was 7.19%; this was significantly higher than that of the control, but not significantly different from that of pears treated with other BPL dilutions. The vitamin C content of ‘Xiangshui’ pears showed a decreased trend, and pears treated with 20-fold-diluted BPL had a vitamin C content of 2.21 mg/100 g after storage for 12 days and showed the least decline compared to other treatments. In addition, respiration in ‘Xiangshui’ pears was effectively inhibited by treatment with BPL. In conclusion, BPL treatment exerts a protective effect on the quality of ‘Xiangshui’ pears during storage, with 20-fold-diluted BPL being the most effective.

The concerns about potential risks and hazards in children’s playgrounds are increasing and the restrictions for environmental harmful substances in playgrounds have been reinforced in many countries. In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed in 142 samples including 105 of sand flooring and 37 playing equipment such as swing, slide, sporting equipment, bench and fence in 18 children’s playgrounds. Heavy metals in sand flooring were investigated and categorized by natural environmental factors such as season, rainfall, post-rainy day, and artificial factors as road, type, and material of nearby play equipment. The concentration of heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, Cu, and Zn were significantly higher in sand flooring near the play equipment than at places away from the playing equipment (p < 0.05). Spearman’s rank correlation analysis showed that play equipment had a positive correlation with the sand flooring with regard to the concentration of Pb (r = 0.42, p < 0.01) and Cu (r = 0.39, p < 0.01). The concentration of heavy metals in the sand flooring showed a statistically significant difference depending on the season, post-rainy day, the distance from a roadway, type of equipment, and the material. The play equipment’s heavy metal concentration and other environmental factors contributed to the heavy metal concentration in the sand flooring’s surface in playgrounds.

We have studied the technology to extend the storage period of ‘Seolhyang’ strawberries using modified atmosphere package (MAP) and ethyl pyruvate (EP) treatment for domestic distribution and export. The selected ripe strawberries harvested on December 28, 2016 at the Sancheong farmhouse were transported to the laboratory for 2 h and tested. After a day’s precooling at 4℃, the strawberries were divided into seven experimental groups. These groups were control, active MAP using low density polyethylene (LDPE), active MAP using polyamide (PA), active MAP using PA with EP treatment, passive MAP using LDPE, passive MAP using PA and passive MAP using PA with EP treatment. Quality analysis was carried out every 4 days during the storage period of 16 days. During the storage period of 16 days, MAP decreased from 3.5% to less than 1.1% in weight loss ratio compared with control, and decreased from 36% to less than 7% in fungal incidence. In the case of fungi in the EP treatment group, hyphae did not grow on the outside of the strawberry but grew to the inside. This tendency was similar to that in the low oxygen and high carbon dioxide environment of the MAP, the mycelium of the fungus did not grow outside of the strawberry. Fungi are the biggest problem in the distribution and export of strawberries, and these results suggest that MAP alone could inhibit mold and increase shelf life.

With the upcoming enforcement of the Fundamental Law of Resource Circulation in January 2018, changes are expected to occur in waste management policies. Until now, South Korea has worked hard to prevent waste generation and improve recycling. The recycling rate has improved, but recyclables are not considered high-quality. To resolve these issues in its member states, the EU is promoting resource efficiency policies. Their plan is to integrate the environment with the economy, achieve economic growth, and create jobs. A circular economy has also been adopted as a strategy to promote the resource efficiency policies. The key content of the strategy consists of an action plan and a waste law revision. Goals for the recycling of wastes by 2030 have been set in laws revised through this strategy, which also includes recycling evaluation standards and calculation methods. For Korea to cultivate a resource circulation society in the future, the EU’s resource efficiency policies and strategies must be preemptively implemented in a manner that suits the situation in Korea, and terms must be defined and standards established for recycling.

