The polysaccharides from fruit body of Auricularia auricula and Tremella fuciformis were extracted using hot water, and partially purified through ethanol precipitation and dialysis. Free radical scavenging activities of the crude and purified polysaccharides were examined and compared each other. Free radical scavenging activities of the partially purified polysaccharides were higher than those of crude polysaccharides. DPPH free radical, ABTS radical and SOD-like activities of partially purified polysaccharide at 1 mg/mL of concentration from A. auricula were 61.7, 9.6 and 38.9%, respectively, while those of T. fuciformis were 9.6, 5.7 and 15.3%, respectively. Results of site and nonsite specific hydroxyl radical scavenging activities indicated that the partially purified polysaccharide fractions from A. auricula and T. fuciformis exhibited the hydroxyl radical scavenging effect by hydrogen donating ability and iron ion chelating ability. Also, reducing powers of A. auricula and T. fuciformis were 77.1 and 14.7% of BHT (0.1%) as standard, respectively. It was suggested that antioxidant activities of A. auricula were about 1.4~6.4 times higher than those of T. fuciformis due to different levels of polyphenol content.

참외의 기능성을 규명하기 위해 참외의 부위별 추출물의 라디칼 소거활성 및 항산화 물질 함량을 측정하였다. 참외의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 2mg/mL 농도에서 껍질 부위가 74.7%로 가장 높게 나타났고, ABTS 라디칼 소거능에서도 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 마찬가지로 껍질 부위에서 가장 높은 활성을 보였다. 총 페놀과 총 플라보노이드의 함량은 껍질 부위에서 생체 중 100g 당 각각 134.5mg, 159.1mg으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈고, 다음은 태좌, 과육 순이었다. 비타민 C 함량의 경우 총 페놀과 총 플라보노이드의 함량과는 다르게 태좌 부위에서 40.7mg으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 라디칼 소거활성과 항산화 물질 간의 상관관계를 조사해 본 결과 총 페놀과 총 플라보노이드의 함량과 항산화 활성 간에 고도의 상관관계가 나타났고, 비타민 C의 함량과는 다소 낮은 상관관계를 보였다. 이러한 결과들을 종합하면 참외껍질 부위에서 라디칼 소거활성과 항산화 성분함량이 가장 높게 나타났고, 참외의 항산화 활성을 나타내는 주요성분은 페놀성물질일 것으로 생각된다. 향후 라디칼 소거활성과 항산화 성분 함량에서 가장 높게 나타난 껍질 부위의 활성성분 규명 등에 대한 지속적인 연구가 필요할 것이다.

This study was conducted to investigate the total phenol contents, antioxidative activities and antibacterial activities of twenty species of entomopathogenic fungi. The total phenol content was highest in Aspergillus flavus (553.0±52.15 ㎍/g) and A. parasiticus (529.9±60.10 ㎍/g). On the other hand those in other strains were within the range of 26.6～121.9 ㎍/g. The antioxdative activity was shown in the most of strains and the highest DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was observed in A. flavus (90.9±2.90%) and A. parasiticus (77.9±4.13%). This result indicated that the antioxidative activities were very correlated with the total phenol contents. The antibacterial activitiy was found in the every tested pathogenic bacteria. Especially, the antibacterial activity was strongest against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherchia coli.

Tremella fuciformis were collected from dead Quercus limbs at Haenam, Jeonnam province in 2003 and cultured in artificial media with Hypoxylon sp., a symbiotic fungi. Various extracts were prepared from this cultured mushroom according to three experimental settings and their antioxidant properties were examined. Antioxidant activity of extracts from Tremella fuciformis was evaluated by scavenging activity of 2,2´-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS+), 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like activity. Among the extracts, the chloroform extract from in experimental setting I showed the most potent radical scavenging activity in each assay, showing 56% of DPPH radical scavenging activity at 1,000 ppm and 35.7% of ABTS+ scavenging activity at 1,000 ppm. Total phenolic content were estimated in various extract by using caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and ferulic acid as standards. Correlations of phenolic content in each extracts with antioxidant activity will be discussed in this study.

Tremella fuciformis were collected from dead Quercus limbs at Haenam, Jeonnam province in 2003 and cultured in artificial media with Hypoxylon sp., a symbiotic fungi. Various extracts were prepared from this cultured mushroom according to three experimental settings and their antioxidant properties were examined. Antioxidant activity of extracts from Tremella fuciformis was evaluated by scavenging activity of 2,2´-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS+), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like activity. Among the extracts, the chloroform extract from in experimental setting I showed the most potent radical scavenging activity in each assay, showing 56% of DPPH radical scavenging activity at 1,000 ppm and 35.7% of ABTS+scavenging activity at 1,000 ppm. Total phenolic content were estimated in various extract by using caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and ferulic acid as standards. Correlations of phenolic content in each extracts with antioxidant activity will be discussed in this study.

