We investigated developmental characteristic of life cycle of the lawn cutworm, Spodoptera depravata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is one of the most economically damaging pests to grasses. For larval culture the turfgrass, Zoysia japonica (Poales: Poaceae), was provided at 25℃ and 60 ± 5% humidity. Developmental period of each stage was as follows: 4.11 ± 0.19 days for eggs, 25.17 ± 3.02 for larvae, 8.80 ± 0.28 for pupae and 7.57 ± 0.95 for adults. Larvae was grown to 7th instar, unlike pre-existing data, which indicated the final age as the 6th instar. Body length of larvae changed on average from 2.772 mm immediately after hatching to 2.3 cm at 7th instar and head capsule width changed on average from 0.423 mm at 1st instar to 2.82 mm at 7th instar. Pre-period of eggs deposition was 2 days, oviposition period was 4.6 days, average fecundity per female was about 419 eggs, and hatching rate was about 83%.

This study was carried out to confirm the parasitic and developmental features of A. japonica and D. suzkii was used as a parasitic natural enemy. A. japonica attacked the D. suzukii larvae and the emergence of adults were observed from D. suzukii pupae. Black spots were observed in parasitized D. suzukii larvae. Mortality of parasitized larvae, rate of parasitic and developmental feature were investigated according to developmental stages of host, D. suzukii. Mortality and rate of parasitic of D. suzukii larvae were the highest when second instar larvae were attacked. Developmental period of parasitized D. suzukii larvae showed differences to developmental stages, but there was no significant difference in developmental stage of pupal period.

곤충의 온도발육모형은 해충의 발생예찰모형을 비롯한 개체군모형에서 기본이 되는 요소이다. 본고에서는 곤충의 온도의존적 비선형 발육 모형에 대하여 고찰하였다. 모형의 종류를 크게 경험모형과 생물리적 모형으로 구분하였으며, 수식의 유사성 내지 기원에 대한 유연관계에 따라 세분하였다. 발육률 곡선의 형태적 묘사에 적합한 수식을 적용하는 경험모형은 Stinner-계열, Logan-계열, 수행모형, 그리고 베타 분포모형으로 세분화하여 고찰하였다. 촉매반응을 바탕으로 하고 있는 생물리적 모형은 Eyring-모형, SM-모형, SS-모형, SSI-모형으로 이어지는 단계통으로 분류하였다. 본 연구에 포함된 각 모형의 개발과정과 형태적합 특성에 대하여 기술하였다.

This study investigated the effect on body length, body width, body weight and mortality of larva white-spotted flower chafers(Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis) that the feeds as a secondary feed aloe, apple, banana, persimmon and sweet pumpkin being sold on the market. Weight of larvae increased the most in a sweet pumpkin 2,966 mg, and was followed by banana and persimmon. Weight increased in the aloe the control as the lowest in 2,179 ~ 2,127 mg. It fed the sweet pumpkin showed the highest cumulative increase of 240% in the body length then the persimmon was a cumulative increase of 232%. It fed the sweet pumpkin showed the highest cumulative increase of 254% in the body width and the lowest cumulative increase of 232% was the control. It fed the sweet pumpkin showed the highest cumulative increase of 240% in the body weight then the persimmon, banana, apple in order. Mortality showed most of the high mortality rate of 19.8% in the sweet pumpkin and apple and banana and the lowest mortality rate showed a mortality rate of 13.2% in the control. Although these results sweet pumpkin, persimmon and banana are expected higher utilization as a secondary feed, it should be reviewed in various feeding ways how to reduce the changes of the artificial breeding environment.

Osmia cornifrons is a cavity-nesting solitary species used as an apple pollinator in Korea. To elucidate the developmental characteristics of O. cornifrons, we investigated its development from the egg to adulthood, including a dormant prepupal phase and mating through indoor rearing (25 °C, 65% R.H.). The egg durations of the female and male bees were 3.6 ± 0.8 days and 3.1 ± 1.3 days, respectively. During larval development, the head widths of the 1st to 5th instars ranged from 0.7 ± 0.1 mm to 1.3 ± 0.1 mm. The peak of the growth in head width was the 2nd instar. The larval lengths ranged from 3.7 ± 0.6 mm to 13.6 ± 1.3 mm. The peak of growth was the 4th instar. The larval weights ranged from 4.5 ± 1.2 mg to 78.3 ± 16.1 mg. The peak of growth was the 3rd instars. The total larval durations of from the 1st to 5th instars for the females and males were 14.0 ± 6.0 days and 13.2 ± 5.8 days, respectively. The spinning durations of the females and males were 2.2 ± 0.7 days and 2.3 ± 0.8 days, the prepupation durations were 55.5 ± 5.9 days and 55.8 ± 2.9 days, and the pupation durations were 26.4 ± 2.1 days and 25.3 ± 2.3 days, respectively. The average longevity of the female adults and male adults was 21.8 ± 8.7 days and 24.4 ± 12.4 days, respectively. The total duration of from the egg to an adult bee of the O. cornifrons females and males was 123.5 days and 124.1 days, respectively. Mating consisted of the three following phases: the precopulatory (courtship and attempting copulation), copulation and postcopulatory phases. The mating times of the precopulatory, copulation and postcopulatory phases were 159.6 ± 288.9, 8.4 ± 7.1, 12.9 ± 4.5, and 198.8 ± 69.8 seconds.

