In the present study, we examined potential roles of glucose and pyruvate in nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of porcine oocytes. In the presence and absence of 10% porcine follicular fluid (PFF), either 5.6 mM glucose or 2mM pyruvate effect on meiotic maturation and followed development ability. However, DOs doesn't take full advantage of the glucose in medium, only pyruvate can increase MII rate and follow early embryo development ability significance. COCs were matured with 200 uM pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) inhibitor (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA) or 2 μM glycolysis inhibitor (iodoacetate, IA), significantly lower levels of GHS in the DHEA an IA treated oocytes and the levels of ROS were higher significantly in the DHEA treated oocytes, treatment with DHEA significantly reduced the intra-oocyte ATP and NADPH level. Blastocysts from DHEA or IA treated group also presented higher apoptosis levels, meanwhile, the percentage of proliferating cells was dramatically lower than the non-treated group. In conclusion, our results suggest that 10% PFF promoted oocytes make full use of energy, glucose metabolism during in vitro maturation inseparable from the cumulus cells, PPP and glycolysis promoted porcine oocytes cytoplasmic maturation by supplying energy and reducing oxidative stress.

본 총설에서는 비-플라보노이드 폴리페놀인 레스베라트롤이 간, 골격근 및 지방조직에서 지질대사에 관계된 다양한 신호전달체계를 조절하여 지질 대사 효과를 유발시키는 과정에 관해 고찰하였다. 구체적으로 in vitro 연구에서 레스베라트롤은 지방생성을 줄여주고 apoptosis를 증가시켜 지방세포의 발달과정에 기인하며, 지방세포의 분화에 있어 중요한 전사인자인 C/EBPβ, C/EBPα, SREBP1c 및 PPARγ의 활성을 감소시켜 항 비만 효과를 유발하는 효과가 있다는 것이 많은 논문들을 통해 증명되었다(Fig. 2). 또한, in vivo 연구에서 레스베라트롤은 지방 축적 과정을 억제하고 지질 분해 및 산화 경로를 자극하여 체지방 증가율을 감소시킨다는 것이 증명되었다. 최근 다양한 연구의 결과물(Table 2)들은 레스베라트롤이 지방생성, 지방분해, 열발생 및 지방산 산화에 관여하며 또한, 백색 지방을 갈색 지방으로 변화시키는 능력이 있다는 것을 증명하였다. 흥미롭게도 레스베라트롤은 비만뿐만이 아닌 심장발작 및 뇌졸중과 같은 다양한 대사질환을 예방하는데 도움이 되고, 결장암 및 간암 세포의 성장을 억제하는 효능이 있다는 사실이 밝혀지기도 하였다. 하지만 인간에 대한 레스베라트롤의 명확한 메커니즘을 알지 못하고 인간에게 나타나는 부작용에 관한 연구가 없기 때문에, 안전성을 확보하기 위해서는 다양한 실험모델을 이용한 레스베라트롤의 단기간 및 장기간에 대한 깊은 연구가 요구된다.

본 연구의 목적은 벼메뚜기(Oxya chinensis sinuosa) 분말 섭취가 유산소성 운동훈련(트레드밀 달리기)의 병행 유무에 의해 ICR 생쥐의 에 너지 대사를 증가시키는지를 알아보고자 하는 것이다. 이 목적을 달성하기 위하여, 28 마리의 ICR 생쥐를 보통식 대조군(CON), 보통식 대조군 으로서 운동훈련 병행군(COEX), 벼메뚜기 분말이 혼합된 사료 섭취군(GH), 그리고 벼메뚜기 분말이 혼합된 사료를 섭취함과 동시에 운동훈련 을 병행군(GHEX)으로 구분하였다. 벼메뚜기 분말 사료섭취 및 운동은 6주간 진행하였다. 체중증가율은 유의하지 않았다. 지방량은 GH와 GHEX에서 유의하게 감소하였다. 혈중 glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase와 glutamic pyruvic transaminase 수준은 처치 집단간 변화가 없었다. 제2형 당수송체 및 제4형 당수송체는 처치 집단간 유의한 차이가 없었다. GHEX의 fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 단백질 발현량이 가장 높았다. AMP-activated protein kinase 단백질 수준은 GHEX에서 유의하게 증가하였다. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta 단백질 발현량은 GHEX가 CON과 비교할 때 감소하였다. 이러한 결과들은 벼메뚜기 분말을 섭취하면서 지구성 운동훈련을 하는 경우에 에너지 대사에 영향을 준다는 것을 제시하고 있다.