Previous studies have shown that methanol extract and its butanol fraction of Carthamus tinctorius L. Semen have the hepatoprotective effect on the CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity. The hepatoprotective effect of the subfractions of butanol fraction has been evaluated by analyzing oxygen free radical scavenging enzyme activities and histopathological examinations. In BS-5 subfraction treated group, the activity of superoxide dismutase has been significantly increased as compared with that of CCl₄ treated rats. Antioxidant activity has been evaluated by the examination of the scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. BS-5 subfraction has shown strong antioxidant activities. The histopathological examination showed that the treatment of BS-5 subfraction has relieved the ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes which had been generated by CCl₄. It appears that the protective effect of BS-5 subfraction would be mediated of the attenuation of lipid peroxidation by acting as a free radical scavenger, which were based on the increase of superoxide dismutase activity.

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are among the representative probiotics that have been used for a long time in fermented food. Although there are many studies on detecting the radical scavenging activity of LAB, few studies have been conducted on the environmental factors that improve scavenging activity. This study investigated the environmental factors affecting the DPPH radical scavenging and various antioxidant activities of Kimchi-derived Lactobacillus plantarum K-21 with antihypertensive and radical scavenging activities. The optimal conditions for scavenging DPPH radicals were glucose 2%, bactopeptone 0.5%, Tween 80 0.05%, L-cysteine 0.05%, and an initial pH 6.5 at 35℃. Under optimal conditions, the DPPH radical scavenging activity was 94.8±2.2%, which was 1.5 times higher than that of the basic medium. In addition, L. plantarum K-21 had other antioxidant activities; ABTS radical scavenging (93.6±1.5%), hydroxyl radical scavenging (8.5±0.9%), metal chelating (65.9±0.5%), NO scavenging (53.1±19%), SOD-like (25.1±1.5%), and reducing power (11.7±1.4%) activities were detected. Therefore, L. plantarum K-21 may act not only as a starter for lactic acid-fermented foods with improved functionality but also as a drug for various diseases caused by oxidative stress.

This study is conducted to investigate the effects of growth characteristics (GC) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (DRSA) of the heading lettuce ‘Fidel’ depending on four concentrations of activated mineral groups (AMG: 1.6% active minerals and 0.03% CaO) added to basic nutrient solutions (diluted by 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) and on four different light-emitting diodes (LED; B:R:W ratio = 0:1:12, 0:1:9, 0:5:5, and 2:3:5). Both 0.1 and 0.2% AMG showed better GC of lettuce in plant width, plant length, leaf width, leaf length, and the number of leaves than those of other AMG, while leaf thickness and chlorophyll value did not show significant difference among all AMG. Moreover, 0.1 and 0.2% AMG showed heavier shoot fresh weights than those of other AMG. As for the combinations of AMG and LED, B0:R5:W5 showed the best lettuce GC regardless of AMG compared to other AMG and LED combinations. As shown in the above results of LED, although there was a difference in lettuce growth by LED, the differences of lettuce growth by AMG were statistically significant. The DRSA was the highest at 82.8% in B2:R3:W5, followed by B0:R5:W5 at 77.8%. LED showed differences but AMG did not affect DRSA. Therefore, the optimal conditions in plant factory for GC and DRSA of the lettuce were 0.1% AMG and B0:R5:W5.

Domestic fruit wines, including apple, grape, Moru, and Korean black raspberry wines, contain a wide variety of phenolic compounds with different antioxidant activity. In this study, we established a simple and reliable on-line HPLC-ABTS assay system for determination of the antioxidative characteristics of fruit wines. The quantitative analytical assay of the antioxidative properties of fruit wines was carried out using an HPLC equipped with reverse-phase C18 column, employing acetonitrile and water as gradient mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min and a detection wavelength of UV 320 nm (1st detector) and UV 734 nm (2nd detector). Among fruit wines, Moru wine showed the highest total phenolics and flavonoids content, as well as radical scavenging activity. The differences in radical scavenging activities were attributed to the structural differences in phenolic compound contents. In addition, between on-line HPLC-ABTS analysis and ABTS assay using a spectrophotometric assay gave a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9527. All in all, the present study demonstrates that the established on-line HPLC-ABTS method is simple and reliable, and can thus be used for the determination of the antioxidative characteristics of fruit wines.

