Although the proportion of coal-fired power generation is decreasing, efficient operating technology is needed to continuously invest in facilities and reduce maintenance costs until it is abolished. Boilers, one of the main facilities of power plants, operate for a long time in harsh environments of high temperature and high pressure. In addition, damage due to deterioration is likely to occur depending on the fuel and tube material used. It is very important to judge soundness because damage caused by deterioration adversely affects facility operation. Previously, replication method was used to analyze the progress of deterioration. In the replication method, pre-treatment such as chemical treatment is performed on the boiler tube in the field, the area is reproduced by attaching a film, and the replicated film is determined by an expert in the laboratory with an expensive microscope. However, this method involves substantial costs and time requirements, as well as the possibility of human errors. To address these issues, we developed a mobile health assessment system in this research. Since it is detachable and takes images in real time, this system enables swift evaluations across a broad range and facilitates the assessment of preprocessing quality. In addition, it was intended to reduce existing human mistakes by developing a degradation classification algorithm using the merger cluster method.

본 연구는 대규모 도시공원의 치유환경을 평가하는 항목을 개발하기 위해 진행되었다. 연구방법은 문 헌조사, 전문가 인터뷰, 전문가 AHP설문조사가 사용되었다. 첫째, 문헌조사를 통해 도시공원에 도입 이 되었거나 도입이 가능할 것으로 생각되는 치유항목을 추출했다. 추출된 항목은 영역별로 유형화하 였고 5개의 평가영역과 28개의 평가항목을 구성했다. 둘째, 추출된 평가항목을 치유 전문가 인터뷰를 통해 검증했다. 전문가들의 의견을 수렴해 평가영역과 항목을 수정, 삭제, 추가했다. 그 결과 5개의 평가 영역과 27개의 평가항목이 개발되었다. 셋째, 개발된 평가항목은 클라우드 기반의 AHP프로그램인 SS RA를 활용하여 웹AHP설문지로 제작되었다. 치유 전문가들을 대상으로 웹AHP설문을 진행하였고 각 각의 평가영역과 평가항목에 대한 가중치가 도출되었다. 평가영역별 우선순위는 옥외 자연기반 치유 (0.235), 치유환경 적합성(0.228), 치유공원 운영(0.215), 커뮤니티 강화(0.168), 문화·예술치유 지원(0.15 4) 순이었다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 볼 때 옥외의 다양한 자연 기반 치유시설에서 진행되는 치유프로그 램이 가장 중요했고 그 다음이 치유환경이었다. 이 두 가지 요인은 치유적인 특성을 지닌 도시공원에서 반드시 갖추어야 하는 것으로 생각된다. 그 외 운영의 안정성, 사회적 연결성 강화, 문화 기반의 치유는 상대적으로 중요도가 낮았다. 본 연구는 대규모 도시공원의 치유환경을 평가하는 기초 연구로서 평가 항목이 개발되었고 항목별 가중치도 도출되었다. 평가방법, 배점 등은 후속연구가 필요하다. 개발된 평가항목은 도시민들의 정신건강 치유에 기여하고 도시계획, 복지, 치유 정책 수립 등에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

강진에 대한 다양한 비선형 거동을 하는 부재요소들로 이루어진 교량시스템의 현재까지의 일반적인 지진취약도 평가방법은 부재- 수준에서 평가하는 것이다. 본 연구의 목적 부재-수준의 지진취약도 평가결과로부터 구조시스템을 대표하는 시스템-수준의 지진취 약도 평가방법을 개발하는 것이다. 교량의 지진 거동을 일반적으로 교축방향과 교축직각방향으로 구분하기 때문에 본 연구에서도 시 스템-수준 지진취약도를 두 방향에 대하여 구분해 평가하였다. 길이 방향에 대한 부재-수준의 지진취약도평가는 교각, 교량받침, 충 돌, 교대, 낙교에 대하여 수행하였다. 교축직각 방향에 대해서는 충돌, 교대, 낙교의 손상이 영향을 주지 않으므로 부재-수준의 지진취 약도평가는 교각과 교량받침에 대하여만 수행하였다. 다양한 구조부재의 비선형모델을 이용한 지진해석은 OpenSEES 프로그램을 사용하여 수행하였다. 시스템-수준의 지진취약도는 부재-수준 사이의 손상이 직렬연결이라고 가정하고 평가하였다. 교각의 손상이 다른 부재-수준의 손상보다 시스템-수준의 지진취약도에 지배적인 영향을 주는 것을 알 수 있었다. 다시 말하면 가장 취약한 부재-수 준의 지진취약도가 시스템-수준의 지진취약도에 가장 지배적인 영향을 주는 것을 의미한다.