검정날개버섯파리과에 속하는 긴수염버섯파리(Lycoriella ingenua)는 우리나라 양송이버섯 재배에서 심각한 피해를 주는 주요해충의 하나이다. 본 연구는 양송이버섯 재배에서의 긴수염버섯파리의 온도별 발달과 피해양상을 조사하고자 실시하였다. 버섯파리는 균사를 배양한 페트리디쉬에서 사육하였고 16, 20, 24, 28oC 온도에서 알에서 성충까지 소요기간은 각각 35.2, 25.8, 23.5, 22.2일로 조사되었다. 버섯파리 성충은 버섯재배사를 침입하여 종균이 접종된 배지에 알고 낳고 1-7 mm의 부화된 유충에 의해서 균사와 생육하고 있는 버섯의 갓과 대를 섭식하여 가장 큰 피해를 입힌다. 성충은 자실체의 외관을 더럽히고, 여러 가지 곰팡이와 세균병을 전파시키며, 응애 등을 옮긴다. 적절한 해충방제 없는 조건에서 버섯파리에 의한 피해가 증가하면서 자실체 수량은 27%까지 감소하였다.

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different spectrum conversion greenhouse films (red, blue, red+blue) to changing microclimate and subsequent effect on growth and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and melon (Cucumis melo L.) Transmission of PAR (photosynthetic active radiation, 400-700 nm) under red, blue, and blue+red (BR) films was higher by 7.2, 7.6, and 5.8%, respectively, as compared with control greenhouse film. Light transmission in the 300-1100 nm wave band was 91.6% and 91.3% under red and blue films, respectively, compared to 86.4% under control film. Mean daytime temperature in greenhouse was slightly higher in red and blue film and mean night time temperature was higher in BR film. There were no significant differences in relative humidity among the films. Number of leaves and plant fresh weight of lettuce were higher under BR film. Total number of marketable tomato fruits was greater under blue and BR film and fruit weight was heavier under red and blue film compared to control film. Under BR and red film melon fruit weight was increased by 140 g and 80 g respectively, as compared to control film. Sugar content in melon and tomato fruits was not affected by covering films.

 ,  , To investigate host preferencse of Myzus persicae on 15 sweet pepper cultivars grown in Jeonnam Province, EPG (electrical penetration graph) and life table experiments were carried out in the laboratory. Phloem phase times were significantly longer on Ferrari, Jinju, Debla, and Rapido than Orobell and Thialf. Non-penetration times were conversely observed. Life span, reproduction period, total fecundity, and intrinsic rate of increase (r<, SUB>, m<, /SUB>, ) of M. persicae, were higher on Ferrari, Debla, Orange glory, and Jinju than on Purple, GreenAce, Orobell, and Thialf. On the bases of these results, we conclude that M. persicae preferred Ferrari, Jinju, Orange glory, and Debla among the 15 tested sweet pepper varieties. However, we could not show the preference of the aphid for Purple, Orobell, and Thialf.

We have gathered rice grain and bran from conventional mills and RPC(Rice Processing Complex) for the survey of stored grain insect pests. Maize weevil(Sittophilus zeamais) is the dominant species among the stored grain insect pests of the rice grain and bran. Under three constant temperatures, 15, 20 and 25℃, developmental periods from egg to adult were 43.0, 37.5 and 29.2 days, respectively. With egg periods being 9.6, 7.3 and 5.2days, and larval periods being 25.2, 21.8 and 19.8days, and adult periods being 126.1, 110.3 and 108.6days, respectively. The adults of Maize weevil feed basically on the same the foods as the larvae but not as restricted in their diets because the larvae need to develop inside whole grains. Feeding of S. zeamais adult usually began 3∼4 days after emergence at 25℃. Then adult feeding ca. one rice a day, reaching a peak of 20∼40days after emergence.

