In this paper, the pull-out characteristics of composite Z-pins with various groove shapes was investigated. The groove shape of composite Z-pins was made by applying temperature and pressure to the top and bottom of laminated composites inside the autoclave. Then, the dumbbell type of pull-out test specimen was made by applying adhesive bond. Six types of pull-out test specimens were fabricated by changing the groove length. Pull-out load and displacement sere observed for those specimens with different groove ratio. The results show that the maximum pull-out load of the grooved pin with grooved ratio 0.4 was increased up to 30.6% by comparing the plain pin. The grooved pin has a high pull-out resistance even after the fracture of the interface.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the temperature and heat resistance distribution, which is a criterion for evaluating the cooling performance, by using computer simulation of the cooling system combined with the CPU of the individual highest heat generation section, and use it as important data for the heat sink design. Using a single material of Al 6063-T5, which is an integral part of the desktop, fan and heat sink, fins and base, the analysis was carried out with various fin numbers, thicknesses, pitches and shapes of heat sinks. Ambient temperature, 25°C, heat source, 130W and cooling fan speed, 2500 rpm (50CFM) were used as boundary conditions, and heat transfer characteristics regarding temperature distribution and heat resistance were investigated using ANSYS Icepak. As a result, it has been found that as the number of fins of heat sink increases, the heat dissipation area increases to decrease heat resistance, and as the distance between each fin decreases, the ventilation resistance increases to decrease the flow intensity of the cooling air in contact with the heat dissipation area. The sunburst array also exhibits better heat transfer characteristics by obtaining a lower distribution of heat resistance with a cooling effect of about 10°C than the one-way basic array.

We present a semi-analytical method to calculate the global evolution of the ionized state of the inter- galactic medium, on the basis of physically motivated star formation histories in the early universe. This method incorporates not only the conventional scenarios in which the star formation rate is proportional to the growth rate of the halo collapse fraction, but also the more sophisticated scenarios in which the star formation is self-regulated. We show that this variance in the star-formation model strongly impacts the resulting reionization history, which bears a prospect for observational discrimination of these models. We discuss how observations of the anisotropic polarization of the cosmic microwave background and the global 21cm signal from the high-redshift universe, most notably by Planck and EDGES, may probe the history of reionization.

Beauveria bassiana is widely studied for its potential as biopesticide. However, little is known about the factors to influence genetic diversity among isolates. In this work, we aimed to study the gene diversity of 42 isolates to figure out the impact of sequences variability on various biological features. The accumulated data showed no correlation between sequence variability and the fungal geographic localization. Meanwhile, weak to strong correlations have been obtained between the sequence diversity of various genes and the studied biological features. Interestingly, Biotrophy-associated gene 2 gene variability was correlated with all the studied biological features, being an important marker to determine isolates of interest for biological control. Therefore, the obtained data would serve as a database to focus on interesting genes related to improving or screening highly virulent isolates as biological control agents.

In this study, the regression equation was suggested to predict of the shot ball velocity according to blade shapes based on discrete element (DE) analysis. First, the flat type blade DE model was used in the analysis, the validity of the DE model was verified by giving that the velocity of the shot ball almost equal to the theoretical one. Next, the DE analyses for curved and combined blade models was accomplished, and their analytical velocities of shot ball were compared with the theoretical one. The velocity of combined blade model was greatest. From this, the regression equation for velocity of shot ball according to the blade shape based on the DE analysis was derived. Additionally, the wind speed measurement experiment was carried out, and the experimental result and analytical one were the same. Ultimately, it was confirmed that the prediction method of the velocity of shot ball based on DE analysis was effective.

The purpose of this study is to promote the elderly apparel industry for the increasing numbers of elderly obese male population. In the study, a total number of 249 males between the ages of 60 to 85 were studied to analyze their body types and differences. The group had a Rohrer Index of 1.6 or higher and BMI of 25 or higher. The noticeable physical differences in the group were shorter waist front length, bigger waist and hip circumferences with increasing age and slimmer limbs that are associated with the natural aging process with or without obesity. The obese body types have been classified in the following 3 different categories. Type 1 is the group that has lower body obesity with broad shoulders and relatively slimmer abdomen than a heavy bottom. A total number of 84 people belonged to the type 1 obesity category which makes up 33.8% of the total. Type 2 is the group that has upper body obesity with especially large abdominal obesity. A total number of 76 people, 30.5% of the total, were classified as type 2. Type 3 is the group that has whole body obesity with balanced obesity in the whole body. A total number of 89 people, 35.7% of the total, made up type 3.

A micromixer is a component of a lab-on-a-chip or microfluidic device that mixes two or more chemicals together. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of passive micromixer of various shapes. Six shapes of micromixers compared mixing performance. Three dimensional modeling was carried out to have the same hydraulic diameter. The commercial code, ANSYS Fluent, was used to simulate the internal mixing flow. A numerical analysis method is described in detail in this paper. The performance of the micromixer was compared with the mixing index and pressure drop. Consequently, the CDM-8T shape showed reasonable mixing performance and relatively low pressure drop.

