최근 증가하는 경관에 대한 관심에 따라 도시경관을 관리하기 위해서는 현재의 도시경관을 객관적으로 분석 및 평가하며 그에 대한 적절한 관리방안을 도출하여 지속적인 관리체계를 마련해야 하는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 월미은하레일 이 월미도 경관이 끼치는 영향을 조사·분석하여 월미도 환경과 경관을 개선하기 위한 방안을 제시하기 위하여 실시하였다. 연구를 위하여 월미도의 입지여건, 월미은하레일의 현황 및 관광객·주민의식을 분석하고 분석결과를 토대로 만든 시뮬레이션 이미지를 통해 설문조사를 작성하여 조사를 실시하였다. 설문조사 대상은 모든 연령층으로 폭넓게 조사하였다. 대상지의 사진을 시뮬레이션 기법을 통해 4가지 변화를 주어, 기존 사진을 포함 총 5가지 사진을 통한 시지각적 평가를 시행하였다. 설문조사 결과 월미은하레일을 철거하는 방법이 가장 높은 선호도를 나타냈지만, 공사와 비용상의 문제로 인하여 두 번째로 선호도가 높았던 색을 변경하는 방법이 현실적으로 월미도의 경관개선에 가장 효율적인 경관개선 방법이다. 경제적인 측면에서도 적은 금액으로 최대한을 효과를 낼 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Propolis is a health food, known that high antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, fresh cut vegetables that rapidly increasing consumption has recently faced the problem storability fall down after washing. To improve storability of fresh cut vegetables are being carried out various studies. In this study, using the characteristics of propolis we were performed to improve the storability of fresh cut vegetables. There was prepared in 20% solution of propolis extracts, by using this solution, propolis solution prepared diluting 0.001 to 1%, were dipped in fresh vegetables (cabbage lettuce, sesame leaf, and lettuce). Vegetables were measured the sensory evaluation and hardness after each treatment by placing in a certain period of time at room temperature and refrigerator. When cabbage lettuce was stored for 3 days at refrigerater, sensory evaluation that the cleavage site is not generated browning in 0.1% propolis solution showed the best results, the hardness was the most excellent. During refrigerated storage after treatment in a 0.01% solution of propolis sesame leaves showed good sensory evaluation include freshness, morphological change of leaves, and high hardness. After treatment propolis of 1% solution at room temperature, Sesame leaves showed the most heavily defensive fragility phenomenon after three days. It was found that the appearance of the side effect, when the concentration of the propolis is rather high. If lettuce is chilled to handle after propolis treatment, after 10 days in the solution from 0.01 to 0.1% showed excellent sensory evaluation, and high hardness. These results confirmed that the storage stability is excellent compared to non-treated as if diluted to 0.1-0.01% propolis solution is to improve the shelf life of fresh vegetables using.

In their efforts to compete and grow, companies try to reduce prime costs incurred by their purchasing groups, costs that may be more than 60% of sales. The recent financial crisis and the global economic depression have made it difficult to increase sales, so competitive purchasing is essential. Purchasing-efficiency benefits can be compared with sales-increase benefits: a 5% reduction of purchasing costs has the same effect as a 25% increase in sales. Some companies are using B2B purchasing substitution companies to reduce prime costs of raw materials, subsidiary materials, MRO (maintenance, repair, operation), and consumable materials. In this research, I examine whether purchasing substitution increases purchasing satisfaction and recommend ways to enhance the competitiveness of purchasing substitution. Corporate purchasing substitution strengthens integral purchases, simplifies systems, strengthens the supply network, and enhances customer service regarding quality, deadlines, logistics, and focus. This research is an effort to show how purchasing substitution systems can work best and to discover factors that contribute to corporate satisfaction. Most important is to use highly experienced purchasing experts who can reduce unnecessary costs through integral purchases. First, knowledgable and experienced purchasers can improve bid ordering rates. They can improve corporate satisfaction by recommending products suitable for price negotiation and sharing professional knowledge about items. Second, knowledgeable agents can improve sales rates by securing strong supply networks and minimizing distribution margins. Price competitiveness is most important in purchasing well-organized substitution services to allow expansion of new sales and better long-lasting account relations.

