Devices with negative differential transconductance (NDT) and negative differential resistance (NDR) have shown a strong potential for digital electronics with high information density due to their N-shaped current–voltage (I–V) characteristics leading to multiple threshold voltages ( Vths). The 2D materials, such as graphene, hBN, MoS2, WS2, etc., offer an attractive platform to achieve NDT and NDR because of the absence of dangling bonds on the surface, leading to a high-quality interface between the layers. The 2D materials' unique property of the weak van der Waals (vdW) interactions without dangling bonds on the heterostructure devices shows the way for the applications more than-Moore devices. This review holds a well-timed overview of 2D materials-based devices to develop future multi-valued logic (MVL) circuits exhibiting high information density. Notably, the recent advances in emerging 2D materials are reviewed to support the directions for future research on MVL applications.

The research on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is in the advanced stage today. The only concern observed so far has been regarding its stability and efficiency. Its power conversion efficiency can be increased by incorporating various methods and materials based on nanotechnology. Several attempts have been employed to develop advanced methods for eco-friendly, commercially viable, and sustainable DSSCs to minimize the energy crisis in the future. Photoanode is one of the essential components of DSSCs that can be modified using different nanostructures to enhance its efficiency. The TiO2 nanoparticlebased photoanode with gold and silver has proven to be potent materials for getting efficient DSSCs. The plasmonic and quantum confinement effects also play a vital role in efficiency enhancement. In this review, we discuss numerous attempts made by researchers in the last decade to modify the photoanode and their progress. We also look at different types of nanostructures, such as quantum dots, metal oxide doping, layered structures, nanocomposites, and thin film formation, that improve the efficiency of DSSCs. Several methods were reviewed to modify photoanodes to optimize electron transportation, light scattering, trapping power, surface area, and reduce charge recombination. The trend in the efficiency enhancement of DSSCs using TiO2, Au, ZnO, Ag, and graphene nanostructures-based photoanodes have been explored in great detail.

The electro-Fenton (EF) process was first proposed in 1996 and, since then, considerable development has been achieved for its application in wastewater treatment, especially at lab and pilot scale. After more than 25 years, the high efficiency, versatility and environmental compatibility of EF process has been demonstrated. In this review, bibliometrics has been adopted as a tool that allows quantifying the development of EF as well as introducing some useful correlations. As a result, information is summarized in a more visual manner that can be easily analyzed and interpreted as compared to conventional reviewing. During the recent decades under review, 83 countries have contributed to the dramatic growth of EF publications, with China, Spain and France leading the publication output. The top 12 most cited articles, along with the top 32 most productive authors in the EF field, have been screened. Four stages have been identified as main descriptors of the development of EF throughout these years, being each stage characterized by relevant breakthroughs. To conclude, a general cognitive model for the EF process is proposed, including atomic, microscopic and macroscopic views, and future perspectives are discussed.

Graphite felt is a felt-like porous material made of high-temperature carbonized polymers. It is widely used in electrode materials because of its good temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, large surface area and excellent electrical conductivity. In this paper, the surface functional group modification is of graphite felt electrodes (mainly nitrogen doping modification, nitrogen–sulfur or nitrogen–boron co-doping modification) and surface catalytic modification (metal/ion surface modification and metal oxide surface modification as Main). There are two main methods and research progresses to improve the performance of graphite felt electrodes, and the comprehensive performance of surface functional group-modified graphite felt electrodes and surface catalytically modified graphite felt electrodes are compared respectively. The results show that both surface functional group modification and surface catalytic modification can improve the comprehensive performance of graphite felt electrodes. In this paper, the future development direction of graphite felt activation modification is also prospected.

