Participants of this 1998 survey included 100 physical therapists working in hospitals located in Andong City. 77.7% of the participants were in their twenties and 20.2% in their forties. 46.4% of the participants were 3rd year students at a junior college, and 1.0% were college graduates. 67.6% of the participants had less than 5 years experience and 1.0% 16 years experience in their field. 59.6% of the participants were married. Regarding questions about occupational satisfaction, many of the participants replied "normal" for the first and third questions, and few answered "very much". Most of the participants answered "normal" for all the questions concerning their work environment with few replying "very much". With regards to awareness of the physical signs of fatigue, "occasionally, yes" were the most frequent answers. Regarding awareness of the psychological signs of fatigue, the similar proportions of participants answered "occasionally, yes" as that for "feeling nothing". Similarly, with regard to awareness of the neuro-sensitive signs of fatigue, there was a similar ratio of participants answering "occasionally, yes" and "feel nothing". It can be concluded that there are many causes of fatigue amongst physical therapists. Improvements in daily nutrition, mental health and general well-being are important in tackling these problems. It appears that fatigue amongst physical therapists may be cumulative and due to prolonged working hours To promote better daily functioning and early recovery from fatigue, appropriate assignments of working and resting hours are necessary. They would also benefit the prevention of symptomatic problems in the waist and shoulder.

본 연구는 서열법(교호평균법)과 ZM학파의 식물사회학적 연구방법에 의해 대구, 구미, 김천 근처의 팔공산, 금오산, 황악산 일대의 참나무류 삼림을 분류하고 그 환경조건을 해석할 목적으로 실시되었다 교호평균법에서 추출된 stand의 제 1축상의 종의 배열은 식물사회학적 군락분류의 표징종이나 식별종의 후보 종군을 추출하는데 매우 효과적이었다. 이결과와 타지역과 본 연구지역의 낙엽수림의 조성을 비교 검토한 결과 이하의 2군집, 1군락, 2아군집을 식별하였다. 너도밤나무군강(Fagetea crenatae Miyawaki et al. 1968) ; 당단풍-신갈나무목(Acero-Quercetalia mongolicae Song 1988); 조록싸리-졸참나무군단(Lespedezo-Quercion ser-1-1 때죽나무아군집(Styracetosum japonicae subassoc. nov) 1-2 전형아군집(typicum subassoc. ) (Ainsliaeo-Quercetum mongolicae assoc. nov.) 3. 신갈나무-시닥나무군락(Quercus mongolica-Acer teschonoskii var, rubripes community) 본연구에서 식별된 군단은 우리나라의 냉온대 낙엽활엽수림의 북부형과 남부형에 대응하는 것으로 해석되었다. 서열법에 의해 계산된 제 1축과 제2축상에의 stand의 배열은 인위와 해발과 같은 환경경도상의 계열을 나타내었다. 이상의 연구와 함께 본 연구와 관련되는 사항으로 우리나라의 냉온대림의 군락분류학적 문제점을 종조성론의 입장에서 논하였다.

전형적인 도시근교 하천(潮滿江)에서 수질의 오염양상을 93년 6월부터 94년 9월까지 조사하였다. 연평균 BOD 농도는 9.3 mg O2/ l로 5급수였고, TN, TP 및 chl-a 는 각각 4.6 mg N/ l, 239 μg P/ l 및 104 μg/l로 과영양상 태였으며, alkalinity, DO, 투명도, TSS 등 다른 수질인자도 부영양화 특성이 잘 나타났다. 연평균 TN/TP의 비는 19로서 P가 조류의 생장을 제한하는 요인으로 작용 할 수 있음을 시사한다. 연평균 질소화합물 농도에서 무기질소가 66%, 유기질소는 34% 차지하였고 무기질소 중에서 암모니아가 63%, 질산염이 37%였다. 지류 중에서 해반천의 질소와 인부하량이 가장 컸으며 해반천의 NH4는 본류보다 3.5배 이상 높게, TP 농도는 본류보다 2.5배 높은 농도로 유입되었다. 생활하수가 유입되는 해 반천에서 무기질소 또는 인이 차지하는 비율이 매우 높았다. 담수조류는 여름에 남조류 Microcystis, 겨울에 규조류 Stephanodiscus가 번무하는 등 오염지표성 조류가 대발생하는 수계였다. Chl-a량은 계절에 따른 전형적인 변동을 찾아볼 수 없었고 봄∙가을보다 겨울에 현존량이 더 높았다.

The city of Dalian has been developed under varied geo-political situation since the later part of nineteenth century up to now where a considerable mutation is taking place. In this study we tried to trace the historical evolution process of Dalien as second important port of China playing the role as center of North-Eastern Region in the field of Industry, foreign exchange, finance and tourist industry. The result reveals possibility of the city to excelerate its development under present circumstances toward the opened system of economical policy.