Matrix Metalloproteinases (both MMP2 and -9) play a pivotal role of the embryos hatching and implantation. Therefore, the objective of this study was carried out to investigate the influence of MMP2 and MMP9 on embryo development potential and subsequent effect at molecular level. There was no significant difference of cleavage rate among the groups. The development competence of blastocyst was significantly higher (P<0.05) in MMP9 treatment (39.81±16.61) than that to the combined treatment of MMP2 and –9 (23.68±0.27), but there was no significant difference among the control vs. MMP2 vs. MMP9 (35.05±2.74 vs. 32.71±6.18 vs. 39.81±16.61, respectively). On the other hand, the hatching rate of blastocysts was significantly lower (P<0.05) in combined group of MMP2 and –9 (12.55±0.09) (Table1). The expression level of MMP2 and MMP9 was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the entire treatment groups than that in the control group. But the expression of MMP9 was significantly higher (P<0.05) when compared in the entire treatment groups. The relative expression embryonic developmental gene, IFNt expression level significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the MMP9 embryos. The placenta establishment genes, PLAC8 and SSLP1, expression were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the MMP2 embryos compared to other groups. Transcription regulation gene, HNRNPA2B1, was higher (P < 0.05) in the combined group of MMP2+MMP9 than that in the other groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that MMPs to culture medium improves the blastocyst development rate and further impact on target gene expression analysis.

Environmental risk assessment aims to estimate the impacts of various stressors on populations and communities in the environment. However, most of the exposure tests conducted under the laboratory level. This gap between the controlled condition of the experiments and the complexity of the field situation can lead to irrelevant estimation of stress effects. For this reason, dynamic model approach in ecology that including integrated mechanistic understanding has become important. The dynamic models at the individual level can be used to interpret the individual’s response to stress, extrapolate which response to untested conditions, and predict the impacts on the higher ecological level. The overall objective of this case study was to simulate the chronic toxicity of copper on Daphnia magna using dynamic energy budget theory with the improved toxicity module component. The model system was constructed and evaluated, using the PowersimⓇ software. The toxicity model system was integrated with toxic effects on allocation of reserve, structure, and maturity energy of D. magna into improved toxicity module. The model was calibrated and verified by actual data sets where obtained from a laboratory experiment including growth, maturity and survival measurement of D. magna during copper exposure. The simulation results showed that the response of D. magna under copper exposure was well estimated by model system.

With the increased use of online learning in language education, the importance of videoconferencing lessons has recently received much attention in improving English speaking skills in Korea. This study examines the aspects of videoconferencing lesson that were helpful for improving students’ pronunciation. Six middle school students in Korea were assigned to two videoconferencing sessions with pre- and post-tests, and they had opportunities for interviews and selfreports after the two sessions. During the pre- and post-test, students pronounced words from a screen, distinguishing specifically between /r/ versus /l/ and /b/ versus /v/. In the interviews and self-reports, they described the factors in the videoconferencing lesson that were most helpful for their English learning. This study examined the appropriateness of videoconferencing tools and found that students’ self-assessment, more teacher feedback, and the flexibility of the technology were most helpful for improving Korean students’ English pronunciation.

This paper describes the surface modification effect of a Ti substrate for improved dispersibility of the cat-alytic metal. Etching of a pure titanium substrate was conducted in 50% H₂SO₄, 50˚C for 1h-12h to observe the sur-face roughness as a function of the etching time. At 1h, the grain boundaries were obvious and the crystal grains weredistinguishable. The grain surface showed micro-porosities owing to the formation of micro-pits less than 1 µm in diam-eter. The depths of the grain boundary and micro-pits appear to increase with etching time. After synthesizing the cat-alytic metal and growing the carbon nano tube (CNT) on Ti substrate with varying surface roughness, the distributiontrends of the catalytic metal and grown CNT on Ti substrate are discussed from a micro-structural perspective.