본 연구에서는 첫째, 국제표준에서 규정한 형광직물과 재귀반사 소재에, 아동들이 선호하는 동물의 문양을 재귀반 사 필름과 검정색 직물로 디자인하여 부착한, 2벌의 안전의복과 안전조끼를 제작하였다. 둘째, 야간에 주변광원이 없어도 원거리에서 생체를 인지할 수 있도록 안전의복에 스마트 포토닉 디바이스를 장착함으로써, 어린이들이 어두 운 때 버튼 원터치만으로 상황에 따라 3가지 발광이 가능하도록 구현하였다. 제작한 스마트 안전의복을 마네킹에 착용시켜 주야간의 시인성을 비교한 결과, 시인성의 차이가 야간에 확연히 나타났는데, 기존의 안전의복 착용 시에 는 주변광원 없이는 착용자가 표출되지 않은 반면, 스마트 안전의복 착용 시는 약 70m의 원거리에서도 표출됨을 확인하였다. 따라서 야간이나 기상악화 시에 주행하는 운전자가 원거리에서 생체를 인지할 수 있어 교통사고나 도로상의 안전사고 예방에 기여할 것으로 기대된다. 셋째, 광섬유의 발광기능 안정성 유지와 발광시간의 연장을 위하여 에너지 소진 시 태양전지로 수확한 전기에너지를 사용함으로써, 장시간 안정되게 광섬유 발광이 가능하여 시인성의 안정성을 확인할 수 있었다. 이로써 스마트 포토닉 안전의복은 야간 작업자용으로도 활용 가능함이 증명되었다. 그 러므로 광섬유 안전의복은 태양전지에 의한 에너지 하베스팅 적용으로 안정적인 충전에 의해 실생활뿐만 아니라 어 두운 산업현장에서도 착용 가능성이 높을 것으로 기대된다.

Decommissioning plan of nuclear facilities require the radiological characterizations and the establishment of a decommissioning process that can ensure the safety and efficiency of the decommissioning workers. By utilizing the rapidly developed ICT technology, we have developed a technology that can acquire, analyze, and deliver information from the decommissioning work area to ensure the safety of decommissioning workers, optimize the decommissioning process, and actively respond to various decommissioning situations. The established a surveillance system that monitors nuclide inventory and radiation dose distribution at dismantling work area in real time and wireless transmits data for evaluation. Developed an evaluation program based on an evaluation model for optimizing the dismantling process by linking real-time measurement information. We developed a technology that can detect the location of dismantling workers in real time using stereovision cameras and artificial intelligence technology. The developed technology can be used for safety evaluation of dismantling workers and process optimization evaluation by linking the radionuclides inventory and dose distribution in dismantling work space of decommissioning nuclear power plant in the future.