Background: Like many other countries, falls and related injuries in older adults are great concerns in South Korea. In particular, falls are common in medical institutions, often causing the increase of the length of hospitalization. Objects: The purpose of this review was to help understand and address falls in hospitalized individuals in South Korea. Methods: The review was conducted on literature published in Korean from 2010 to 2022, searched in the Korea Citation Index and PubMed. Keywords used for the search were as follows: falls, fall risk, fall risk assessment, hospital, inpatient, intervention, Korea, and prevention. Results: A total of 54 articles were found and reviewed. The most common place of fall accidents was the inpatient room, where there were many cases of falls while walking. Loss of balance was the most common cause of falls, and many falls occurred in patients admitted to the internal medicine. Furthermore, a risk of falling increased with the type of medications taken. In terms of tools to assess patients’ fall risk, the Morse Fall Scale (MFS) was commonly used. Patient-specific fall prevention activities were common to address falls, and they decreased the frequency of falls and the fear of falling. Factors influencing the effectiveness of the fall prevention activities included attitudes toward falls, education, environmental factors, patient safety culture, and self-efficacy in preventing falls. Conclusion: Our results should help understand and address falls and injuries in medical institutions.

본 연구는 국내 간호대학생에게 적용한 플립러닝 교수법의 효과에 관한 연구를 체계적 고찰을 통해 통합적으로 규명하기 위한 메타분석연구이다. 자료수집은 2022년 11월 20일에서 12월 20일까지 코 크란 연합의 체계적 고찰 보고지침을 준수하여 진행하였다. 국내 데이터베이스를 통해 검색된 논문은 RISS 72건, KISS 11건, Dbpia 46건 총 129편이었으며, 중복논문 제거 및 선정기준에 따라 최종 9편의 연구를 선정하였다. 국내 간호대학생을 대상으로 플립러닝 수업을 적용한 결과 플립러닝이 간호대학생의 비판적 사고성향 0.91(Z=8.36, p<.001), 학업적 자기효능감 0.35(Z=2.62, p=.009), 자기주도적 학습능력 0.81(Z=6.53, p<.001), 학업성취도 0.60(Z=5.18, p<.001), 자기효능감 0.66(Z=4.79, p<.001) 향상에 효과 적인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 플립러닝은 국내 간호교육 현장에 적용 가능한 효과적인 교 수법임을 확인하였고, 플립러닝 수업설계 방향성에 객관적인 근거를 제시하였으며, 향후 플립러닝에 긍정 적인 효과를 주는 다양한 결과 변인들의 효과를 통합적으로 분석하는 반복연구를 제언한다.

Atomic layer etching (ALE) is a promising technique with atomic-level thickness controllability and high selectivity based on self-limiting surface reactions. ALE is performed by sequential exposure of the film surface to reactants, which results in surface modification and release of volatile species. Among the various ALE methods, thermal ALE involves a thermally activated reaction by employing gas species to release the modified surface without using energetic species, such as accelerated ions and neutral beams. In this study, the basic principle and surface reaction mechanisms of thermal ALE?processes, including “fluorination-ligand exchange reaction”, “conversion-etch reaction”, “conversion-fluorination reaction”, “oxidation-fluorination reaction”, “oxidation-ligand exchange reaction”, and “oxidation-conversion-fluorination reaction” are described. In addition, the reported thermal ALE processes for the removal of various oxides, metals, and nitrides are presented.

Background and Purpose: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using Methylene blue (MB-PDT) has been proposed as an adjunctive to scaling and root planing (SRP) to provide preferable results for the treatment of periodontitis. The multi-factor mechanism of aPDT action correlates with various influencing components such as the photosensitizer and the light delivery system. The paper aims to review the recorded parameters of MB-PDT from clinical trials of periodontitis which may serve to improve the treatment of periodontal diseases. Materials and Methods: PubMed search engine was used to identify human clinical trials of PDT in dentistry. After applying specific keywords, additional filters, exclusion criteria, the initial number of 17378 was reduced to 12. Results: More than half of the articles of SRP + MB-PDT presented better results [pocket depth (PD) reduction, clinical attachment level (CAL) gain, etc.] compared to SRP alone in the treatment of periodontitis. Conclusions: While more clinical evidence is needed, recent studies demonstrate that MB-PDT combined with SRP show a greater potential as a treatment of periodontal diseases in comparison to SRP alone.