The present study assessed the effect of FSH and LH on oocyte meiotic, cytoplasmic maturation and on the expression level and polyadenylation status of several maternal genes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were cultured in the presence of FSH, LH, or the combination of FSH and LH. Significant cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation was observed upon exposure to FSH alone and to the combination of FSH and LH. The combination of FSH and LH during entire IVM increased the mRNA level of four maternal genes, C-mos, Cyclin B1, Gdf9 and Bmp15, at 28 h. Supplemented with FSH or LH significantly enhanced the polyadenylation of Gdf9 and Bmp15; and altered the expression level of Gdf9 and Bmp15. Following parthenogenesis, the exposure of oocytes to combination of FSH and LH during IVM significantly increased cleavage rate, blastocyst formation rate and total cell number, and decreased apoptosis. In addition, FSH and LH down-regulated the autophagy gene Atg6 and upregulated the apoptosis gene Bcl-xL at the mRNA level in blastocysts. These data suggest that the FSH and LH enhance meiotic and cytoplasmic maturation, possibly through the regulation of maternal gene expression and polyadenylation. Overall, we show here that FSH and LH inhibit apoptosis and autophagy and improve parthenogenetic embryo competence and development.

이 연구는 현재 위기의 청소년들이 자신들의 정신건강을 관리하고 유지해 나가기 위해 배움이 필요함을 설명하였다. 지금까지 청소년 정신건강에 관심을 가진 연구들은 청소년 정신건강 실태, 문제를 발생시키는 요인, 정책들에 관한 연구였다. 이러한 연구들에 의해 청소년 정신건강을 이해하기에는 다소 부족함이 따른다. 청소년기의 정신 건강이 무엇이고 유지하는 것이 왜 중요한지에 대한 이해를 비롯하여, 그 중요성을 토대로 문제를 어떻게 예방하고 증진시켜 나갈 것인지에 대한 방법을 생각하는 것을 미뤄두고 있기 때문이다. 이 연구를 통해 청소년들의 정신건강은 개인적·사회적·공동체적인 회복과 성장의 가능성을 포함하는 개념임을 밝혔다. 청소년들이 정신건강을 관리하는 것은 개인들의 마음의 다스림을 통해 자아의 발견과 실현으로 사회적인 회복과 성장까지 영향을 미치기 때문에 매우 중요하다. 그렇기에, 청소년의 정신건강은 삶과 떨어져 생각할 수 없고, 이를 증진시키는 방법은 자연스러운 삶의 철학을 배우는 것이다. 배움은 삶을 깨닫게 한다. 의미 생성으로서의 배움은 긍정적 창조에 의한 안정감, 개인의 성숙, 사회의 변화와 성장을 촉진 시키는 기능을 가지고 있었다. 우리는 배움으로 끊임없는 변화를 통해 치유되면서 정신건강을 다스리며, 우리의 삶을 풍요롭고 행복하게 가꾸어 갈 수 있다.