The concrete structure of a nuclear power plant is a major safety structure that performs shielding functions to block radioactive materials and radiation, heat removal, and isolation functions. Therefore, concrete structures of nuclear power plants must prove structural safety from immediately after construction to dismantling, and a representative method for this is to investigate compressive strength. The compressive strength and specimen standards of concrete structures are specified in ASTM C 42/C 42M, and samples must be obtained through core drilling in order to collect samples according to this standard. However, commercial equipment requires anchor installation work causes radiation dust generation. Even commercial products have developed equipment that does not require anchor installation work, but it can only be applied to flat walls and cannot be applied to curved walls such as bioshields. To solve this problem, a method of fixing to the scaffolding pipe was designed. The equipment developed based on this method fundamentally blocks the generation of radioactive dust. The vertical position can be adjusted using guide shafts and jack screws, and the horizontal position can be adjusted using scaffolding clamps. In addition, the distance between the installation location and the wall can be adjusted by adjusting the scaffolding clamp location of the device. Lastly, it can be rotated to the left and right, so that even on a curved wall, the sampling position can be performed perpendicular to the wall. Core drills that take specimens for measuring compressive strength use the wet type. Core drilling by wet type in radioactively contaminated concrete leads to the disposal of sludge as radioactive waste. Water supplied during core drilling is scattered in all directions by the rotation of the core drill bit, which causes radiation exposure to workers, so measures must be taken to ensure that the water does not splash and gather in one place. Nileplant Co., Ltd. has developed a sludge collection device that can be used with a core drilling device. It can be inserted into a 4-inch core drill bit to meet the specimen regulations of ASTM C 42/C 42M, and nylon resin was used as a material to withstand friction with water, and the wall of the drainage part was thickened to increase durability. Based on these results, it is expected to be able to work more quickly and safely when collecting core drilling samples of radioactively contaminated concrete or radiation and concrete.

Metakaolin-based geopolymers have shown promise as suitable candidates for 14C immobilization and final disposal. It has been shown that the physicochemical properties of metakaolin wasteforms meet, and often far exceeding, the strict compression strength and leaching acceptance criteria of the South Korea radioactive waste disposal site. However, it is not possible to analyze and characterize the internal structure of the geopolymer wasteform by conventional characterization techniques such as microscopy without destruction of the wasteform; an impractical solution for inspecting wasteforms destined for final disposal. Internal inspection is important for ensuring wastes are homogenously mixed throughout the wasteform and that the wasteform itself does not pose any significant defects that may have formed either during formulation and curing or as a result of testing prior to final disposal. X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) enables Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of objects, such as final wasteforms, allowing for both their internal and external, characterization without destruction. However, for accurate quantification of an objects dimensions the spatial resolution (length and volume measures) must be know to a high degree of precision and accuracy. This often requires extensive knowledge of the equipment being used, its precise set-up, maintenance and calibration, as well as expert operation to yield the best results. A spatial resolution target consists of manufactured defects of uniformed dimensions and geometries which can be measured to a high degree of accuracy. Implementing the use of a spatial resolution target, the dimensions of which are known and certified independently, would allow for rapid dimensional calibration of XCT systems for the purpose of object metrology. However, for a spatial resolution target to be practical it should be made of the same material as the intended specimen, or at least exhibit comparable X-ray attenuation. In this study, attempts have been made to manufacture spatial resolution targets using geopolymer, silica glass, and alumina rods, as well as 3D printed materials with varying degrees of success. The metakaolin was activated by an alkaline activator KOH to from a geopolymer paste that was moulded into a cylinder (Diameter approx. 25 mm). The solidified geopolymer cylinder as well as both the silica glass rod and alumina rod (Diameter approx. 25 mm) we cut to approximately 4 mm ± 0.5 mm height with additional end caps cut measuring 17.5 mm ± 2.5 mm height. All parts were then polished to a high finish and visually inspected for their suitability as spatial resolution targets.