기존 연구 문헌의 고찰로 서울시 야생조류상의 현황 및 관리방안은 다음과 같이 결론지을 수 있다. 1. 서울시 야생조류상에 대하여 물새와 산새를 모두 연구한 결과가 아직 발표되지 않아 정확한 현황은 파악하기 어려우나 번식기에는 약 40 여종, 겨울철에는 40여종이 서식하는 것으로 볼 수 있으나, 앞으로 정교하며 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다. 2. 도시림 뿐만 아니라 주변의 패치를 동시에 고려한 통합적 접근방식(intergrated approach)으로 도시림을 연구하여 관리해야 할 것이다. 3. 도시림의 면적은 도시림에 번식하는 야생조류의 종 수에 큰 영향을 미치는 지배적인 인자로써 도시림이 더 이상 다른 토지이용 형태로 전환되지 않도록 관리하는 것이 가장 기초적인 관리 지침이다. 4. 대면적의 숲이 세분화 될 경우, 여름철새의 번식에 지장이 있을 수 있으므로 대면적 숲의 세분화를 막아야 하며, 가능한 한 생태통로(eco-corridor)로 세분화 된 숲을 연결할 수 있는 기술을 개발해야 할 것이다. 5. 도시림에 생육하는 임목 중 대경급 임목은 나무구멍을 둥지자원으로 이용하는 조류의 중요한 은신처와 둥지이므로 대경급 임목을 대신할 수 있는 인공새집의 설치는 나무구멍을 둥지로 이용하는 조류의 번식 종 수를 높이는 방법이다. 또한, 도시림이 시민에 의해 과도하게 이용될 경우, 관목층이 제거되어 관목층을 둥지자원으로 이용하는 조류의 서식에 불리한 조건을 제공할 수 있으므로 등산로 주변에 관목성 수목을 밀식하여 등산로의 확폭과 파괴를 막아야 할 것이다. 풍부한 먹이 자원을 제공하기 위하여 관목층 보호를 꾀하고 임목의 조림과 무육에 힘써야 할 것이다. 6. 동일한 면적에서 번식 조류 종 수를 높이는 방법은 엽층의 피도량을 늘이는 것이다. 현재 서울의 도시림은 엽층의 분화보다는 우선, 피도량의 증가를 위해 노력해야 하며 후에 엽층의 다양성을 높여 산림의 수직적 구조를 다양하게 만들어야 할 것이다. 7. 들고양이와 들개에 의한 소형 조류의 피해가 늘고 있으므로, 야생조류의 천적인 들고양이와 들개를 구제해야 할 것이며, 이에 앞서 서식실태가 조사되어야 할 것이다. 8. 한각을 비롯한 지천의 하변에 서식, 월동하는 물새류와 서식지에 대한 연구와 관리가 시급히 이루어져야 할 것이다. 9. 산불방지와 도시림 정비의 일환으로 실시해 온 관목층과 낙엽 및 죽은 가지를 제거하는 비과학적인 관행과, 하천유지유량을 높이고 하변 정비 및 산불 방지으 ㅣ한 방편으로 진행된 하변 식생 제거는 전문가와 충분히 제고한 후, 없어져야 할 것이다.

The Hwasong City Wall was built for three years(1794-1796), but the real construction term was taken only 28 months. The wall and the buildings on the wall were built simultaneously, and the esttimated construction cost was highly restricted. These conditions were main factors for considering the high efficiency of construction productivity. This study examines these factors that are reflected in the operating system of the architectural standard scale of length, the architectural composition system in the Hwasong City Wall to reduce the construction cost. Through the study, following factors are found. 1.The rule of multiple proportion is found in the relationship between the partition distance, that is, span and the height of the girder which is related to the productivity of ready-made building members. 2.The ruling grade system of scale in the component members is found in the chang-bang(창방, penetration members)

From the early 1980's, when Chinese government decided to take an Open-Policy. Chinese society faced a new turning point to be changed from traditional-society to modern-society. As a result her outstanding phenomena of civilization is to be seen in many points, like the oid styled traditional street is rapidly replaced by the modernized high-rise buildings. Like the other cities in China, Beijing(北京) also is on the step of modernization, and it's changing speed is faster time by time. In this paper, I'll discuss about Beijing's policy of reservation of Old castles(古城), some problems what they have though the procedure of China's Movement of Old Castle Reservation(古城保護運動). And through this case study, I'd like to focus on the way how we solve some problems what we have now concerning to the reservation and development of traditional cities.