본 논문에서는 충남지역 로컬푸드 정책의 새로운 방향성을 모색하기 위해 지 속가능성, 지역균형발전의 관점을 활용하여 분석하였다. 이를 위해 로컬푸드의 이론적 논의, 소비자와 생산자 관점에서 로컬푸드 정책의 필요성을 주장하였다. 그리고 지속가능성과 지역균형발전의 시각에서 분석하고 새로운 방향성을 제시 하였다. 구체적으로, 로컬푸드 정책을 추진하였을 때 나타난 지역경제 선순환 구 조 및 가계소비지출 변화의 효과에 근거하여 지속가능성에 대한 필요성을 제시 하였고, 지방자치단체의 로컬푸드 사업 활성화를 통한 양질의 일자리 창출 및 비정규직 감소를 통하여 지역균형발전의 필요성을 제안하였다. 이를 통해 충남지 역 로컬푸드 정책에 대한 새로운 방향성의 결론을 내렸고, 나아가 향후 과제로 서 로컬푸드 평가지표개발⸱기초자치단체 지원⸱우수사례 발굴과 홍보 등도 함께 제의하였다.

Background: Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) is an educational approach that deals with the physiology of the nervous system as well as the pain system and refers to educating patients with chronic musculoskeletal disorders such as chronic back pain. Objectives: This study examined the effects of pain neuroscience education on patients with low back pain. Design: Systematic review. Methods: Electronic bibliographic databases of a regional information sharing system (RISS) and PubMed were searched to identify randomized controlled studies. In the final outcome, 43 publications were identified, and 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: There were a total of 13 pain-related studies, including 11 studies using NPRS (VAS) and 2 studies using other pain measurement instruments. In NPRS, the effect size was 0.683, which had a medium effect size. In Roland morris disability questionnaire (RMDQ), the effect size was 0.544, which had a medium effect size. In Oswestry disability index (ODI), the effect size was 0.951, indicating a large effect size, but the confidence interval could not be obtained because there was only one study. Conclusion: Pain neuroscience education has positive effects on low back pain and disability index in related patients.

Numerical modeling and scenario composition are needed to characterize the geological environment of the disposal site and analyze the long-term evolution of natural barriers. In this study, processes and features of the hydro-mechanical behavior of natural barriers were categorized and represented using the interrelation matrix proposed by SKB and Posiva. A hydro-mechanical coupled model was evaluated for analyzing stress field changes and fracture zone re-activation. The processes corresponding to long-term evolution and the hydro-mechanical mechanisms that may accompany critical processes were identified. Consequently, practical numerical methods could be considered for these geological engineering issues. A case study using a numerical method for the stability analysis of an underground disposal system was performed. Critical stress distribution regime problems were analyzed numerically by considering the strata’s movement. Another case focused on the equivalent continuum domain composition under the upscaling process in fractured rocks. Numerical methods and case studies were reviewed, confirming that an appropriate and optimized modeling technique is essential for studying the stress state and geological history of the Korean Peninsula. Considering the environments of potential disposal sites in Korea, selecting the optimal application method that effectively simulates fractured rocks should be prioritized.

This study investigated the potential role of dietary factors associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Koreans. The scoping review method was used to evaluate the studies that utilized the secondary data sets comprising the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). Articles published between 2012 and 2022 were identified using RISS, KISS, DBpia, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. In all, there were 32 published articles on obesity and 119 on MetS. Obesity research included eight articles on nutrients, 12 on food items/food groups, two on dietary patterns, nine on dietary behavior/eating habits, and one on the dietary index. MetS studies comprised 34 articles on nutrients, 43 on food items/food groups, seven on dietary patterns, 25 on dietary behavior/eating habits, and 10 on the dietary index. Carbohydrates, alcohol, and coffee consumption were the most frequently studied dietary factors for obesity and MetS. The primary areas of study were largely focused on nutrients and food items/food groups. Thus, to overcome the paucity of information on the relationship of dietary patterns and dietary indexes with obesity and MetS, there is a need for further research using the KNHANES and KoGES data sets.