Since the time to consider when evaluating leakage of spent fuel dry storage systems is very long, assumptions that continue to leak at the initial leakage rate are too conservative. Therefore, this study developed a dynamic methodology to calculate the change in leakage rate using time-varying variables and apply it to calculate the amount of radioactive leakage during the evaluation period. The developed dynamic methodology was then applied to calculate the leakage radiation source term for a hypothetical dry storage system and used to perform a public dose assessment. When applying the developed dynamic leakage rate evaluation methodology for more accurate confinement evaluation in case of containment damage of dry storage system, it was found that the change of leak rate with time is very insignificant if the hole diameter is small enough, and the leak rate decreases rapidly with time when a hole with a certain diameter or larger occurs. In the case of the accident condition, except when the hole is very large, it corresponds to the chocked flow condition, and the leak rate decreases rapidly as soon as the internal pressure is sufficiently lowered to enter the molecular and continuum flow region. In the case of a small hole diameter, the leakage volume is very small, so even if the dynamic methodology is applied, the evaluation results are not different from the case where the initial leakage rate continues, and when the hole diameter exceeds a certain value, the internal pressure drops according to the leakage volume, and the leakage rate decreases significantly. As a result of evaluating the dose to residents by applying the calculated radiation source term, it was confirmed that the dose criteria was exceeded when a hole with a diameter of about 4 μm occurred under off-normal conditions, and the dose standard was exceeded under accident conditions when a chocked flow occurred between the diameter of the hole and 2-3 μm, resulting in a rapid increase in the dose. The results of this study are expected to contribute to a more accurate evaluation of the confinement performance of storage systems, which will contribute to the design of optimal dry storage systems.

프랑스 혁명이 낳은 불세출의 풍운아가 나폴레옹이다. 나폴레옹은 한 평생을 극단적인 두 모습으로 살다 간 파란만장한 인물이었다. 나폴레옹 전쟁의 주요 전투는 첫째, ‘초기 혁명기 전투’(툴롱항 탈환, 이탈리아 원 정 등), 둘째, 나폴레옹이 제1통령과 황제가 된 이후 ‘전성기 전투’(마렝 고 전투, 아우스터리츠 전투 등) 그리고 셋째, 스페인 원정이후 ‘쇠퇴기 전투’(모스크바 원정, 워털루 전투 등)로 대별해 볼 수 있다. 나폴레옹의 전쟁사적 의의는 첫째, 가장 대규모이자 고강도 전쟁, 둘째, 전쟁기획 개 념이 명확히 정립된 전쟁, 셋째, 부침의 곡선이 큰 전쟁, 넷째, 나폴레옹 의 천재적 군사전략전술이 구사된 전쟁 등으로 요약해 볼 수 있다. 나폴 레옹이 전투에서 주로 사용한 것은 기동전략전술이었고 그것은 주요전투 에서 승리한 비결이기도 했다. 그는 정복전쟁으로 지탄도 받고 있지만 21세기 우리에게도 인간행위의 가능성과 한계 연구 및 ‘전쟁사적·군사적 인 많은 교훈도 주고 있다.

Purpose: To develop a tool for measuring peripheral intravenous catheter insertion performance. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Initial items were generated using existing guidelines and tools, and 19 experts assessed content validity. Data were collected from a tertiary hospital in D city from January 17, 2018, to October 20, 2019. The data of 365 nurses were used for principal component analysis with orthogonal rotation. Concurrent validity was confirmed using Pearson’s correlation between the developed tool and the nursing career period. Reliability was confirmed after evaluating internal consistency. Results: Initially, 16 items were generated, but three items were deleted in content validation. A two-factor solution was preferred in exploratory factor analysis and explained 48.2% of the variance. The two factors were named “point of care” and “follow-up care,” respectively. The tool’s reliability is .87. Conclusion: The developed tool was valid and reliable. It is composed of 13 items and can be used quickly and easily. Therefore, it can be utilized for the education and training of novice nurses and the self-reflection of experienced nurses. In addition, it will be useful to review the catheterization process in common clinical settings.

본 연구의 목적은 지방도시재생 리빙랩을 위한 종합적이고 체계적인 평가지표를 마련하는 것이다. 특히 이 연구는 지방소멸의 전형적인 사례인 전주 물왕멀을 중심으로 이루어졌다. 전주의 도시재생 리빙랩인 물왕멀공동체의 이해관계자들을 대상으로 조사를 실시한 결과, 여러 평가 지표 중 특히 민주성에서도 주민의 참여비중과 주민 누구나 참여가능한지의 여부를 매우 중요하게 인식했다. 이는 향후 사업책임자의 선정 시 중요하게 평가되고 고려되어야 할 지표를 시사해 준다. 종합하면, 지방도시재생 리빙랩의 성패는 주요 이해관계자인 주민의 참여에 달려있다. 특히 노령인구의 비율이 높은 지방 축소도시의 특성상, 고령자의 눈높이에 적합한 사업을 선정하고 집행하는 한편 높은 전문성을 가진 사업책임자를 배치하여 진입장벽을 낮추는 데 세심하게 주의를 기울임으로써 주민의 참여욕구를 충족하는 것이 중요하다.

