본 연구는 마요네즈 제조 시 유화제로 사용되고 있는 난황이 콜레스테롤을 다량 함유하고 있는 점을 개선하기 위하여 난황 대신 두유를 사용하였고, 된장의 항산화 효과로 인해 마요네즈의 저장성을 증진시켜줄 수 있을 것이라는 점에 착안하여, 유화제 종류와 된장분말 첨가가 마요네즈의 품질특성을 증진시킬 수 있는지 조사하고자 시행하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 총 페놀함량은 E1이 97.92 mg%, E2는 131.15 mg%, E3는 172.81 mg%로 증가되었고, S1은 56.87 mg%, S2는 111.39 mg%, S3는 152.75 mg%로 된장분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하였다(p<0.001). 2) 전자공여능은 E1이 20.49%에서 E2는 34.32%, E3는 50.95%로 증가되었고, S1은 9.59%, S2는 16.02%, S3는 38.77%로 된장분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하였다(p<0.001). 총 페놀함량과 전자공여능 측정 결과 된장분말을 6% 함유한 E3, S3에서 높게 나타났다. 3) 색도 측정 결과 L값(명도)은 E군이 S군보다 높게 나타났다. a값(적색도)는 S군이 높았고, b값(황색도)는 E군이 높게 나타났다. 된장분말이 증가할수록 L값(명도)은 감소하였고, a값(적색도)과 b값(황색도)는 증가하였다(p<0.001). 4) 콜레스테롤 함량은 E군이 152.87-156.62 mg/100 g, S군은 2.87-8.29 mg/100 g으로 나타나 두유로 만든 마요네즈의 콜레스테롤 함량이 매우 낮았다(p<0.001). 5) 관능검사 결과는 된장분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 색의 점수는 낮았고 신맛, 짠맛, 발림성은 증가하였다. E군은 S군보다 기름 냄새와 느끼한 맛이 강한 것으로 나타났다. 관능검사의 전반적인 결과로 볼 때 향, 전체적인 맛, 전체적인 기호도에서 된장분말 3%를 함유한 두유마요네즈 S2가 가장 적당한 마요네즈라고 사료된다. 연구 결과를 종합해 보면 난황 대신 두유를 사용하고 된장을 3% 첨가한 마요네즈에서 관능검사 시 높은 점수를 나타냈고, 콜레스테롤은 150 mg/100 g에서 10 mg/100 g로 낮출 수 있었다. 비록 두유보다 난황을 사용한 마요네즈가 더 높은 항산화성을 나타내었지만 저장성 실험을 한 결과 두유마요네즈가 더 높은 저장성을 보였다. 이와 같은 마요네즈가 개발된다면 계란의 난황 대신 두유를 사용하여 콜레스테롤 함유량을 낮출 수 있으며 계란 알레르기를 가지고 있는 환자들에게 도움을 줄 것이다. 그리고 된장 분말이 항산화작용을 하는 점을 이용하여 식품의 보존제로 첨가하여 식용유지의 산화를 방지하고 우리의 전통 발효식품인 된장을 서양요리에 접목 시킬 수 있어 우리나라 전통 발효식품인 된장을 세계화시키는데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

작두콩 된장의 품질특성을 알아보기 위해 재래식 방법으로 제조한 된장에 작두콩을 8.0% 첨가한 된장(J2)과 재래식 쌀 된장에 작두콩을 6.0% 첨가한 된장(J4)을 제조하여 시판 된장(K1-K6) 및 일반 재래 된장(J1, J3)과의 시험분석을 하였다. 수분, 회분 등 일반성분결과, 시료간 차이는 없었으나, 조단백질 함량과 protease 활성은 다른 시료에 비해 콩함량이 높은 J1과 J2가 높게 나타났으며, amylase 활성과 환원당 함량은 쌀을 첨가하여 제조한 J3과 J4가 다른 시료보다 높게 나타났다. 또한 아미노태 질소 함량은 시판된장인 K5와 K6에서 각각 668.34mg%와 642.64mg% 함량을 나타내어 다른 시료보다 높게 측정되었으며, 색도는 시료간에 유의적인 차이가 있었으며 작두콩 첨가가 색도에 큰 영향을 미치지는 않았다.

