포도박과 같은 쥬기성 폐기물의 퇴비화에서 효소활성도가 퇴비의 안정성 혹은 부숙도를 나타내는 지표로서의 사용가능성이 있는지를 검증하기 위해 β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase 및 alkaline phosphatase의 활성도를 측정하였다. 측정한 모든 효소가 퇴비화초기에 최대의 활성도를 나타냈는데 이는 포도박에 잔류해있던 분해가 용이한 유기물질과 관련이 있는 것으로 추정되며 그 후 활성도는 점차감소하였다. 그러나 퇴비화

In order to establish the processing condition of salt-fermented liquefaction of sardine (Sardinops melanoslicta), effect of temperature, pH value, and concentration of salinity on crude enzyme activity of sardine viscera were investigated. The optimum temperature range of crude enzyme activity in sardine viscera was 45~50℃ and the optimum pH value of it was 9.8. According to the concentration of salinity increased the crude enzyme activity in sardine viscera decreased. The relationship between concentration of salinity (X) and the crude enzyme activity (Y) in sardine viscera is shown as follows; Y=-0.01363X+0.7676 (r=-0.88). For the purpose of processing conditions of rapid- and low salt-fermented liquefaction of sardine, changes of viable cell count, histamine content, and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) in the chopped whole sardine with 8% NaCl during preheating process at 40˚, 45˚ and 50℃ for 48 hrs were analyzed. During preheating, initial viable cell counts of chopped whole sardine were 104-7/g, but they decreased 101-5/g after 48 hrs. Histamine contents during preheating process at 40˚ and 45℃ were gradually increased, whereas at 50℃ were almost the same level after 48 hrs. VBN contents were continuously increased during preheating, but preheating at 50℃ samples were lower level than that of 40˚ and 45℃ ones. For the purpose to accelerate the fermentation and liquefaction of chopped whole sardine, preheating at optimum temperature of crude enzyme activity for 48 hrs was useful processing method and the contents of viable cell count, histamine, and VBN were safety level for food sanitation.

Previous studies have shown that methanol extract and its butanol fraction of Carthamus tinctorius L. Semen have the hepatoprotective effect on the CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity. The hepatoprotective effect of the subfractions of butanol fraction has been evaluated by analyzing oxygen free radical scavenging enzyme activities and histopathological examinations. In BS-5 subfraction treated group, the activity of superoxide dismutase has been significantly increased as compared with that of CCl₄ treated rats. Antioxidant activity has been evaluated by the examination of the scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. BS-5 subfraction has shown strong antioxidant activities. The histopathological examination showed that the treatment of BS-5 subfraction has relieved the ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes which had been generated by CCl₄. It appears that the protective effect of BS-5 subfraction would be mediated of the attenuation of lipid peroxidation by acting as a free radical scavenger, which were based on the increase of superoxide dismutase activity.

Previous studies have shown that methanol extract and its butanol fraction of Carthamus tinctorius L. Semen have the hepatoprotective effect on the CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity. The hepatoprotective effect of subfractions has been evaluated by analyzing blood and hepatocyte biochemical analyses and biotransformation enzyme analyses. Treatment of BS-5 subfraction has significantly decreased the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. In addition, the levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in liver have been decreased as compared with that of CCl₄ treated rats. The hepatoprotective effect of BS-5 subfraction on the CCl₄-induced hepatotocicity would be mediated of the attenuation of the level of cytochrome P450 and the enhancement of the activity of glutathion S-transferase.

수분(水分) 스트레스에 의한 식물체(植物體)의 방어기구(防禦機構)와 관련(關聯)된 superoxide dismutase와 catalase의 활성도(活性度) 변화(變化)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 수분(水分) 스트레스(drought, flooding) 처리시(處理時) 큰올콩과 은하콩 모두 수분(水分) 함량(含量)과 가용성(可溶性) 단백질(蛋白質) 함량(含量)이 감소(減少)하여 말성숙(末成熟) 노화(老化)를 나타내었다. 가시적(可視的)인 피해(被害)는 drought 처리시(處理時)가 flooding 처리(處理)에 비(比)해 크게 나타났고 큰올콩이 은하콩에 비(比)해 크게 나타났다. superoxide dismutase의 활성(活性)은 drought처리시(處理時) 2일(日)째에 급격(急激)한 감소(減少)를 보이다가 회복(回復)되고 다시 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)을 보였으며 flooding처리시(處理時)는 처리기간(處理期間)에 따라 점차(漸次) 감소(減少)하였고 큰올콩의 감소정도(減少程度)가 더 크게 나타났다. catalase의 활성(活性)은 drought처리시(處理時)는 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)이었으나 flooding처리시(處理時) 2일(日)째에 급격(急激)한 감소(減少)를 나타낸 후 일정(一定)하게 유지(維持)되는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 수분(水分)스트레스 처리후(處理後) 3일간(日間)의 회복기(回復期)를 주었을 때 두 효소(酵素)의 활성(活性)은 점차(漸次) 회복(回復)되었다.