Although the greater part of Coccinellidae are all pure entomophagous insects (Weber and Lundgren, 2009), many species of phytophagous, mycophagous and polyphagous ladybirds have been reported in worldwide. This study was conducted to investigate the morphological characteristics of mouthparts of mycophagous ladybird, I. koebelei, comparison with aphidophagous species, Propylea japonica (Coccinellidae: Coccidellini), and developmental charicteristics of I. koebelei at different temperature under incubation conditions. Four species of powdery mildews that I. koebelei fed were observed, and their host plants were pear tree, persimmon tree, red pepper and cucumber. The most conspicuous elements of I. koebelei mouthparts is the mandible. The distal incisor region of the mandible of both species is formed by two teeth, giving them a bifid apex. and the terminal teeth spilt near top and the ventral tooth is smaller than the dorsal one. but the ventral tooth of I. koebelei divided into a row of additional teeth was different with P. japonica. Furthermore, while the inner mandibular cutting edge of P. japonica is smooth, that of I. koebelei is covered in minute teeth, forming a comb. These structures are presumed to help I. koebelei rake fungal spores growing on leaf surface. The developmental period and reproduction ability of were significantly different according to temperature conditions when I. koebelei was fed the powdery mildew from cucumber leaves. The optimum temperature for I. koebelei rearing was from 23 to 25℃ that is the similar condition of cucumber powdery mildew occurrence.

Characteristics of habitat alteration and post-embryonic development of Paratlanticus ussuriensis were investigated in the mountain region of Bitanri, Yeongdong county, Chungcheongbuk-do from 2007 to 2009. Overwintered eggs under the ground in the hillside were hatched from late March to early April. The soil temperature during this season was 7~14℃. Young nymphs lived mainly at the hillside by eating oak tree leaves but the 3rd or 4th instars switched their habitat to orchards near the hillside in early May, which is the time for sprouting of peach leaves. Old nymphs developed into the adult stage at the orchards in late May and moved back to the hillside in late June. Duration of post-embryonic development from the first instar nymph to adult was 49.2 days after 7 moltings at 25℃. Female adults collected from the field had long ovipositor (26.2 ㎜) and were slightly longer in the body length, hind femur, tegmen and pronotum than those of males.

This study was performed to comprehend the developmental characteristics of cloned embryos knocked out (KO) of α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) gene. Immature oocytes were collected and cultured for 40 hrs (1-step) or 20hrs (with hormone) + 20hrs (without hormone) (2-step). The embryos transferred with miniature pig ear fibroblast cell were used as control. The reconstructed embryos were cultured in PZM-3 with 5% CO2 in air at 38.5℃ for 6 days. To determine the quality of the blstocysts, TUNEL and quantitative realtime RT-PCR were performed. The embryos were transferred to a surrogate (Landrace) at an earlier stage of the estrus cycle. The maturation rate was significantly higher in 2-step method than that of 1-step (p<0.05). The blastocyst development of GalT KO embryos was significantly lower than that of normal cloned embryos (p<0.05). The total and apoptotic cell number of GalT KO blastocysts was not different statistically from control. The relative abundance of Bax-α/Bcl-xl ratio was significantly higher in both cloned blastocysts than that of in vivo blastocysts (p<0.05). Taken together, it can be postulated that the lower developmental potential and higher expression of apoptosis related genes in GalT KO SCNT embryos might be a cause of a low efficiency of GalT KO cloned miniature pig production.

This study was performed to investigate the seasonal occurrence, developmental characteristics of each nymphal stages with different temperatures (20, 25, 30℃), longevity and fecundity of ussur brown katydid, Paratlanticus ussuriensis, damaging by outbreaks in the orchard areas of Bitan-ri, Yeongdong, Chungbuk. Paratlanticus ussuriensis occurred from late-March to late-August with peak of mid-May. Newly emerged nymphs appeared from March and do damaged fruit orchards with peak of mid-May when P. ussuriensis existed as 4th and 5th nymphal stages. P. ussuriensis adult occurred from early-June to mid-Aug. with peak of mid-July. Total density of P. ussuriensis was showed highest in mid-May. P. ussuriensis goes through nymphal stages to 7th nymph, the ovipositor began exposed to outside from the 4th instar and the body weight increased heavily from this stage and the wings were observed from 6th instar. Developmental period was longer as increased the nymphal stages. Sex ratio of collected insect was showed as 0.57; females more than males. As increased the temperature, developmental period was to be short. Preoviposition was also to be short as 5.0, 4.3, and 3.4 days at 20, 25, 30℃, respectively, and fecundity increased as 69.0, 87.1, and 104.3 at 20, 25, 30℃, respectively. Longevity of male and female at 25℃ was showed the longest with 35.7, and 32.9 days and showed the shortest with 30.1 and 28.1 days at 30℃, respectively. The difference of developmental period in male and female were showed longer in female without relation of temperature. The eggs laid were frequently distributed 3 to 4 cm from soil surface, and showed the behavior laying eggs intensively when early oviposition period.