This paper examines the impact of thanks from the sellers on consumer satisfaction in the tourism industry. Study 1 shows that thanks from the sellers (vs. no thank from the sellers) will decrease consumer satisfaction. In this process, perceived fairness and perceived value play a serial mediation role. Study 2 shows that the pricing type (the fixed price vs. the flexible price) plays a moderate role on the impact of thanks from the sellers at the end of a transaction on consumer satisfaction. This paper introduces transaction utility theory and culture difference to explain the seemingly inconsistent phenomenon. Introduction The present studies focus on retailers expressing gratitude and, especially, how the communication of retailer expressing gratitude or not affects consumer satisfaction under the tourism purchase environment. Image that you encounter a seller is selling the souvenirs in the tourist spot you just visit, you would like to buy one of the souvenirs, such as a special cup with the souvenirs logo, you conclude a deal with the seller eventually, after that, the seller thanks for your purchasing and you leave. One question arises, will consumers feel less satisfaction when sellers say nothing than when they say “Thank you” at the end of a transaction? Theoretical Background Thanking is one of the speech acts or communicative acts frequently and abundantly utilized in human interactions, even though, most of these studies have focused on a western perspective, little is known about the experience of tourists from Asia. In western countries, people are accustomed to saying "thank you" after the benefit of others. Some behavioral responses may resemble the expression of gratitude (e.g., saying thank you to a waiter in a restaurant), but may instead be an automatic polite response not grounded in emotion (Buck 2004; Emmons and McCullough 2003; Fazalehasan et al 2017). However, in Somali and China culture, people are not used to expressing thanks, which makes many Americans or Australian feel rude or impolite (Chiu and Hong 2013; Robertson 2014). Here we test the prediction that gratitude from retailers may affect consumer satisfaction in a potentially counterintuitive manner. In other words, we hypothesize that gratitude from the retailer may lead to lower consumer satisfaction. This prediction draws from both the existing literature on gratitude as well as from research on culture difference and transaction utility theory from the response to gratitude. Research Design Two experiments have been conducted to test the hypotheses. Study 1 will provide support for the three central hypotheses regarding perceived fairness inference (hypothesis 1), perceived value inferences (hypothesis 2), and consumer satisfaction (hypothesis 3). Study 2 will test an important boundary condition. This study shows that the proposed negative effect of saying thank you (vs. saying nothing) holds only if the price of product is fixed. Result and Conclusion In the study 1, we found that sellers saying thank you after the transaction leads to less consumer satisfaction. Therefore, an important contribution of our work emerges from our melding of the literature on perceived fairness and value and demonstrating that gratitude from the sellers dictates which literature is more applicable in relationship marketing. Furthermore, we also examined the mechanism in study 2 and explore a boundary condition. We discovered that when the price of a souvenir is fixed, consumers feel more satisfaction when sellers say nothing than when they say “Thank you” at the end of a transaction. Conversely, when the price of a souvenir is not fixed, which is to say when consumers can bargain in the store, consumers feel less satisfaction when sellers say nothing than when they say “Thank you” after the transaction

본 글은 춘추시대 역사서인 󰡔춘추󰡕의 철학적⋅역사학적⋅책력학적 분 석을 진행한 󰡔춘추󰡕왕력① (2017), ② (2017), ③ (2017) 선행연구들에 대한 후속 논의이다. 동짓달부터 3개월 동안을 春으로 명명한 󰡔춘추󰡕왕 력에서의 계절 개념을 실증해 보기 위해, 당시의 절후를 확인할 수 있는 증 의례와 상 의례, 그리고 우 의례 기사들을 고찰해 보았다. 烝 의례는 이상저온 현상이 지속되는 상태에서 기후의 온난함을 기원하고자 한 의 례로서, 그리고 嘗 의례는 음식의 풍요를 기원하는 의례로서 이행된 것임 이 확인되었다. 한편, 전국시대 이후의 기록들에서 증이나 상 의례는 각 각 겨울제사와 가을제사와 같은 사시제로 알려져 있다. 그러나 󰡔춘추󰡕 경 문에서는 그것들의 이행시기가 따로 규정되어 있지 않았다. 단비에 대한 간절한 기원으로서 이행된 雩 의례 기사들은 대부분 한여름이 포함된 ‘秋’ 계절에 집중되어 있다. 문자적인 논증으로서, 갑골문과 금문 등의 고체를 통해 그것들의 초기 형태 및 본원적 의미를 고찰하였다. ‘春’자는 이른바 ‘하나의 양이 막 생 겨나는’[一陽始生] 동지 절후를 묘사한 것이다. ‘夏’자는 춘분 이후 완연 한 봄에 벌어지는 원시적인 전통 축제에서 이성을 유혹하는 춤을 추기 위 해 차려입은 현란한 의복과 거대한 가면에서 유래된 글자이다. ‘秋’에는 벼 수확에 영향을 미치는 여름 곤충이 묘사되어 있으며, ‘冬’의 경우는 1 년의 사계절을 끝마친다는 의미로 사용되었다.