The present study has been undertaken to investigate the effects of ginseng extract on the activities of several enzymes in serum of rats fed lard and alcohol. Thirty-five males of Sprague-Dawley strains weighed about 130 g were divided into 7 groups, each group receiving a different diet for 10 weeks; i.e. basal diet plus 15% lard, basal diet plus 5% alcohol, basal diet plus 5% ginseng extract, basal diet plus 15% lard and 5% ginseng extract. Determinations were carried out on the net weight gain, food efficiency ratio, weight of organs, and AST, ALT, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of rats. The results obtained were as follows: Rats given feed containing lard and alcohol showed significant decrease in net weight gain, but ginseng extract caused an increase in food efficiency ratio. Lard supplementation caused an increase in the weight of liver, kidney, spleen, but another groups did not. AST, ALT, ALP, LDH of serum were significantly increased in lard and alcohol containing group but ginseng extract feeding decreased enzyme activities compared to lard and alcohol containing group. The above results suggest that ginseng extract would prevent the metabolic disease of liver by preventing hyperlipemia caused by high fat diet.

가용성 전분으로부터 CGTase 효소에 의한 Cyclodextrin(CD) 동족체의 생산 실험을 dead-end형 막모듈을 설치한 막-효소 반응기에서 수행하였다. 회분 반응기에서의 CD 동족체 생산시 생산물 저해작용 및 생산된 CD의 다른 환원당으로의 분해에 의해 반응시간에 따른 전분의 CD 동족체로의 총 전환율이 최대 45%를 나타내었다가 급격히 감소하였다. 반면 분획분자량 10,000 달톤의 분리막이 설치된 막-효소 반응기에서의 CD 동족체 생산시 CD 동족체를 생산 즉시 반응기로부터 막을 통해 연속 분리할 수 있어 총 전환율이 35%로 일정하게 유지되었다. 10% 전분용액 및 2 atm 조작압력하에서 막-효소 반응기를 24시간 운전하였을 때 CD 동족체의 누적 생산량은 약 3.7 kg/m2이었다.

Polyvinyl alcohol[PVA] is useful for the production of water-soluble packaging, paper, textile sizes. PVA and Chitosan are known as biodegradable polymers. PVA/chitosan blend films were prepared by solution blends method in the weight ratio of chitosan for the purpose of useful biodegradable films. Thermal and mechanical properties of PVA/chitosan blend films such as DSC, impact strength, tensile strength and morphology by SEM were determined. As a result, The ratio of 10.0wt% PVA/chitosan blend films were similar to PVA. Blend films were completely degraded pH 4.0 better than 7.0, 10.0 in the buffer solution. Also, Blend films were rapidly degraded enzyme(β-glucosidase) solution better than pH solution by Enzymolysis.

Nivalenol(NIV)의 검출을 위한 효소면역측정법(ELISh)을 개발하기 위하여 tetraacetyl nivalenol(Ac4-NIV)에 대한 다클론항체를 생산하고 그 조건을 확립하였다. Ac4-NIV-hemisuccinate를 bovine serum albumin에 공유결합 시킨 Ac4-NIV-HS-BSA를 Freund's adjuvant와 함께 수차례 토끼에 피하면역하였다. 가장 높은 항체가를 나타낸 항혈청으로부터 정제한 항체와 Ac4-NIV-HS-HRP conjugate를 이용하여 직접 경합 ELISA(cdELISA)를 확립하였다. 그 표준곡선으로 부터 Ac4-NIV의 검출범위는 10~5,000 ng/ml(ppb)임을 알 수 있었다. 특이항체의 Ac4-NIV과 acetyl T-2에 대한 반 응성은 각각 100, 70%였으나, NIV, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, triacetyl deoxynivalenol, fusarenon-X, T-2에 대한 반응성은 0.1% 이하로 극히 미약하였다. NIV를 인위적으로 오염시킨 옥수수시료를 70% acetonitrile로 추출하고 acetylation한 다음 cdELISA를 행하였을 때, 분석의 회수율은 100, 300, 1,000 ng/g(ppb)에서 각각 108, 143, and 70%(평균, 107%)로 나타났다.