현대사회가 발전 할수록 대량산업화와 도시화가 심화되어 건축물의 초고층화 및 대형화가 증가하고 있으며, 안전적인 건축물 보다는 건물 및 제조사업장의 시각적인 디자인에 치우쳐 화재하중이 높은 건축자재의 내·외장재 및 고급스러운 장식물을 사용함으로써 그 위험뿐 만 아니라 화재발생시 대규모 인명 및 재산상의 피해를 가져오게 된다. 그리고 제조사업장화재는 화재로 인한 직접적인 손실 즉 물적 손실은 물론 생산중단으로 인한 간접적인 손실은 실로 측정하기가 어렵다. 지금까지 발생한 제조사업장화재의 발화요인별 분석은 부주의, 전기적, 미상 순으로 인한 화재가 가장 많고 발화열원은 작동기기, 담뱃불(라이터), 마찰․전도․복사등이 주요 원인이 되고 있고 대형화제 취약시설로는 공장 및 창고로 나타나고 있다. 소방방재청의 통계자료를 살펴보면 2012년 화재 발생현황 중 발화요인에 대한 화재별 장소 건수를 검토 한 결과 비주거의 화재발생 16,009건 중 5,758건으로 (36%)부주의이고, 주거에도 화재발생 10,715건 중 5,560건으로 51.9%의 부주의로 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 제조사업장의 사소한 부주의로 발생하는 화재를 예방하기 위해서는 소방안전관리자의 처우개선과 기업활동규제완화의 겸직 허용을 재검토 하여야 하며 , 소방안전관라자의 실무능력 강화를 위한 소방안전관리 실무교육과정을 이론적 교육 보다는 현장 실습위주로 할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해서는 소방안전관리자에 대한 법정 실무교육 횟수를 확대하여 현행 2년에 1회 에서 1년에 1회로 하고, 실무교육에 있어서도 우수송방안전관리 업체를 선정하여 화재예방에 대한 구체적인 업무를 활성화 하고, 문제 발생요소들을 분석하여 실습을 통한 소방안전관리자의 실무교육을 실시해야 할 것이다. 이러한 전문 소방안전관리자로 소방대상물의 소방교육 및 훈련을 성실히 수행 해야 할 것 이다. 한순간의 부주의로 인하여 화재가 발생하면 돌이킬 수 없는 수백명의 생명을 앗아가고, 수백억원대의 재산피해를 줄이기 위해서는 소방안전관리자의 역량을 넓히고 화재예방 업무를 최우선적으로 수행해야 할 것이다. 화재예방을 위해 소방안전관리자의 업무개선 및 전문교육을 활성화 하여 업무능력을 향상 시켜 화재발생시 초기진압에 신속하고 정확하게 대처해야 한다는 것이 전문적인 화재예방 대책 일 것이다.

Hanok is the key technology of the 21st century buzzword, as 'healthy homes' and 'eco-friendly' and to meet the demands for the safety and comfort of the human body in space, the possibility is getting attention again. Hanok worth from the perspective of brand marketing, pay raises, and maintain it throughout the whole life cycle of the value based on continuous activities. The systematization, and the efficiency of the way should be carried out to maintain to achieve the purpose. This presented study is divided into three stages, the consideration of Hanok Characteristics, maintenance manual written case analysis and Hanok written direction of the manual and take advantage of the possibilities. Firstly, for the consideration of Hanok natures, we study the Hanok maintenance characteristics to analyze the use of materials and construct method based on the result of 'Hanok technology development'. Secondly, we grasp the element which can be applied on the maintenance manual, analyze the maintenance manual contents and the written direction. Lastly, proposed step of written direction, we suggest the direction of Hanok manual writing based on identified elements.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of biological membrane transfer modifier, lysophospholipd (LPLs) on the parameters from in vitro rumen simulated fermentation. Commercially available LPLs product (LipidolTM) was supplemented into experimental diets which consisted of orchard grass and concentrate diet (60:40) in different levels (0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%). Then in vitro rumen simulated fermentation was performed. Although, a declining trend of pH was found in treatments, all pH values were detected in a range relevant to normal rumen fermentation. Gas production, ammonia nitrogen and total VFA production were greatly influenced by the supplementation of LPLs. All parameters were increased along with increased levels of LPLs in diet. As a result, 0.1% of LipidolTM is recommended based on the determined in vitro rumen fermentative parameters in this study.