Purpose: This study reviews trends in the development of nursing simulation evaluation instruments and their characteristics in South Korea. Methods: Published and unpublished studies were analyzed using Korean electronic databases, such as the Research Information Sharing Service, the National Library of Korea, and the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information. The keywords for the search included “nursing,” “simulation,” “instrument development,” “evaluation,” “validity,” and “reliability.” Results: A total of 16 studies and 17 evaluation instruments from between 2012 and 2022 were included and categorized. The participants included junior or senior undergraduate nursing students. The evaluation was conducted through observation and self-report and classified into cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains. Only one instrument used for observation was measured for intra-rater reliability. Overall, 35.3% of the instruments integrally evaluated the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains, and 23.5% only reported one type of validity. Conclusion: The results indicate that the instruments insufficiently reflect the various learning outcomes of simulation education. Therefore, future research should be conducted to develop simulation evaluation instruments to evaluate integral learning areas according to the learning goals and examine their validity.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 발달장애 아동을 위한 태블릿 기반의 인지평가를 통해 세부 인지기능의 프로파일 을 비교함으로써 본 평가가 진단그룹에 따른 인지기능 상태를 평가하는데 변별력이 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 총 80명의 만 4~12세 아동이 본 연구에 참여하였다. 진단명별로 자폐 스펙트럼(Autism Spectrum Disorders; ASD) 24명, 지적장애(Intellectual Disability; ID) 20명, 주의력결핍 및 과잉행 동 장애(Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; ADHD) 7명, 정상발달 아동 29명이 참여하였다. 태블릿으로 개발된 인지평가는 총 8개 항목으로 공간작업기억, 작업기억용량, 시각적 작업기억, 시지각 처리기술, 집행기능(계획), 집행기능(반응억제 및 주의력), 집행기능(억제)의 세부 인지항목으로 구성되 어 있다. 평가를 시행한 후 진단그룹에 따른 차이를 Kruskal-Wallis 검정을 통해 비교하였다. 통계분석 은 Jamovi 1.6.23 을 사용하였다. 결과 : 정상발달 아동에 비해 자폐 스펙트럼, 지적장애, ADHD 아동의 인지평가 총점이 통계적으로 유의 미하게 다른 것으로 나타났다(χ²= 22.41, p < .001). 정상발달 아동에 비해 자폐 스펙트럼 아동은 시각 처리기술 및 억제기능의 항목에서 유의미한 기능 저하를 보였고, 지적장애 아동은 작업기억 용량, 시각적 작업기억과 반응억제 및 주의력 항목에서 유의미한 기능 저하를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, ADHD 아동의 경우 정상발달 아동에 비해 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보이는 인지평가 항목이 없었다. 결론 : 본 연구에서 개발된 태블릿 기반의 인지평가는 정상발달 아동과 발달장애 아동의 인지기능의 상태 를 변별함으로써 치료의 기초자료로써 활용 가치가 있다.