Effect of allylisothiocyanate on the enzyme activities including malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, NADPH and acetyl CoA which were related to atlatoxin production of Aspergillus parasricus R-716 were invetigated. The activities of malate dehydrogenase (EC.1.1.1.37), isocitrate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.42) and NADPH oxidase (E.C.1.6.99.1) indicated relatively high in the 50 ppm allylisothiocyanate-added-culture. In contrast, the activity of acetyl CoA in the 50 ppm allylisothiocyanate-added-culture showed rather lower level through the cultivation.

To control the maximum residue level (MRL) for sulfamethazine (SMZ) residues in pork tissue, a microbial inhibition method is a regulatory screening assay method in Korea. Microwell plate-based competitive enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) kit is available for routine screening of SMZ residues in pork tissue. One ELISA kit is evaluated. Phosphate buffer extracts of samples fortified with SMZ at 0, 1, 5, and 10 ng/g were used in a recovery teat of the kit. Market pork samples were assayed by the kit. Recovery of sulfamethazine was 104% at 10 ng/g. Intraassay variations and interassay variations for the kit were 7.70% and 5.76%, respectively. Concentration causing 50% inhibition of color development compared with blanks was 16.4ng. The violative pork samples with over MRL (0.1 ug/g) was 4 of 32 cases (12.5%) by used ELISA kit. This result indicates a possibility of the ELISA kit for screening test of SMZ residues in pork tissue, and still needs a comfirmatory assay for mandatory purposes.

본 실험은 가공식품의 첨가물로 사용할 수 있는 EMC를 pancreatic protease와 palatase ML을 사용하여 제조한 EMC의 숙성도와 기능성을 검토하였다. EMC 제조시 유리아니오산의 양과 유리지방산의 양을 측정한 결과 반응시간이 경과할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 질소함량에 따른 숙성도 평가를 위해 총질소량과 수용성 질소량을 측정한 결과, pancreatic protease 처리시 질소의 함량은 시간이 경과할수록 증가하여 60분처리시 총질소량이 1.79%, 수용성 질소량이 0.52%를 보였다. 그러나 palatase ML을 처리하는 동안에는 질소량의 변화는 거의 없었으며, 또한 5℃에서 3일간 숙성후에도 질소량은 변화가 없었다. 숙성지수인 SRI value는 pancreatic protease로 20분 처리시 가장 낮은 0.48이었고, 60분 처리시 0.68이었으며, FRI value는 pancreatic protease로 20분 처리시 가장 낮은 0.55, 60분 처리시 0.77이었으며, palatase ML을 처리하였을 때 다소 증가한 0.80정도의 숙성도를 보였다. EMC 제조와 숙성시 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타난 pancreatic protease 처리시의 수용성 단백질의 생성경향을 검토하고자, Sephadex G-100 column chromatogrphy를 이용하여 두 개의 분획을 얻었으며, 가수분해가 진행될수록 저분자 단백질의 함량이 증가하였다. EMC의 기능성을 축정한 결과, 용해도는 pH 4.0 부근을 기준으로 알칼리쪽 또는 산성쪽으로 갈수록 용해도가 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 기포 형성력은 pH 11에서 가장 높았고, 산성 용액보다는 알칼리 용액에서 높은 형성력을 보였다. 기포 안정성은 알칼리용액에 비해 산성용액에서 안정성이 높았다. 또한 수분흡수력은 pH 2.0∼4.0에서 최대의 흡수력을 보였으나, pH 10.0에서 최소의 흡수력을 보였다.