본 연구는 친환경적으로 추출된 오징어(Todarodes pacificus) 간유와 시판 포도씨유가 고콜레스테롤을 섭취시킨 Wistar계 흰쥐의 혈청 지질 개선작용에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 수행되었다. 실험군은 식이지질의 종류에 따라 4 군으로 나누었다. 기본(BA) 식이군의 지질급원은 대두유(SO) 7%, 대조(CO) 식이군은 SO 7% + 콜레스테롤 1%, 친환경 오징어 간유(EFSO) 식이군은 EFSO 7% + 콜레스테롤 1%, 그리고 포도씨유(GO) 식이군은 GO 7% + 콜레스테롤 1%로 각각 조제하였다. 이들 지질을 4주 동안 섭취 시킨 흰쥐의 혈청 지질을 분석한 결과, triglyceride (TG), total-cholesterol (Total-C), LDL-C, VLDL-C 등의 함량이 CO 식이군에 비하여 EFSO 식이군에서 유의하게 낮았다 (P<0.05). 한편 GO 식이군에서 혈청 TG, VLDL-C, HDL-C 등의 함량은 EFSO 식이군의 경우와 유사하였으나 Total-C 및 LDL-C의 함량은 CO 식이군과 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 또한 EFSO 식이군의 동맥경화지수(AI)는 CO식이군의 약 1/2 수준이었으며, GO 식이군에서도 이들 지수가 EFSO 식이군의 경우와 유사하였으나 외형상 약간 높은 값을 나타내었다. 그리고 모든 식이군에서 백색 및 갈색 지방조직 함량에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 n-3 고도불포화지방산이 풍부한 EFSO가 실험쥐의 혈청 지질, 특히 LDL-C, TG 등의 함량을 저하시키는데 가장 효과적인 지질급원으로 생각된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (vit. D) levels on metabolism of various minerals such as Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr. The comparison was made on the rats that were placed on diet containing powdered skim milk with different Ca and vit. D levels for 5 weeks. A total of 42 5-week-old Sprague- Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups as follows: Control group consisted of normal Ca and normal vit. D (0.5% Ca, 1,000 IU vit. D); Experimental groups were divided into low (0.25%) and high (1.0%) calcium levels; and vit. D group was divided into low (10 IU), normal (1,000 IU), and high (5,000 IU) subgroups. The weight gain and food efficiency ratios of the rats were not significantly different with increasing dietary Ca levels. The absorption rates of 7 minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr) were significantly decreased with increasing dietary Ca levels. Also, fecal excretion of P significantly increased with increasing dietary vit. D levels (p<0.05), and urine excretion of Fe was significantly increased with increasing dietary vit. D levels (p<0.001). The result indicated that higher Ca intake affected on bioavailability of other minerals, due to interactions among minerals in the process of intestinal absorption. However, vitamin D intake had no effect on bioavailability of several minerals. Therefore, it could be suggested that adequate Ca intake is important for balance of the minerals.