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics of tofu prepared with different concentrations of lotus leaf powder. The determined values for moisture, crude ash, carbohydrate, crude protein, and crude lipid in were 2.97%, 8.09%, 65.18%, 22.83%, and 0.93%, respectively. The yield rates of the tofu samples did not differ significantly according to the level of added lotus leaf powder; however, there was a significant decrease in pH and a significant increase in acidity. The L- and a-values of samples decreased as the amount of lotus leaf powder in the formulation increased, whereas the b value increased. Furthermore, hardness significantly increased as the level of lotus leaf powder increased. In terms of overall acceptability, the preferred tofu samples were the control and that containing 0.2% lotus leaf powder.

Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hemiptera: Encyrtidae) and Gryon japonicum Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) are two important egg parasitoids of soybean stink bug Riptortus clavatus, one of the most serious pests in Korea. On the verge of increasing severity of R. clavatus damage in other crops, now it is important to know temporal distribution of R. clavatus and its parasitoids throughout cultivation season of various crops. Seasonal occurrence of R. clavatus and its egg parasitoids is well studied in soybean. However, occurrence of spring populations has not been fully investigated. Therefore we placed pheromone trap with refrigerated eggs in barley and early soybean fields to record occurrence of both R. clavatus and its’ egg parasitism rate in 2008. Number of R. clavatus attracted in the trap was recorded every week, and host eggs collected same time were brought into laboratory for investigation of parasitism. R. clavatus was found to exist in barley on the first day of trap installation, i.e., May 11th. Number of R. clavatus reached highest level after mid July. Only G. japonicum emerged from the eggs collected from barley field whereas O. nezarae was dominant species emerged from the host eggs collected from soybean field. We found that not only R. clavatus infestation but parasitoid occurrence begins in early spring barley field.

To understand microhabitat distribution of insect pest is important for developing timely management tactics. We investigated within plant distribution of Riptortus clavatus Thunberg (Hemiptera: Alydidae) eggs and its’ parasitism by egg parasitoids such as Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in soybean fields. Sampling was carried out to determine the most preferred oviposition site (upper leaf surface, under leaf surface, pod and stem) in different varieties of soybean (Daewon, Cheongja, Taegwang, Daepung, Seomoktae, Seoritae) in Andong, 2007 and 2008. Parasitism was recorded only in 2008. In seasonal total, proportion of R. clavatus eggs deposited within soybean plant was significantly higher on under leaf surface (70-97%) followed by upper leaf surface, pod, and stem (2-29%, 0-8% and 0-2%, respectively) depending on varieties of soybean. In seasonal total, parasitism rate by O. nezarae was significantly higher on the eggs collected from under leaf surface (61%) followed by eggs collected from upper surface of the leaves (43%), pods (7%) and stem (33%). In conclusion, R. clavatus prefer upper leaf surface the most as a oviposition substrate in soybean, and highest parasitism by O. nezarae on the host eggs was also found on upper leaf surface.

(E,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate (E8E10-12:Ac) and (E)-8-dodecaenyl acetate (E8-12:Ac) have been selected as the candidate chemicals for sex pheromone components of the M. phaseoli, female through GC-EAD tests, whereas the two compounds and an additional candidate, (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate (E7Z9-12:Ac), have been found at a ratio of 7:1:1 in the abdominal tip extract (Yum et al., 2008). In order to determine the actual composition of sex pheromone, therefore, several blends using the three chemicals were evaluated for attractiveness to males of M. phaseoli around red bean and soybean fields. Individual components as well as two blends consisted of E8E10-12:Ac/E7Z9-12:Ac and E8-12:Ac/E7Z9-12:Ac did not show attractiveness, whereas the blend of E8E10-12:Ac/E8-12:Ac showed an increased effect in male capture. Of the tested blends with all three chemicals, the 7:1:2 composition of E8E10-12:Ac, E8-12:Ac and E7Z9-12:Ac attracted the most number of males. The results suggested that E7Z9-12:Ac is one of the sex pheromone components and may act as a synergist.