This study was executed to evaluate the phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging rate, and the cytotoxic effect in human cancer cell, 3T3-L1 cell from C. lanceolata extracts at various ethanol concentration. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content of the C. lanceolata at various ethanol concentration showed the high amount in 70%, 100% ethanol extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activity progressively increased in a dose-dependent manner, and showed the highest in 100% ethanol extract. The cytotoxic effect against human cancer cell of the C. lanceolata was higher in 50% and 70% ethanol extracts. In particular, the cytotoxic effect in MCF-7 cell was relatively higher than in other cells. The IC50 (concentration causing 50% cell death) value showed the highest on MCF-7 cell (538.39 ㎍/㎖) in 70% ethanol extract, and exhibited significant activity against Hela cell (637.87 ㎍/㎖), Calu-6 cell (728.64 ㎍/㎖). The extract of 70% ethanol at 1,000 ㎍/㎖ exhibited a pronounced cytotoxic effect on 3T3-L1 cell comparable to that of the other extracts, and reduced in a concentration-dependent manner.

In this study, soy-powder yogurt (SPY) with enhanced levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and isoflavone aglycone was produced from sprouting high-protein soybeans (HPSs). The fermented steam-HPS sprouts (0 to 4 cm) were fermented (72 h) with Lactobacillus brevis, and the total free amino acids (FAAs) of the formed mixtures were determined to be 79.53, 489.93, 877.55, 780.53, and 979.97 mg/100 mL in the fermented HPS (FHPS), and the fermented steam-HPS with 0 cm (FSHPS-0), 1 cm (FSHPS-1), 2 cm (FSHPS-2), and 4 cm sprouting lengths (FSHPS-4), respectively. The levels of glutamic acid (GA) and GABA were observed to be the highest, 100.31 and 101.60 mg/100 mL, respectively, in the unfermented HPS (UFSHPS-1, 1 cm) and FSHPS-1 sprouts, respectively. Moreover, the total contents of the isoflavone glycoside form decreased proportionally to the increasing total levels of isoflavone aglycones after fermentation in FSHPS-0, FSHPS-1, FSHPS-2, and FSHPS-4. The levels of isoflavone aglycones were detected as 350.34, 289.15, 361.61, 445.05, and 491.25 μg/g in FHPS, FSHPS-0, FSHPS-1, FSHPS-2, and FSHPS-4, respectively. While FSHPS-1 exhibited the highest DPPH (63.28%) and ABTS (73.28%) radical scavenging activities, FSHPS-4 contained the highest isoflavone aglycone ratio (81.63%). All in all, the FSHPS-1 mixture prepared in this study exhibited high GABA content and functional prosperity, thereby making it suitable for potential applications in the soy-dairy industry.

In a continuing screening of selected medicinal plants native to Mongolia, the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of methanol extract of Iris bungei were investigated. After extraction with 80% of methanol, the methanol fraction was further extracted with n-hexane, EtOAc and n-BuOH in order to obtain four different solvent-soluble fractions, namely n-hexane-soluble, EtOAc-soluble, n-BuOH-soluble and H2O residue. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by radical scavenging assay using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS+) radicals. The anti-diabetic efficacy of I. bungei extract was investigated by α-glucosidase assay. All tested samples showed dose-dependent radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Among the tested extracts, the EtOAc-soluble fractions showed the greatest radical scavenging activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties among other solvent-soluble fractions. This result suggested that there was a significant relationship between the total phenolic content and biological efficacy. Thus, I. bungei extract might be considered as a new potential source of natural antioxidant and as a α-glucosidase inhibitory source. A more systematic investigation of this biomass sill be performed for further investigation of activity against antioxidative and anti-diabetic effects.

Background : ROS produced by oxidative stress damaged endothelial cells, and cause a variety of vascular complications. In diabetic hyperglycemia state, ROS increase. The polyol pathway occur in diabetic complications, the excess glucose is absorbed into the polyol pathway when aldose reductase increased, NADPH changes it to sorbitol. Glutathione (GSH) removes ROS. GSH level is reduced by glutathione reductase, using NADPH as an electron donor. Activation of the polyol pathway decrease NADPH, and GSH also reduced. As a result, ROS is increased. In diabetic hyperglycemia state, Glycolysis increases. Effects of increased glycolysis, protein kinase C (PKC) is increased. NAD(P)H oxidase, stimulated by PKC-dependent pathway, increases ROS in the cell. In this study, we measured the ROS scavenging activity of 5 natural products (Lycii fructus, Astragalus membranaceus, Cassia Tora, Polygonatum odoratum, Rubus Coreanus), to confirm the efficacy as diabetic antioxidants. Methods and Results : We extracted 5 natural product by distilled water and ethanol. DPPH radical scavenging activity was significantly higher in Lycii fructus, Rubus coreanus. ABTS radical scavenging activity was better Rubus coreanus, Lycii fructus, Cassia Tora. In addition to, Rubus coreanus, Cassia Tora, Lycii fructus was comparatively higher reducing power activity than other natural products. And total phenolic and flavonoid contents were much higher in Rubus coreanus compared with other extracts. Conclusion : These results suggest that Lycii fructus, Rubus coreanus can be applied as diabetic antioxidant that prevent vascular complications caused by ROS.

This study was conducted to compare the antioxidant, anticytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties of Euphorbia maculata ethanol extract with those of E. supina ethanol extract. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and superoxide scavenging activities of E. maculata at 50 μg/mL were 38.3 ± 3.7 and 21.5 ± 1.2%, respectively, whereas those of E. supina at the same concentration were 109.4 ± 0.9 and 59.5 ± 4.8%, respectively. Oxygen radical absorbance capacities of E. maculata and E. supina at 10 μg/mL were 14.70 ± 0.63 and 26.17 ± 1.36 nmol/mL Trolox, respectively. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacities of E. maculata and E. supina at 10 μg/mL were 10.22 ± 0.97 and 62.99 ± 5.28 nmol/mL Trolox, respectively. Total phenolic contents of E. maculata and E. supina at 50 μg/mL were 29.03 ± 0.14 and 87.89 ± 0.20 nmol/mL gallic acid, respectively. E. maculata and E. supina were reported to prevent supercoiled DNA breakage induced by peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, where protection against the supercoiled DNA breakage provided by E. supina was greater than that provided by E. maculata. E. maculata and E. supina at 100 μg/mL inhibited tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells by 49.4 ± 4.3 and 87.3 ± 4.5%, respectively. E. maculata and E. supina at 500 μg/mL inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells by 63.1 ± 7.0 and 85.2 ± 1.6%, respectively. The antioxidant capacities including DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide scavenging, oxygen radical absorbance, and cupric reducing antioxidant activity were found to be highly correlated with total phenolic content (0.896 < r < 0.983, p < 0.01) and anticytotoxic activities (0.915 < r < 0.960, p < 0.01). However, the superoxide scavenging activity was not significantly correlated (r = 0.604, p > 0.05) with the anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, these findings demonstrated that the radical scavenging, anticytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory capacities of E. supina were more potent than those of E. maculata. Further studies are needed to elucidate the properties of polyphenolic constituents in E. supina responsible for these effects and the underlying mechanisms.

This study was executed to evaluate the immune activity, nitrite scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity against extracts of various concentration of ethanol solvent from Codonopsis lanceolata cultured at 6 local regions. The immune responses from both human T and B cell line was significantly enhanced in the cell growth compared to control while the cell growth was influenced at a certain period of culture. The results revealed that the cell growth of both human T and B cell was altered in a time dependent manner. The nitrite scavenging activity of ethanol extracts from various solvent concentration of C. lanceolata were affected by pH. At a pH of 1.2, the nitrite scavenging effect of all of the extracts tested observed higher than that of the other two pH ranges. There was no distinct detection of nitrite scavenging effects of the pH range 6.0. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was progressively increased in a dose-dependent manner, and the activity was the highest in 100% ethanol extract. The result from this investigation suggests that the extract of Codonopsis lanceolata could be an addition to basic medicine for immune modulation and natural food additives.

신선한 곤드레를 메탄올로 침지 추출하여 얻어진 추출물 에 대해 n-hexane, EtOAc 및 n-BuOH로 극성별 순차 용매 분획을 실시하였고, 얻어진 결과물에 대하여 DPPH와 ABTS+ radical 소거능 및 최종당화물 생성 저해활성을 평가 하였다. 먼저 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성은 페놀성 화합물의 함량이 상대적으로 높은 n-BuOH 가용부에서 IC50값이 24.3±1.7 μg/mL 으로 우수한 DPPH 라디칼 소거능을 확인하였고, 곤드레 추출물에 존재하는 페놀성 화합물과 라디 칼 소거능과의 연관성을 시사하였다. 또한 ABTS+ 라디칼 소거능은 EtOAc 및 n-BuOH 분획층물의 IC50값은 각각 69.5±2.6 μg/mL, 25.0±3.3 μg/mL의 라디칼 소거활성이 확인 되었고, 우수한 라디칼 소거 활성물질의 존재가 시사되었 다. 또한, 최종당화물 생성 저해활성을 측정한 결과, n-BuOH 가용분획에서 IC50값이 46.0±1.5 μg/mL로 높은 생 성저해활성을 나타내었으며, 이는 positive control인 aminoguanidine의 IC50값인 90.2±3.2 μg/mL과 비교해볼 때 우수한 활성이었으며, 다양한 화합물이 공존하는 추출물 상태의 시료를 단일물질로 정제할 경우 더욱 우수한 효능의 화합물이 존재할 가능성을 시사하였다. 향후 이들 활성물 질 동정을 통한 활성물질의 구조 결정 및 활성 기작에 대한 연구가 필요하며 본 연구결과는 천연물 유래의 라디칼 소거 능 및 AGEs 생성 저해능을 가지는 새로운 천연 기능성소재 발굴을 위한 기초자료로 활용가능하리라 사료된다.

The objective of this study was to investigate anticytotoxic and antioxidatative capacities of ethanol extracts from Acer tegmentosum Maxim (A. tegmentosum) stem in vitro. The extract at concentration of 200 ug/mL inhibited 10 and 20 ug/mL arsenic trioxide-induced cytotoxicity of HepG2 cells by 79.3 and 57.5%, respectively. The extract at concentration of 200 ug/mL inhibited 0.2 and 0.5 mM t-BHP-induced cytotoxicity of HepG2 cells by 66.3 and 35.7%, respectively. Antioxidative effects of the extract were examined via measurement of ABTS, superoxide, and peroxyl radical scavenging activities. ABTS radical scavenging activity of the extract was higher than that of α-tocopherol. Superoxide scavenging activity of the extract was higher than that of catechin. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity of the extract was higher than that of ascorbic acid. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity of the extract was higher than that of α-tocopherol. The extract at concentrations of 100 and 500 μg/mL inhibited 10 mM t-BHP-induced lipid peroxidation of HepG2 cells by 38.2 and 80.7%, respectively. The extract prevented supercoiled DNA strand breakage induced by hydroxyl or peroxyl radical. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract at concentration of 100 μg/mL were 71.3 nmol/mL gallic acid and 18.8 nmol/mL catechin equivalents, respectively. Thus, strong cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of A. tegmentosum stem extract seem to be due to, at least in part, the prevention from free radicals-induced oxidation as well as high levels in polyphenolic contents.

팥꽃나무과 방향성 수지질의 상록성 교목인 침향을 80% MeOH로 침지 추출하여 얻어진 추출물에 대해 CH2Cl2, EtOAc 및n-BuOH로 순차 용매 분획하였고, 얻어진 결과물에 대하여 녹차의 항산화 성분으로서도 잘 알려져 있는 천연 항산화제인 (+)-catechin을 대조군으로 하여 DPPH, ABTS+ 라디칼 소거법에 의한 항산화활성 평가를 실시한 결과, 항산화 활성은 시료의 처리농도에 비례하게 효능을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었으며 그중에서도 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성은 페놀성 화합물의 함량이 상대적으로 높은 CH2Cl2 가용부에서 26.1±4.4 μg/mL, EtOAc 가용부에서 24.8±3.9 μg/mL의 우수한 IC50값을 나타내었다. 또한 ABTS+ 라디칼 소거능은 CH2Cl2, EtOAc 및n-BuOH 가용부에서 각각 5.3±0.4 μg/mL, 5.5±0.4 μg/mL 활성이 확인 되었으며, 총 페놀함량과의 강한 상관관계가 시사되었고 페놀성의 활성물질의 존재가 시사되었다. 또한, 항비만 활성과 관련된 pancreatic lipase 저해활성을 측정한 결과, 오일의 형태로 얻어진 CH2Cl2 가용부의 IC50값은 1.1±0.3 μg/mL의 저해율을 나타내었으며 이는 대조군인 orlistat에 비해 약하나 추출물 상태임을 고려할 때 단일물질로 정제할 경우 더욱 우수한 효능의 화합물이 존재할 가능성을 시사하였다. 향후 이들 식의약품 소재개발을 위한 구체적인 자료 수립을 위하여 효소활성을 나타내는 성분들에 대해 활성추적탐색법(activity-guided isolation)에 따라 활성물질을 추적, 분리하는 연구를 통한 효능물질의 동정 및 활성 기작에 대한 연구가 필요하며, 침향의 식물 화학적 성분연구에 대한 기초자료로 활용가능하리라 사료된다.