본 연구는 도시공원의 식생경관을 보전하여 도시의 개성과 아름다움을 창조, 유지, 관리할 수 있도록 하기 위한 기초적인 연구로써, 도시공원의 식생경관이 주변의 건축물 등과 조화를 이룰 수 있도록 개발을 유도할 수 있는 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 광주공원의 식생경관을 대상으로 CAD에 의한 시각 시뮬레이션 응용방법에 의한 분석은 앞으로 시각 시뮬레이션 방법이 식생경관을 보전 할 수 있는 객관적인 판단 근거를 제시할 수 있는 가능성을 보여주었다. 그러나, 본 연구와 같이 근거리의 식생경관을 분석할 경우는 수목의 위치, 수목의 성상, 식생구조 등이 매우 중요한 요소로써 인식되고 있다. 따라서 분석작업의 효육을 높이고 컴퓨터의 활용효과를 높이기 위해서는 대상지에 대한 면밀한 조사방법과 수목의 표현방법, 그리고 상세한 자료입력방법에 대한 지속적인 연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 성남시 분당구에 위치한 중앙공원과 불곡산에 이르는 중심녹지축의 연결로 Ecobridge지역의 생태적 공간조성을 목적으로 야생조루종조성, 식물군집구조분석을 실시하였다. 야생조루종조성분석 결과 Ecobridge 지역에서는 까치, 박새, 참새 3종 23개체만이 출현하였고 중앙공원 산림에서는 3종과 꾀꼬리, 제비 5종 37개체가 출현하였다. 자연환경이 양호한 불곡산에서는 15종 72개체가 출현하였다. 식물군집구조분석 결과 중앙공원과 불곡산 산림은 리기다소나무, 잣나무 등을 식재한 인공림과 신갈나무, 졸참나무, 상수리나무 등 참나무류를 중심으로 형성된 자연림, 인공림에서 참나무류로의 2차천이가 일어나고 있는 반자연림으로 나뉘어졌다. Ecobridge지역은 아교목층이 형성되지 않은 교목층 위주의 단순식생으로 지역주민의 이동공간으로 이용되고 있었다. 종다양성은 불곡산 산림→ 중앙공원 산림→Ecobridge지역순으로 낮은 값을 보였고, 유사도지수를 나타내었다. 따라서 생태적인 공간조성에 있어 종다양성이 높은 불곡산의 다층적인 식생구조를 도입하는 것이 타당하다고 판단되었다.

Consumer's perceptions of the qualities of food and food-related services were surveyed through questionnaires by 672 adults randomly selected from 20 industrial foodservice in Pusan and Kyeung Nam area. The results are as follows: 1) By age, the elderly group gaved the highest mean score not only for freshness and temperature among the food characteristics but also for cleanliness of dishes and materials of dishes among the food-related service. 2) By occupation, the white collar worker group gaved the highest mean score in all characteristics of food and food-related service than did the blue collar worker group. Especially for courtesy of employees, the mean rating given by the white collar worker group was 3.15/5.00, but by the blue collar worker group was 2.67/5.00. 3) Good appetitive group rated taste of food 3.15/5.00, quality of food vs. food price 3.17/5.00, and freshness 3.15/5.00. But poor appetitive group rated taste of food 2.44/5.00, quality of food vs. food price 2.65/5.00, and freshness 2.70/5.00. 4) Men agreed that the rice and soup were right in amount. And women responded that the rice was in a large amount and the soup was not enough. 5) The white collar worker group agreed that the rice, the soup, the side dish, and the kimchi were right in amount. However the blue collar worker group agreed that the rice was right in amount, the soup and the side dish were not enough, and the kimchi was in a large amount. For seasoning of food, the white collar worker group responded that the salty taste and the hotness were just right. But the blue collar worker group responded that the food was neither salty nor hot at all. 6) The taste of food was shown to be positively correlated (p<0.001) with various food item combinations, freshness of food, and the variety of cooking methods.

This study aims at showing how C.N.Ledoux applied architecturally the idea of Enlightenment in the Ideal City. Enlightenment of 18th century not only developed neo-classicism in the field of art, but also brought about the changes of ideology and philosophy of the era. C.N.Ledoux, one of the most influential architects of this period, expressed abstractly and symbolically the essential idea of Enlightenment; the skepticism of God's authority, the liberty and equality of man, charity and the willingness of controlling the power of nature, and so on.