Due to the rapid growth of electrical vehicle and portable electronics markets, huge amount of the rare earth elements (REEs) and lithium have been required for the manufacturers globally. Moreover, after life time of the battery pass, the waste batteries containing valuable metal resources should be recycled due to competitions between the countries who manufacturing the batteries. Therefore, the REEs and lithium recoveries from the e-waste and wastewaters become issue recently. However, the commercialized technology for the valuable metal recovery is limited. In this study, the uses of the REEs and other valuable metal resources such as lithium, uranium, and gold and there recoverying methods according to the different water conditions were investigated and summarized. Moreover, the possible expectations and suggestions for the future application of the valuable resource recovery were conducted as a review.

Interactions between species in a community are very complex, and they are visualized and analyzed through a food web in simple way. Food web is a network of species connected by trophic links showing energy flow from prey to predator. Various models were developed to characterize the food web in ecosystems. In this study, we classified food web models to static models such as Ecopath and dynamic models such as AQUATOX. We presented characteristics of several different types of food web models in each category, and reviewed their applications used in aquatic ecosystems. Finally, we presented issues to be considered to develop food web models.

Purpose: This study reviews trends in the development of nursing simulation evaluation instruments and their characteristics in South Korea. Methods: Published and unpublished studies were analyzed using Korean electronic databases, such as the Research Information Sharing Service, the National Library of Korea, and the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information. The keywords for the search included “nursing,” “simulation,” “instrument development,” “evaluation,” “validity,” and “reliability.” Results: A total of 16 studies and 17 evaluation instruments from between 2012 and 2022 were included and categorized. The participants included junior or senior undergraduate nursing students. The evaluation was conducted through observation and self-report and classified into cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains. Only one instrument used for observation was measured for intra-rater reliability. Overall, 35.3% of the instruments integrally evaluated the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains, and 23.5% only reported one type of validity. Conclusion: The results indicate that the instruments insufficiently reflect the various learning outcomes of simulation education. Therefore, future research should be conducted to develop simulation evaluation instruments to evaluate integral learning areas according to the learning goals and examine their validity.

조르조 아감벤(Giorgio Agamben)은 『불과 글』에서 ‘영성의 글쓰기’가 가능한 잠재성을 모색한다. 그는 불을 상실하고 신비가 없는 서사만이 존재하는 현대 문학을 비판한다. 현대사회는 자본주의의 극단과 고도의 디지털 기술혁명이라는 두 가지 환경에 압도당해 왔다. 따라서 작가가 불의 상상력을 보존하여 작품을 창조하는 것은 어려운 도전이다. 그러나 아감벤은 이러한 환경이야말로 오히려 불이 되살아나는 소생의 문학 창조를 모색할 수 있는 잠재성의 영역임을 포착한다. 그는 인간의 궁극적인 행복이 신을 관조함에 있다고 밝히면서, 예술작품 창조를 통한 불과 글의 궁극적 통합을 주장한다. 그가 주장하는 ‘영성의 글쓰기’는 인간의 영적 성장과 재생을 담보하는 예술 행위이다. 『불과 글』은 현대인에게 불에 대한 기억을 소생시키고, ‘문학과 종교’가 지향해야 할 방향성을 제시한다.

해양환경으로 유출된 침강 HNS에 대하여 환경영향 평가를 위한 사후 모니터링 수행은 다량의 오염 물질이 유출된 경우와 해 양 환경에 영구적 또는 장기적인 영향을 주는 경우에 특히 필요하다. 침강 HNS의 유출은 해저면에 혐기성 환경을 만들거나 지형과 해류 에 따라 이동하며 퇴적물에 섞기거나 흡착되고 또는 반응하여 오염물질을 방출하기도 한다. 이는 저서생태계와 관련된 해양환경에 영향 을 줄 수 있으며, 불용성 침강 HNS는 해양 환경에 지속적으로 존재할 수 있다. 침강 HNS 유출 후 사후 모니터링은 사례연구를 통해 첫째, 모델링을 통한 유출물질의 영향을 예측하고, 둘째 원격탐사 등을 이용한 유출지역의 탐색 및 오염물질 유무를 확인하며, 셋째 수계 및 퇴 적물 시료의 화학적 분석과 생물학적 분석을 통하여 해양환경을 평가하는 단계로 되어 있으며, 모니터링 결과는 복원(Restoration) 또는 피 해 및 보상 평가 등의 계획을 수립하는데 활용되고 있다. 또한 사후모니터링 조사항목 중 해양환경기준에 명시되어 있는 항목은 그 기준 을 적용하여 평가하는 것이 유출 사고 전과 후의 환경영향을 평가하는데 유용할 수 있다.