PURPOSES : Recently, increasing number of local governments are introducing on-demand public transportation service in real time to improve the management efficiency of public transportation. In preparation for the autonomous driving era, the “autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time” is being developed in the public transportation sector to introduce on-demand public transportation. For this service to become the public transportation of the future, it must receive publicity. Therefore, in this study, indicators were selected to evaluate the publicity of the autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time, and a survey was conducted among the general public to examine the validity of the indicators. METHODS : To secure the publicity of on-demand public transportation in real time, the goal of the service was first set. Second, the keywords of the service were analyzed to define the publicity requirements of this service. Based on the analyzed keywords and definition of publicity, service indicator types were classified, and the indicators were defined by type. A user satisfaction survey was conducted on the final selected indicators to improve the degree of completion of indicator development. The user survey was conducted by presenting selected publicity indicators to respondents responding on a five-point scale to determine whether each indicator could satisfactorily evaluate publicity. RESULTS : When examining various previous research cases and the contents required for autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time, the required items of publicity indicators were found to be “safety” in terms of “autonomous driving” and “convenience” in terms of “demand response.” Publicity indicators were developed according to these three items. Thirty-one indicators were developed, and a satisfaction survey was conducted on the general public for each indicator. In the survey, most of the indicators scored 3.5 points or higher, indicating that the indicators were generally well defined. Users gave the highest score to “fairness” among the three items, and “reasonable fairness” was found to be a necessary item as a publicity indicator. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, evaluation indicators were selected to secure the publicity of autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time, and a satisfaction survey was conducted for each indicator. Most of the indicators showed a score of 3.5 or higher, indicating that they were generally well defined. However, this study has a limitation in that it surveys the general population. In future, experts should be included in the survey to increase the degree of completeness of the public indicators.

PURPOSES : Fine dust significantly affects the atmospheric environment, and various measures have been implement to reduce it. The aim of this study is to reduce fine dust on roads by implementing porous pavements and a clean road system using the low-impact development technique. METHODS : We conducted quality tests (draindown, cantabro loss rate, tensile strength ratio, dynamic stability, and indoor permeability coefficient tests) and performance evaluation (dynamic modulus and Hamburg wheel-tracking tests) on the porous asphalt mixture. Subsequently, we constructed a porous pavement road in a test bed and conducted a permeability test. In the test bed, we installed a nozzle, a water tank, and a fluid pump to water the roadside. After the clean road system was completely installed, we measured the concentration of fine dust before and after water was sprayed. Additionally, we conducted a total suspended solids (TSS) test to confirm the reduction in re-suspended dust. RESULTS : All results from the quality test of the porous asphalt mixture satisfy the standards stipulated by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Results from the dynamic modulus test show a low plastic deformation resistance but a high fatigue crack resistance. The results from the Hamburg wheel-tracking test satisfy the U.S. Department of Transportation standards. After the porous pavement was constructed, a permeability test was conducted, and the result satisfies the standard value. Using a particle counter, we measured the concentration of fine dust before and after water spraying, and results show 12.08% and 10.23% for PM10 and PM2.5 particles, respectively. The results from the TSS test show that after the initial water spray, almost all re-suspended dust are removed from a road. In unfavorable road conditions, almost all re-suspended dust are removed after a second water spray. CONCLUSIONS : The results of all of quality tests performed on a porous asphalt mixture satisfy the standards. By applying the results to a test bed, the problem of securing water is solved. Using the clean road system, 12.08% and 10.23% of PM10 and PM2.5 particles are removed, respectively. The system removes PM10 particles (larger particles) more effectively compared with PM2.5 particles. IN the future, we plan to revise the maintenance plan such that the porous pavement can exhibit long-term performance. Because pipe freezing may occur in the winter, we plan to analyze the periodic maintenance plan of the porous pavement and develop a solution to mitigate the issue of freezing pipes in the winter.

The paper introduces an experimental program for the newly developed vertical joints between Precast Concrete (PC) walls to improve their in-plane shear capacity. Compared to the existing vertical joints, two types of vertical joints were developed by increasing the transverse reinforcement ratio and improving frictional force at the joint interface. A total of four specimens including the Reinforced Concrete (RC) wall and PC walls with developed vertical joints were designed and constructed. The constructed specimens were experimentally investigated through monotonic shear tests. The observed damage, load-deformation relationship, strain and strength are investigated and compared with the cases of RC wall specimen. Experimental results indicate that the maximum force and initial stiffness of the PC wall with proposed vertical joints were decreased by comparing with those of RC wall. However, the ultimate displacement increased by up to 217.30% compared to the RC wall specimen. In addition, brittle failure did not occurred and relatively few cracks and damages occurred.