Consumer's perceptions of the quality of food and food-related servcie were surveyed through questionnaires by 672 adults randomly selected from 20 industrial foodservice in Pusan Kyeung Nam area. Data from consumers were analyzed by using SPSSPC+ program in terms of 2-test, oneway ANOVA, t-test. The results are as follows: 1) Among the food characteristics, the mean rating for temperature of food was 3.18 over 5, for quality of food vs. food price 2.97, for fresshness 2.96, for taste 2.86, and for combination of colors 2.73; 2) In the food-related service, the mean rating was 3.20 for cleanliness of dishes, 3.18 for quality of dishes, 3.01 for varity of food items, 2.95 for courtesy of employees, and 2.57 for availability of favorite food. 3) Self-operated foodservice showed higher mean ratings in nutrition of food, quality of food vs. food price, and availability of favorite food than does the contracted one. 4) The rice (85.0%) and the kimchi (81.4%) were right in amount, but the soup (42.5%) and the side dish (49.0%) were not enough. 5) In seasoning of food, 45.2% of the respondents agreed that the salty taste and the amount of MSG were just right. However, 38.0% and 37.9% of them responded that the salty tast was strong and the amount of MSG was much. 6) The respondents mostly required the improvement of the taste of side dish, nutrition of food, sanitation of food, and variety of menu items.

The purpose of the present study is to identify potentially hazardous factors which can contribute to the outbreak of foodborne disease and to represent more practical management methods in terms of environmental sanitation and facilities for the kitchen. 230 Korean-style restaurants in Seoul were assessed and analyzed by the restaurant total area. Facilities and sanitary check-lists were developed to evaluate the facilities and sanitary conditions of sampled restaurants. The sanitary condition of kitchen, guest room and other area were assessed by the sanitary score. The basic cooking machinery and utensil were properly facilitated but automation machinery were equiped below 10% sampled restaurants. The kitchen area were not properly sufficient to total area. Sanitary condition of kitchen, guest room, cooking appliance and stored foods were evaluated as the unsatisfactory state with potentially hazardous. Concrete guidelines should be made in terms of following item; establishment for the kitchen space expansion, facilities for the improvement of the working environment and sanitary condition of foods cooked. Additionaly, it need to practice the effective education and training program for the foodservice manager and employees.

The purpose of this study is to identify potentially hazardous factors which can contribute to the outbreak of food borne disease and present more practical management methods in terms of sanitary management of cooking equipment and personal hygiene. 230 Korean-style restaurants in Seoul were surveyed in the same manner on the published study-A study for the Improvement of Sanitary Condition in Korean style-restaurant in Seoul city area (I). Sanitary check-lists were developed to evaluate the sanitary status of cooking equipment and personal hygiene of employee. The sanitary condition of cooking equipment the maintenance of refrigeration, food habits and personal hygiene were assessed by the sanitary score. The sanitary condition of cooking equipment, the maintenance of refrigeration as well as food habits and personal hygiene employee was in good condition. The effective sanitation education and training for good service workers should be practice for the improvement of sanitary management of cooking equipment and personal hygiene.

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 대구시(大邱市)의 주요 하천(河川)인 이천(梨川), 범어천(汎魚川), 칠성천(七星川), 신천(新川), 달서천(達西川) 및 공단천(工團川)의 오염상태(汚染狀態)를 조사(調査)하여 도시하수(都市下水)의 효과적(效果的)인 처리(處理)와 금호강(琴湖江)의 오염방지책(汚染防止策) 수립에 필요한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 제공(提供)코자 하였다. 시기별(時期別) 각(各) 하천(河川)의 pH, DO, COD, 질산염 및 인산염을 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같았다. 1) 각(各) 지점별(地點別) 평균치(平均値)는 pH 7.3~8.2, DO 흔적~6.5ppm, COD 20.4~116.9ppm, T-N 23.2~31.7ppm, -N 18.3~27.7ppm, -N 0.08~1.89ppm, -N 0.19~1.51ppm, -P 2.50~17.28ppm이었다. 2) 지점별(地點別) 오염도(汚染度)가 가장 높은 곳은 공단천(工團川)이었으며 12개월(個月)동안의 평균치(平均値)는 pH 8.2, DO 흔적, COD 116.9ppm, T-N 23.2ppm, -N 18.3ppm, -N 1.89ppm, -N 1.51ppm, -P 17.28ppm이었다. 3) 시기별(時期別)로 비교(比較)하면 pH, DO, COD, T-N, -N의 함량(含量)과 pH는 겨울철이 여름철보다 높았으며 -N and -P의 함량(含量)은 여름철이 다소 높았다.

34 packaged meal (Dosirak) manufacturing establishments were assessed in terms of working environment, production and transportation practices. Questionnaires and facility check-lists were developed. Most establishments were small in business, and production personnel as well as production facilities were insufficient compared with production capacity of establishments. Mean production capacity for packaged meals in terms of optimum and maximum levels were 6,500 and 15,166 meals in large sized establishments; 2,662 and 8,301 in medium; and 2,112, and 4,733 in small respectively. Those figures indicate potentially hazardous practices in production especially in small and medium sized establishments. Most meals were produced to order. Transportation facility and kitchen space were assessed as insufficient.