목적 : 국내·외에서 보고된 뇌졸중 환자 대상의 운전 시뮬레이터 훈련 연구의 체계적 고찰을 통해 연구 경향과 대상자 특성, 사용 방법 및 시뮬레이터를 통한 중재의 효과성에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : RISS, PubMed 등의 데이터베이스를 이용하여 선정 기준에 부합하는 5편의 국내·외 연구를 검색하였 다. 분석 대상 연구들은 연구의 근거 기반 질적 수준 분석 모델에 따라 분류하였고, 임상적 분석 방법인 P.I.C.O 방법에 따라 분석하여 정리하였다. 결과 : 고찰한 연구는 총 5개로 근거 수준은 I, IV였다. 연구 대상자는 뇌졸중 환자로 운전 시뮬레이터 훈련 중재 를 통해 운전 기능 향상의 효과를 살펴보았으며, 중재 결과 다양한 영역에서의 향상이 보고되었음을 확인할 수 있었고, 1편의 논문을 제외한 4편의 논문에서 운전 기능의 유의미한 향상을 보고하였다. 결론 : 시뮬레이터를 이용한 중재는 많은 연구를 통해 효과가 입증되고 있었다. 추후 연구 대상자를 더욱 다양하 게 하여 도로 주행 능력 및 다양한 영역에서의 기능 향상을 위한 운전재활 연구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.

The ambiguity of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) posed a challenge to many medical researchers in the early days after its discovery and continues to do so till date. The establishment of the Budapest Criteria of the International Association for the Study of Pain resolved certain queries on CRPS. Many aspects of CRPS, such as pathophysiology and etiology, remain unknown. Therefore, of these aspects, we focused on the genetic basis of CRPS. In this qualitative review, we summarized the recent findings on the genetic association of CRPS and analyzed the roles of genes identified in each study and limitations of the studies. In particular, we confirmed the reliability of each study by comparing the following research, which used the following control groups or the same candidate genes. Notably, specific phenotypes of CRPS with dystonia indicate a significant association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ8. Further, HLA-DQ8, which is associated with aberrant CD4+ T-cell reaction, could be associated with CRPS etiology since an increased CD4+ T-cell population was reported in CRPS patients. In addition, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 found in genome-wide expression profiling is noteworthy since MMP-9 is associated with neuro-inflammatory reactions. Despite these suggestions on the genetic aspects of CRPS, the pathophysiology and etiology of CRPS may be polygenic and multifactorial, influenced by multiple genes and other factors. Further, some studies have suggested that CRPS phenotypes have different etiologies. Thus, further studies with the precise classification of CRPS on a unified basis and with a significant number of case groups are required

Ticks and tick-borne pathogens are among the main sources of interest in veterinary medicine and public health. This review aimed to cover published data on tick species and their geographical distribution in Korea. Over 143 articles regarding ticks were published between 1966 and 2022, and reporting at least 29 species belonging to the family Ixodidae and five belonging to the family Argasidae. Among these, Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava, and Ixodes nipponensis were the main genera distributed nationwide, whereas Amblyomma was mostly identified in the southern region. Conversely, only a limited number of Argasidae ticks were present, including the genera Argas and Ornithodoros. Considering the changes in tick distribution patterns due to global warming, continuous nationwide monitoring of ticks is required.