The ethanol extraction yield of Meliae toosendan fructus(MT) was about 24.5% by extract apparatus. This study was done to investigate the carbohydrate metabolism related enzyme activities and antioxidative effects of MT in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The contents of serum glucose, triglyceride (TG) were significantly decreaed in MT treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group, also content of Total cholesterol was decreased. High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was increased in MT treated group. The activity of glucose-6-pase(G-6-Pase) was significantly decreased in MT treated group. Also the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-6-PDH) and glucokinase(Gk) were increaed in MT treated group. The content of hepatic glycogen was significantly increaed in MT treated group, in addition, content of malondialdehyde(MDA) was significanly decreased in MT treated group. Also, content of glutathione(GSH)was dereased in MT treated froup. whereas, activity of catalase(CAT) was significantly increaed in MT treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. activity of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) was inecreaed. In conclusion, these results indicated that ethanol extract of MT would have carbohydrate metabolism antioxidative effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

본 연구는 계란 난황을 경구투여 한 랫드에서 혈액 지질감소에 관한 생화학적 대사기전을 규명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 36마리의 Sprague Dawley 숫컷 랫드를 4처리구 3반복으로 완전임의 배치하였다. 6주 동안 동일한 정제고형식이를 급여하면서 매일 한번 씩 난황을 경구투여 하였다. 대조군(C; 생리식염수 1.0 g), T1(삼겹살 기름 1.0 g), T2(난황 1.0 g), T3(삼겹살 기름 1.0g 과 난황 1.0 g을 각각 1주일씩 교체 투여군)으로 구분하였다. 일일평균 증체량은 T1이 가장 높았고 T3, T2, C 순서로 낮게 나타났다. 혈액 중성지방과 총콜레스테롤은 T1이 가장 높았고 C, T3, T2 순서로 낮게 나타났다. HDL-C는 T2가 가장 높았고 C, T3, T1 순서로 낮게 나타났으나 LDL-C는 T1이 가장 높았고 T3, C, T2 순서로 높게 나타났다. 간 기능을 나타내는 지표 AST, ALT는 T1에서 가장 높았고 T2가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 복강지방을 제외한 간, 비장, 신장의 무게는 각 처리구 사이에 차이는 없었다. 복강지방은 T1이 가장 높았으나 C, T2, T3사이의 차이는 없었다. HMG-CoA reductase activity는 T1이 가장 높았고 T3, C 순서로 낮게 나타났으며 T2는 가장 낮았다. 분을 통하여 배설되는 일일 총스테롤, 중성스테롤, 산성스테롤의 배설량은 T2가 가장 높았으나 T1은 가장 낮았다. 본 연구결과는 계란의 섭취가 동물의 간에서 콜레스테롤 합성효소의 활성을 억제함과 동시에 분을 통한 스테롤의 배설을 촉진시켜줌으로써 혈액 지질을 낮춘다는 사실을 확인하였다.

Obesity is the most common nutritional disorder in the developed world and has become a global epidemic in recent years. In this study, Zanthoxylum planispinum extracts (ZPE) were evaluated on the effect on inhibition of pancreatic lipase and lipid metabolism by oral treatment for 2 months in high-fed diet obesity-induced Balb/c mice. The ZPE showed pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity with IC50 of 0.3 ㎍/㎖. No significant difference in feed intake was observed among the groups. The high-fat diet-treated Z. planispinum extracts groups (HFD+ZPE, 100 ㎎/㎏) significantly decreased body weight compared to the high-fat diet vehicle groups (HFD, p<0.05). The high-fat diet-treated XenicalⓇ groups (HFD+Xenical, n=10, 30 ㎎/㎏) also showed a significant reduction of body weight compared to HFD (p<0.05). Biochemical parameters (triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) in HFD plus ZPE diet groups were significantly lower than those of the HFD groups (p<0.05). These results indicated that ZPE more effectively suppressed the effects of HFD on body fat gain with the inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Opuntia ficus-indica complex (OF) on the lipid metabolism, bile acid in feces, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, aspatate aminotransferase (AST) activity, composition of urine and expression of cholesterol related mRNA in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into non-diabetic control (NC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic OF of 2% (OF-2) and diabetic OF of 5% (OF-5), then each group was fed for 3 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were decreased significantly (p<0.05) in OF-5 group compared to DC, but high density lipoprotein (HDL) was not changed. AST and ALT were also reduced and bile acid excretion was improved. Composition of urine in OF-5 was almost same in NC. The expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA-R), Low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) mRNA indicated that feeding OF have the effects of cholesterol decreation in plasma by synthesis of bile acid from cholesterol. These results provide experimental evidence about improved lipid metabolism of the OF feeding in the STZ-induced diabetic rats.