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura 1917, is well known as a soybean pest in the world. Recently, it has been introduced to North America causing serious damage in U.S. As a cooperative research with USDA-ARS, we have investigated A. glycines in soybean fields, and also examined the colonies on the overwintering host Rhamnus davurica in order to find its natural enemies. It was generally reported that A. glycines has host alternation between the soybean, Glycine max (summer host) and the Dahurian buckthorn, Rhamnus davurica (winter host) in East Asia. However, it was very difficult to identify the soybean aphid, A. glycines, from R. davurica due to the co-existance of at least three Aphis species and the seasonal polymorphisms of each species (e.g, gynopara, ovipara, and male). For species identification, we tested 3 molecular markers, mitochondrial COI, COII, and nuclear EF1α, for 14 collected samples (7 samples from G. max and 7 samples from R. davurica). As a result, we found two different species, A. gossypii and other Aphis sp., are mixed together with A. glycines on R. davurica. We report the biology of A. glycines in Korea, and present species identification using molecular phylogenetic approach.

This study was carried out to analyse the biological activity in soybean pastes with the sword beans and general soybean pastes. The electron donating activity of soybean pastes with the sword beans(J2, J4) was higher than other soybean pastes with value of 81.5 ± 2.2% and 88.3 ± 0.7%, respectively. And the content of total phenol compounds was higher in J2 and J4 compared to the others with value of 1773.8 ± 2.9 mg/kg and 1785.7 ± 3.9 mg/kg respectively. ACE inhibitory effect was higher in J2 and J4 than other soybean pastes with value of 63.1 ± 1.0%, 62.1 ± 1.4%, respectively. And aglycone type(daidzein, genistein) isoflavone content was higher than glucoside type(daidzin, genistin). But tyrosinase inhibitory effect was not different among test samples. From the results, soybean pastes with the sword beans(J2, J4) have higher anti-oxidant activity and ACE inhibitory effect than other soybean pastes, therefore, it may have potential to prevent hypertension.

This study was conducted to determine pheromone trap type and height in forecasting populations of R. clavatus in soybean fields using pheromone. The most effective pheromone trap type and height in forecasting populations of R. clavatus were fish trap and 60 ㎝ above ground. Ratio of R. clavatus adults female and male in soybean field was 1.5 to 1 and Piezodorus hybneri was also attracted to the aggregation pheromone trap of R. clavatus. Attractiveness of two stink bug species caught on synthesis pheromone of R. clavatus was surveyed with imported production and synthesized production. Imported pheromone attracted only adult of R. clavatus, but synthesized pheromone attracted both adult of R. clavatus and P. hybneri. Change of population of R. clavatus was observed using pheromone trap and sweeping method in soybean field. Adults of R. clavatus occurred from early August and the population reached its peak in early September when pheromone trap was used. In case of sweeping method, its fluctuation pattern was similar to that of pheromone trap.

The susceptibility of five stink bugs species collected soybean fields in Milyang in 2006 to seven insecticides was evaluated using electric auto-sprayer. The insecticide deltamethirn had the lowest median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of 0.4 to 2.3 ppm regardless of stink bugs species while phenthoate had the highest concentration for one-banded stink bug (Piezodorus hybneri), green stink bug (Nezara antennata), sloe bug (Dolycoris baccarum), and brown marmorated stink bug, (Halyomorpha halys), and fenthion for bean bug (Riptortus clavatus). The average LC₅₀ for stink bugs to seven insecticides was lowest at 7.5 ppm for R. clavatus, followed by 16.6 ppm for H. halys, 17.6 ppm for D. baccarum, 19.1 ppm for N. antennata, and 28.4 ppm for P. hybneri. The relative tolerance ratio (TR), which is the TR of 90 percent lethal concentration (LC₉₀) of stink bugs to the recommended concentration, was the lowest in fipronil for R. clavatus, P. hybneri and D. baccarum, fenitrothion for N. antennata, and fenthion for H. halys. The relative average TR was lowest at 0.09 for R. clavatus, followed by 0.26 for D. baccarum, 0.30 for N. antennata, 0.37 for P. hybneri, and 0.39 for H. halys. Therefore, insecticides susceptibility was highest for R. clavatus and lowest for P. hybneri while the relative average TR was lowest for R. clavatus and highest for H. halys. Accordingly, it is expected that stink bugs can be effectively controlled with by spraying insecticides in soybean field because the relative average TR value of stink bugs was below 1.0, indicating high susceptibility of stink bugs to insecticides.