Cheese milk를 기질로 하여 pronase등 protease와 palanatase ML등 lipase를 이용하여 EMC를 제조하였다. Cheese milk 가수분해에 관여하는 각 protease의 반응 조건을 살펴본 결과, pronase-30℃, pH 7.0, pancreatin-40℃, pH 8.0, paciflc protease-30℃, pH 7.0과 Asp. sp. 기원 protease-50℃, pH 8.0에서 최대의 활성을 보였으며, lipase의 반응 조건은 pancreatic lipase-50℃, pH 8.0, palatase ML-50℃, pH 7.0과 Candida cylindracea 기원 lipase-40℃, pH 6.0 이었다. 최적 반응조건에서 가수분해를 행한 결과 반응 시간이 증가할수록 유리아미노산의 양과 유리지방산의 양이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. Pacific protease와 pronase에 의해 가수분해시 0.67㎎/㎖과 0.74 ㎎/㎖의 유리 아미노산을 생성하였으며, 유리 아미노산중 glutamic acid와 leucine이 가장 많은 함량을 보였다. Candida cylindracea 기원 lipase를 이용하여 가수분해시 가장 많은 유리 지방산생성량(24.63 ㎎/㎖)을 보였다. 각 EMC의 지방산조성을 살펴본 결과 butyric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid와 oleic acid의 함량이 보였다. Pancreatin에 의해 가수분해 후 각 lipase를 사용하여 제조한 EMC의 관능검사 결과, pancreatic lipase를 이용한 EMC가 가장 쓴맛이 강하였고, palatase에 의한 EMC는 가장 바람직한 cheese 향기를 가지고 있다

The present study has been undertaken to investigate the effects of garlic added to food on the activities of several enzymes in serum of rats fed lard and alcohol. Thirty-five males of Sprague-Dawley strains weighed about 130g were divided into 7 groups, each group receiving a different diet for 10 weeks; i.e. basal diet plus 15% lard, basal diet plus 5010 alcohol, basal diet plus 0.5% garlic, basal diet plus 15% lard and 0.5% garlic. Determinations were carried out on the net weight gain, food efficiency ratio, weight of organs, and AST, ALT, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phoaphatase activities in serum of rata. The results obtained were as follows: Rats given feed containing lard and alcohol showed significant decrease in net weight gain, but garlic caused an increase in food efficiency ratio. Lard supplementation caused an increase in the weight of liver, kidney, spleen, but another groups did not. AST, ALT, ALP, LDH of serum were significantly increased in lard and alcohol containing group but garlic feeding decreased enzyme activities compared to lard and alcohol containing group. The above results suggest that garlic would prevent the metabolic disease of liver by improving hyperlipemia caused by high fat diet.

침적법에 의해 결정된 IGRs의 {{{{ { LC}_{50 } }}}}수준 (ppm)에 대한 미국흰불나방(Hyphantria cunea Drury) 5령충과 이화명나방 (Chilo suppressalis Walker)3령충의 amylase, invertase, invertase, chitinase 와 estrase의 활성비교 결과, 미국흰불나방은 IGs 처리후 amylase, 와 invertase의 활성은 무처리 보다 낮았고 chlirfluazuron 처리에서 는 가장 낮 은 활서을 보였으며 chitinaes의 활성은 무처와 비교해서 IGRs 처리 후 증가 되었고 esterase patterm 은 2가지{{{{{ Est- alpha }^{ 1}{beta } ^{b} , and { Est- alpha }^{ 2}{beta } ^{b}}}}} 로 분리되었으나 처리간 차이가 없었으며, 이화명나방에서는 amylase, invertase와 chitinase의 활성은 미국흰불나방과 비슷한 경향을 보였으나, amylase와 invertase의 활성은 미국흰불나방보다 7~10배 낮았고, chitinase의 활성도 미국흰불나방 보다 3~4배 낮았다. Esterase patterm은 4가지{{{{{ Est- alpha }^{ 1},{ Est-beta } ^{a} ,{ Est- alpha }^{ 2} and { Est- alpha }^{ 3}}}}}로 분리되었고 무처리 대비 pyriprox-yfen은{{{{{ Est- alpha }^{ -1} }}}}에서 chlorfluazuron와 trbufenozide은{{{{ { Est- beta }^{ a} }}}}에 서 강한 활성을 나타내었으나 diflubenzu-ron은 차이가 없었다.