This study was performed to investigate the seasonal occurrence, developmental characteristics of each nymphal stages with different temperatures (20, 25, 30℃), longevity and fecundity of ussur brown katydid, Paratlanticus ussuriensis, damaging by outbreaks in the orchard areas of Bitan-ri, Yeongdong, Chungbuk. Paratlanticus ussuriensis occurred from late-March to late-August with peak of mid-May. Newly emerged nymphs appeared from March and do damaged fruit orchards with peak of mid-May when P. ussuriensis existed as 4th and 5th nymphal stages. P. ussuriensis adult occurred from early-June to mid-Aug. with peak of mid-July. Total density of P. ussuriensis was showed highest in mid-May. Paratlanticus ussuriensis goes through nymphal stages to 7th nymph, the ovipositor began exposed to outside from the 4th instar and the body weight increased heavily from this stage and the wings were observed from 6th instar. Developmental period was longer as increased the nymphal stages. Sex ratio of collected insect was showed as 0.57, females more than males. As increased the temperature, developmental period was to be short. Preoviposition was also to be short as 5.0, 4.3, and 3.4 days at 20, 25, 30℃, respectively, and fecundity increased as 69.0, 87.1, and 104.3 at 20, 25, 30℃, respectively. Longevity of male and female at 25℃ was showed the longest with 35.7, and 32.9 days and showed the shortest with 30.1 and 28.1 days at 30℃, respectively. The difference of developmental period in male and female were showed longer in female without relation of temperature. The eggs laid were frequently distributed 3 to 4 ㎝ from soil surface, and showed the behavior laying eggs intensively when early oviposition period.

Murgot Looper Moth, Ascotis selenaria, is one of the worldwide pests in citrus plants. They usually damages citrus leaves and often makes young fruits injured. In Jeju, it has been discovered that A. selenaria is a pest of two major geometridae moths being occurred in citrus plant and they also had periodically occurred and damaged bean, asparagus, etc. However, physiological and ecological studies were rarely conducted on this species, which maybe resulted from the limitation of rearing method. Therefore, this study aimed on selecting the diet sources and developing mass-rearing method for A. selenaria, in order to make ease or spur a investigation related with A. selenaria. The major sources, selected among the series of semi-artificial diet, were corn and bean powder and adding yeast makes the larva developed well. Cholesterol, one of the minor sources, enhanced the development rate and lowered the mortality during 1 to 3 larva stage. Consequently the semi-artificial diet, suitable for rearing A. selenaria larva, was composed of 25g agar, 100g corn powder, 100g soybean powder, 30g yeast, 0.5g cholesterol, 2g Vanderzant's vitamin mixture, 2g Wesson's salt mixture, 2g sorbic acid, 2.5g methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate(MPH), 2g Ascorbic acid, and 1000 ml distilled water. A. selenaria larvae has 6 developmental stage and the width of head piece was 0.31 mm (1st instar) , 0.51 mm (2nd), 0.85 mm(3rd), 1.37 mm (4th), 2.14 mm (5th), and 3.19 mm (6th). The development period of A. selenaria, reared at 25℃ and 16L:8D photoperiod, was 4.7 day (egg), 3.58 day(1st instar), 1.88 day (2nd), 1.80 day (3rd), 2.46 day (4th ), 2.59 day (5th), 8.10 day (6th), 11.26 day (pupae) when citrus leaves were supplied to the larva. The larvae, fed with the artificial diet(mentioned above), showed similar developmental periods at each developmental stage as much as the case reared with citrus leaves, although the mortality was sometimes a little bit higher. The weight of pupae were 0.614g (artificial diet) and 0.427g (citrus stuff) and female adult moths lay 1094 eggs (artificial diet) and 1054 eggs (citrus stuff).

Two lepidopteran species, Matsumuraeses phaseoli (Matsumura) and Maruca vitrata (syn. M. testulalis) (Fabricius) were reared on artificial diets, and analyzed in their developmental characteristics. Photoperiod was supplied with 16L/8D for M. phaseoli and with 13L/11D for M. vitrata, respectively. Both species passed five larval instars with discrete sizes of head capsule width. In a constant environment (25℃ and 65%RH), the developmental period of M. phaseoli egg, larva and pupa was 3.9, ca. 16.0 and 8.9 days, respectively, and over 80% of M. phaseoli larvae could develop into pupae, most of which emerged into adults. Newly laid eggs could be stored at 5℃ for 15 days with over 50% hatchability. Similar developmental traits were shown in M. vitrata. However, a low temperature preservation was not applicable to M vitrata eggs.