Oviposition preference of the bean bug, Riptortus clavatus to sites on a plant and within a field, to plants at different developmental stages, and to different leguminous germplasms was observed. The insect layed its eggs mainly on the back surface of leaf in the upper half of plant in both observation from oviposition cage and soybean field. The egg number in fields were observed at a statistically-same rate in marginal and inside area, and at a median value of one egg per leaf in oviposited leaves. Full seed stage of soybean hardly affected oviposition preference of the insect. A statistically-significant difference in oviposition to different leguminous germplasms was observed.

The bean pyralid, Omiodes indicatus (Fabricius), moulted 4 times during larval period. When temperature increased from 15 to 20, 25, and 30℃, the developmental period of immature stages was shortened, 18.2, 7.5, 5.0, and 4.1 days of egg period, 51.8, 20.0, 12.7, and 9.9 days of larval period, 29.5, 12.0, 8.0, and 5.9 days of pupal period, respectively. Adult longevity was 16.0, 14.7, 11.2, and 7.5 days at respective temperatures. A female adult layed 57.0, 63.3, 82.2, and 31.7 eggs in 3.7, 6.0, 5.8, and 3.0 days of oviposition period at the same temperature regimes, respectively. Field survey in 2006 and 2007 showed that leaf damage on paddy field and upland soybeans began to appear in mid July, reaching its peaks in mid August and late September. Adults of the bean pyralid appeared in mid July and peaked in late August and early October.

숙취해독에 탁월한 효과를 지니는 asparagine 함량의 콩나물 계통간 차이와 뿌리 발생량에 따른 차이 및 콩나물 재배기간에 따른 차이를 구명하여 고 asparagine을 가지는 기능성 콩나물 생산과 품종육성을 위하여 국내재래 콩나물 계통의 asparagine 함량을 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 공시된 나물콩 174품종 및 계통의 콩나물에서의 asparagine 함량의 범위 및 평균은 0.38~1.67%, 0.99%(생체수준)로 각각 나타나 다양한 변이를 보였다. 2. 공시된 장려품종과 재래계통의 asparagine 함량은 각각 1.29, 0.96%(생체수준)로 재래계통보다 장려품종에서 높게 나타났다. 3. 백립중별 asparagine함량은 8.1~10.0g범위에서 1.02%(생체수준)로 가장 높은 경향이었으나 유의적인 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 4. 종피색별 asparagine 함량은 갈색종피종이 1.15%(생체수준)로 가장 높았으며 다른 종피종들은 비슷한 경향으로 나타났다. 5. 공시된 장려품종의 asparagine 함량의 범위는 4.08~6.24%(건물수준)로 나타났고, 다원콩(6.24%), 소백나물콩(6.21%), 소원콩(5.95%), 소명콩(5.85%) 순이었다. 6. 콩나물의 재배일수를 10일로 한 경우 asparagine 함량과 관계가 깊은 뿌리발생량이 크게 증가하였다. 7. 재배일수에 따른 asparagine함량은 5일재배와 10일 재배에서 각각 0.68%, 1.21%(생체수준)로 나타나 재배일수간 asparagine 함량에는 고도의 유의적인 차이가 인정되었다. 8. 콩나물의 하배축 부위에서 재배일수가 증가할수록 asparagine 함량도 증가하여 2일 재배시 2.91%(건물수준)이던 것이 14일 재배시에는 15.68%까지 증가하였다.

The soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) protein is responsible for the inferior nutritional quality of unheated or incompletely heated soybean meal. Ti locus controls presence or absence of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein. Genetic recombination or tight linkage between Ti locus and Satt228 marker that has been identified to be tightly linked to the Ti locus was detected for marker assisted selection (MAS) using two F2 populations of titi genotype in this study. Two F2 populations were developed from the cross of A29 (KTI protein present, TiTi genotype, AA genotype in Satt228 marker) x Gaechuck#1 and Gaechuck#2 (KTI protein absent, titi genotype, BB genotype in Satt228 marker). Among 31 F2 plants derived from A29 x Gaechuck#1, twenty nine F2 plants show BB genotype that indicates no recombination between Satt228 marker and Ti locus. Only 2 F2 plants show AA genotype that indicates recombination between Satt228 marker and Ti locus. Twenty eight F2 plants derived from A29 x Gaechuck#2 show BB genotype that indicates no recombination between Satt228 marker and Ti locus. Expected genetic ratio between Satt228 marker and Ti locus was 3.6 cM in F2 population.