In recent years, single layer latticed domes have attracted many designers and researchers’s attention all over the world, because single layer latticed domes as space structure are of great advantage in not only mechanical rationality but also function, fabrication, construction and economic aspect. Yamada developed the shape factor S which represents the shape of spherical latticed dome from a structural perspective as well as a geometric perspective. According to a prior study, the structural behavior and the buckling characteristics of the latticed dome were mostly noticeable when the shape factor of latticed dome was in the range of 1.5 to 5. That is, S, in the range of 1.5 to 5, are able to estimate not only overall buckling, but also member buckling and nodal buckling. In this study, we developed shape models using various size of members with the fixed rise-span ratio. One particular characteristic of the latticed dome is that it is not only light in weight but also high in strength. But the aiming at the use of light-weight materials and at the minimized section of members may result in buckling to cause an unstable state of the overall structure when the external force reaches a limitation. Especially, the structural strength is disadvantageous to the snow loads than the earthquake loads because of light-weight, and is greatly affected by the conditions of loading. This paper is to develop the structural stability according to the shapes and load conditions for single-layer latticed spherical dome with 300m span.

This research is to numerically perform the optimal design of the shutter valves in the two-stroke engine by analyzing flow resistance with four different design shapes. Shutter valves were numerically analysed for four different industry-design based cases using ANSYS FLUENT V.14. At the result, it was found that the most design-effective case was case 4 with dimensions of 4.5 cm radius and 26 cm length of cylinder with a sphere of 6 cm radius in the valve. Pressure loss of three cases is between 0.70% and 6.48% when compared to case 1. However, 0.16% of pressure loss increased as the rotational speed of valve increased with 1 rad/s. Thus, at lower rotational speed, the case 4 was possibly optimal shape design due to the lowest pressure loss.

In the present study, single-phase heat transfer characteristics for downstream flow in the support grid of 6×6 rod bundle were investigated. It has been known that a turbulence generation due to a support grid with split mixing vanes enhances heat transfer in rod bundle but its heat transfer enhancement actually affects to relatively shorter distance. On the other hand, it has been also turned out that a support grid with large scale vortex flow (LSVF) mixing vanes results in heat transfer enhancement to a longer distance. Based on the results of literatre survey, single-phase water heat transfer experiments were performed for Reynolds numbers at around 30,000, and the heat transfer enhancement effect with both i) the split mixing vanes and ii) the LSVF mixing vanes was compared in this study. The key results showed that the effect of heat transfer enhancement in rod bundle region by the split mixing vanes was maintained up to the length of 15Dh behind the spacer grid. For the Reynolds numbers at around 30,000, it was also observed that the effect using the LSVF mixing vanes was stronger at about 3% when compared to the case using the split mixing vanes only for the distance ranging from 1 to 15Dh behind the spacer grid.

The heat transfer characteristics of forced convection according to the geometric shapes with four rectangular blocks in a horizontal PCB channel was analyzed numerically using SST (Shear Stress Transport) turbulence model. As the boundary condition for CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis, the inlet temperature and air velocity were respectively 300 K and 3.84 m/s and the heat flux of the block surface was 358 W/㎡. The shape factors of block were width, height, spacing and channel entrance height. As the results, the heat transfer rate was decreased as the width ratio (x/h) was increased, while it was increased as the height ratio (h/x) is increased. Also as the block spacing ratio (s/x) was increased, the heat transfer effects was not significantly affected. And as the channel entrance height ratio (H/x) was increased, the heat transfer performance was decreased.

Quality changes of carrots thermally processed in a large size (5 kg) retort pouch during 52 weeks of storage were investigated under different packaging methods and package shapes. To improve the efficiency of thermal processing (121.1oC, 0.15 MPa), the carrot (i.e., solid) and the broth (i.e., liquid) of the carrot soup were separately packed and sterilized. The quality changes of carrot packed without liquid were compared with those with liquid. Two different package shapes such as rectangular parallelepiped and cube were also evaluated to figure out the efficiency of the heat penetration rate for a large-sized pouch. The TTT (F0-values = 6) were 27, 54, and 114 min from the rectangular parallelepiped, cube, and solid/liquid mixed groups, respectively. In the mixed groups, the hardness and chewiness of solids (carrot) were significantly smaller than those measured in the other groups as TTT increased. Carrots treated in the rectangular parallelepiped shape showed a significantly higher texture than the cube shape. The CV of hardness and chewiness in the rectangular parallelepiped and the cube shape were calculated as 7.56 and 47.19, and 29.16 and 65.28, respectively. This demonstrated that a more uniform quality can be obtained from the rectangular parallelepiped shape.