본 논문은 무용수 수련에서부터 즉흥 춤 기반의 공연까지 창작의 전 과정을 휄든크라이스 방 식 Feldenkrais method을 활용해 수행한 작업에 관한 연구다. 숨무브먼트는 휄든크라이스 방식으 로 무용수를 수련시켜, 움직임이 일어나는 과정에 집중하고, 몸을 자각하는 능력을 향상시켰다. 이 기초수련 위에 즉흥 춤 연습을 병행하면서 무용수의 내적집중과 움직임의 자발성이 강화되 었다. 이렇게 향상된 즉흥능력을 통해 다양한 질감의 즉흥 춤이 만들어지고, 움직임을 일으키고, 내적집중을 유지하는 과정을 따라 몇 개의 단락을 만들어 낼 수 있었다. 이 단락을 연결 지어 즉흥 춤이 자연스럽게 전개되어 나갈 수 있는 열린 구성의 공연을 만들어 냈다. 이 창작 과정의 사례 연구를 통해, 휄든크라이스 방식이 무용 창작에 직접적으로 활용될 수 있는 가능성과 구체 적인 방법을 검토해 본다.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this paper is to estimate expected effects on traffic operational and economic aspects of 2+1 roads application in Korea. METHODS : Micro simulation study using VISSIM 5.0 was used to analyze the operation efficiency of 2+1 roads compared to two-lane highways and four-lane highways. Some scenarios for various traffic volumes were set up in order to analyze the effect of 2+1 roads under various traffic situations. Also imaginary road networks were set up for each type of roads. The MOEs to measure the operation efficiency were selected with average travel speed and delay. For analyzing economic effect of 2+1 roads, construction cost of a specific imaginary 2+1 road was compared to construction cost of a four-lane highway with same conditions. RESULTS: The results of study show that a 2+1 road is more effective with 19 percents higher average travel speed and 39 percents lower average delay than a two-lane highway. In the economic analysis, construction costs to construct a 2+1 road are saved as approximately 26.4~40.7 percents when compared to construction of four-lane highway. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that 2+1 roads can improve the traffic operational level of service for two-lane highways and 2+1 roads can be applied as an effective design alternative for higher-volume two-lane highways in Korea.

오늘날 기술의 발전으로 시스템들은 점차 대형화 복잡화 되어가고 있다. 이처럼 점차 대형화 복잡화 되어가고 있는 시스템들은 더욱 커진 사고 및 고장에 대한 위험을 내재하게 된다. 또한 대형 복합 시스템에서 발생하는 사고 및 고장은 바로 큰 재산피해나 인명피해와 직결 될 수 있다. 따라서 체계적인 안전관리의 필요성이 점차 커지고 있다[1]. 이에 대응하여 철도, 항공, 해양 등의 산업에서는 각 산업에 적합한 안전관리체계를 수립하려 노력하고 있으며, 표준 및 매뉴얼을 제정하여 보급에 앞장서고 있다. 국내 철도산업에서도 철도안전법의 재정을 기점을 철도 산업전반에 걸쳐 많은 환경변화가 이뤄지고 있고 이에 대응하기 위해 철도 안전시스템을 바탕으로 한 안전관리체계를 구축하였다. 한편 다양한 운영체계를 갖고 있는 철도시설 및 운영기관이 존재하는 국가 철도 안전관리체계의 안전규제를 체계화하기 위해서는 체계적인 요구사항의 분석에 따른 시스템 아키텍처의 설정이 요구되고 있다. 이러한 아키텍처의 설정은 현재에 대한 분석과 미래의 철도안전시스템의 특성을 구조화하여 향후 비전을 프레임워크로 표현함으로서 구현이 가능해진다. 본 논문에서는 현재의 안전관리체계의 도입 배경 및 도입 현황에 대해서 분석하고, 안전관리의 방식의 변화에 적절히 대응하는 안전관리체계의 구축을 위해 안전관리체계에 대한 아키텍처를 구현하고자 하며 이때, 모델링을 바탕으로 한 접근을 제시한다.