This study investigated the effect of Dolichos lablab extract on the lipid metabolism of rats fed a high fat and cholesterol diet. S-D male rats (n=48) were given 40, 400, or 4000 mg/kg of Dolichos lablab extract and fed a high fat and high cholesterol diet for four weeks (DL-HFC group). As a result, serum levels of total lipids, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were higher in the high fat and high cholesterol group (HFC-group) than the control, and significant differences were observed between the control and the DL-HFC (40, 400, 4000 mg/kg) group. The fat absorption rate increased with a high fat diet feeding, but was higher in the DL-HFC (40, 400, 4000 mg/kg) group.

Our objectives in this experiment were to study the effects of oils that are high in contents of unsaturated fatty acids (olive, flaxseed, and perilla oils) and pyroligneous liquor on plasma lipid concentrations in mice. Male ICR-mouse (n=10 per group) were fed powdered form diets containing oil and pyroligneous liquor for 60 days. The cholesterol level of the PP group (96.71±25.75 ㎎/㎗) was lower than that of the COW group (133.56±21.53 ㎎/㎗). Levels of triglyceride of COP, CFP, and CPP groups were 121.10±50.79 ㎎/㎗, 77.80±38.58 ㎎/㎗, and 92.40±33.04 ㎎/㎗, respectively (p<0.05). The dietary addition of olive oil increased the plasma lsevels of cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. On the other hand, the dietary addition of flaxseed oil and pyroligneous liquor increased the plasma level of HDL-cholesterol and decreased the plasma levels of LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride compared with those of the control group. Further, the dietary addition of perilla oil decreased plasma triglyceride but increased HDL-cholesterol. The decrease in the cholesterol level was much higher in the CFP group. In conclusion, the dietary addition of long-term pyroligneous liquor effectively decreased the plasma levels of cholesterol and triglyceride and increased the plasma level of HDL-cholesterol. The additional dietary administration of flaxseed and perilla oils increased the effect of pyroligneous liquor.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of ethanolic extract of Ulmus davidiana root (UE) on lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet (HF) for 7 weeks. Forty male ICR mice were randomly divided into four groups; normal diet group (N), high-fat diet group (HF), HF with 0.5% UE (HF-L) and 1% UE (HF-H) group. Body weight, body weight gain, and liver weight in the HF group was significantly higher than in the N group, while those of the HF-L and HF-H group were unchanged. UE improved HF-induced dyslipidemia by reducing serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and the atherogenic index. There was no difference in serum HDL-cholesterol among experimental groups. However, the HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio was significantly increased in the HF-L and HF-H group. Histological analysis showed that HF-fed mice developed hepatocellular microvesicular vacuolation as a result of fat accumulation. These changes were attenuated by 1% UE supplementation. In addition, hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the HF-H group significantly reduced. Taken together, these results demonstrated that lipid levels in the blood and liver were reduced by UE, suggesting that it might be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia and fatty liver.