This study was conducted to dentify the optimum plantlet type of ‘Solara’ potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) for growth in an aeroponics system. Plantlets of ‘Solara’ were transplanted on March 16, 2015 in a greenhouse, and growth and yield characteristics were investigated at 70 and 78 days after transplanting, respectively. Stem length was shorter in plantlet of 15-day-old stem cuttings and acclimatization of culture, and the stem length of plantlets of stem cuttings tended to increase with increasing stem cutting age. The fresh weight of plants was the highest in the plantlets of 40-day-old stem cuttings and the lowest in non-rooted stem cuttings and acclimatization of culture. The highest number of first stolons was obtained in 35-day-old stem cuttings. The number of second stolons was the highest in plantlets of 35-day-old stem cuttings, acclimatization of culture, and 30- day-old stem cuttings. The total number of tubers was higher in plantlets of 35-day-old stem cuttings and acclimatization of culture, and the number of tubers above 3 g was the highest in plantlets of 35-day-old stem cuttings. The weight of tubers above 3 g was the heaviest in plantlets of 35-day-old stem cuttings(1,947 g per 10 plants), followed by plantlets of 30-day-old stem cuttings. These results indicate that plantlets of 30 to 35-day-old stem cuttings could be the best for production of ‘Solara’ potato tubers in an aeroponics system.

This study began to learn wether or not satisfaction factor of rural tourism is effective to visit for the ordinary foreign people. Research method was parallel-site investigation literature, questionnaire. The analytical data of the study, literature 40 reviews, questionnaire 179 survey in 200 of the subject was using. Measurement and scale was set factors of satisfaction with 'Transportation · Infrastructure', 'Festival · Experience Program', 'Place', 'Room and Food', 'Local People', and 'Buying the Local Product' through the previous studies and preliminary survey. In the statistical analysis method, frequency analysis, crosstabs, multiple regression analysis and a structural equation model analysis was performed, using SPSS and AMOS program. The Structural analysis results showed 'Place' and 'Local People' have an positive effect on the 'Overall Satisfaction'. Satisfaction of the 'Festival · ExperienceProgram', had a major impact also 'Intention of Revisit'. Finally for rural tourism fascination, the contents such as the distinctive local attraction, human resources, information transmission and convenient use is more important than the format and scale.

‘Hyowon 4’, a new medium maturing glutinous rice variety was developed by the rice breeding team of Pusan National University in 2013. This cultivar was derived from a cross between ‘Boseokchal’ and ‘Donna’ with good glutinous property. During F3~F8 generation, breeding lines were selected by a pedigree breeding method. As a result, the promising line (JS23-4-39-14-5-1-1-1) with good glutinous property was advanced and designated as the name of ‘SP 106’ in 2012. This variety headed on Aug. 15, which is 2 days later than ‘Dongjinchal’ in middle plane. The culm length and panicle length of this variety was 82.4 cm and 21.1 cm, respectively. This variety has about 13.9 tillers per a hill and 100 spikelets per a panicle. The ratio of ripened grain is about 92.0% and 1000-grain weight was 20.9 g in brown rice. The yield performance was 5.03 MT/ha in local adaptability test.

‘Neugeunsuperjami’, a late maturing and blackish purple pigmented rice cultivar, was developed from a cross between Gumjeongbyeo and Hwaseonchalbyeo. During selected by pedigree breeding method until F8 generation, a promising line, SR28757-22-2-4-2-1-1-2-B, was selected and advanced by late maturing and content of Cyanidin 3-glucoside. Advance line designated as the name of ‘KNOU 13’. This variety headed on August 28, 140 days to heading after sowing. The culm length and the panicle length of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’ was 91.0 cm and 20.0 cm, respectively. The number of panicle per hill was 10.5 and the number of grain per panicle was 88.6. The dehulling recovery of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’ was about 80.5% and 1,000-grain weight was about 19.7 g, heavier than that of ‘Heugjinju’. ‘Neugeunsuperjami’ has 3~5 times higher Cyanidin-3-glucoside(C3G) content compared with ‘Heugjinju’.

A new Rehmannia glutinosa cultivar ‘Tokang’ was derived from ‘Jihwang 1’ seedlings by medicinal crop breeding team of National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, RDA in 2009. It has pink flower, dark brown seed coat, light yellow root cortex. The plant type was some rising from the ground. The content of catalpol and extract were higher than the ‘Jihwang 1’(check variety). The content of catalpol was 4.55% and the extract was 71.2%. It showed stronger resistance to root rot compare with the ‘Jihwang 1’. The regional yield trials were conducted at three different locations from 2007 to 2009. The average yield of ‘Tokang’ was 21.1ton/ha, which was 12% more than the ‘Jihwang 1’. This cultivar is adaptable to the whole of Korea except for mountain areas. (Registration No. 4725)