Calcium is an essential nutrient generally obtained from dietary foods. However, its metabolism is a complex biological network requiring an effective analytical tool. In this review, a few notable calcium mechanistic models are assessed, emphasizing the power of mechanistic modeling in analyzing biological systems because no publication has reviewed them in a single place. Reviewed models are categorized by target systems: calcium absorption, calcium excretion, bone turnover, and whole calcium homeostasis. In the calcium absorption model, two transport systems carrying calcium from intestine to blood have been mechanistically described. Since urine calcium excretion is poorly understood, its model has not been explicitly developed although it is modeled as a part of the whole calcium metabolic system. Cell-based bone turnover model has been conceived to describe the mechanism under bone cell regulation. Finally, whole calcium metabolism has been a target to explain the metabolic control of calcium homeostasis that is linked to the endocrine system. Reviewed models focus on explaining how the calcium metabolic system behaves in response to conditional perturbations by involving effective factors such as endocrine system. We expect that not only will this study provide comprehensive information for future studies in calcium metabolism, but also that it will suggest what the concepts of biosystem modeling are and how they can be used for assessing the target system.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of brown rice and brown rice phytosterol on blood pressure and lipid levels in spontaneously hypertension rats (SHR). SHR were grouped according to blood pressure and fed either a control diet or experimental diets containing 50% brown rice powder or 5% brown rice phytosterol for 3 weeks. Body weight gain and epididymal fat weight were significantly reduced in the brown rice powder and brown rice phytosterol groups compared to control. Brown rice and brown rice phytosterol diets suppressed age-dependent increases in systolic blood pressure compared to control. In addition, brown rice and brown rice phytosterol diets decreased total lipid, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels in the liver, whereas serum HDL cholesterol increased. Lastly, brown rice phytosterol reduced TBARS contents in the kidney. These results suggest that brown rice and brown rice phytosterol exert antihypertensive effects that improve lipid metabolism in SHR.

Catharanthus roseus로부터 생산되는 빈카알칼로이드는 암을 치료하는 데에 사용되는 가장 중요한 천연물 중의 하나이다. 이러한 항암제는 두 단량체 인돌 알칼로이드인 catharanthine과 vindoline의 결합으로 합성될 수 있다. 이 중 vindoline의 생합성에 관계하는 경로를 조사하기 위해서 tabersonine의 메틸기에 중수소를 치환한 전구체인 tabersonine-CD3 1a를 합성하였다. 이는 중수소의 질량 증가로 인해 자연에서 발생하는 tabersonine과 뚜렷이 구별될 수 있도록 해 준다. 우리는 이 중소소가 치환된 tabersonine 1a가 성공적으로 vindoline 생합성경로에 편입되어 중수소가 치환된 3개의 새로운 vindoline 중간체(2a, 3a와 4a)를 생성함을 보였다. 세포현탁배양액에 tabersonine-CD3 1a를 주입한 5일과 13일째에 생성된 대사물인 16-Hydroxytabersonine-CD3 (m/z 356) 2a, 16-Methoxytabersonine-CD3 (m/z 370) 3a와 16-Methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3- hydroxytabersonine-CD3 (m/z 388) 4a의 생성량을 UPLC/MS를 사용하여 측정하였다. 출발물 1a에서 생성물 2a, 그리고 2a에서 3a로의 전환은 빨랐던 반면 3a에서 4a로의 전환은 상대적으로 훨씬 느렸다. 따라서 각 대사물들의 상대적 전환속도를 서로 비교해 보았을 때 vindoline 생합성 과정의 첫 세 단계 중에서 가장 느린 마지막 단계가 속도결정단계임을 암시한다. 즉 대사물 3a에서 4a로의 느린 전환속도의 결과, 배양 후 13일까지도 3a의 축적률이 현저히 증가됨을 보였다. 배양 5일째의 대사물 2a, 3a와 4a의 축적비는 각각 1, 2와 0.1이었다. 그러나 desacetoxyvindoline-CD3 5a, deacetylvindoline-CD3 6a와 vindoline-CD3 7a의 피크는 배양 13일 후에도 발견되지 않아 세포현탁 배양액에 각 생합성단계와 관련된 효소들이 존재하지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

This study was carried to investigate the antidiabetic metabolism effect of water extract Cordyceps Militalis(C.M.) in Streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rats. Diabetes were induced by intravenous injection of STZ at a dose of 42mg/kg,b.w. dissolved in citrate buffer. The water extract of C.M. was orally administrated once a day for 7 days at a dose of 500mg/kg,b.w(body weight). or 1,000mg/kg.b.w. The content serum glucose was significantly decreased in C.M. treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. The content of hepatic glycogen and activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-6-PDH), glucokinase(GK) were significantly increased, but activity of glucose-6-phoshatase(G-6-Pase) was significantly decreased in C.M. treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. These results indicated that water extract of C.M. would have antidiabetic metabolism effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats.