This study was carried out in order to analyze the changes in nitrogen containing taste compounds of traditional Korean soy sauce with varying Meju concentrations (Meju-water ratios of 1:4 and 1.3:4) and ripening periods (up to 2 years), and to investigate correlation between sensory characteristics and taste compound contents via contents assay and sensory evaluation of soy sauce samples. Nitrogen compound contents were higher in 1.3:4 than in 1:4 for all nitrogen compounds. Free amino acid contents were highest in soy sauce ripened for 210 days. Among amino acids, glutamic acid was highest concentration. Nucleotides and their related compound contents did not vary with concentrations and were highest in the sample ripened for 210 days. In direct sensory evaluation of soy sauce, overall taste preference showed positive correlation to sweet taste. Likewise, overall taste preference showed positive correlation to umami, nutty, sweet taste in the sensory evaluation of seaweed soup seasoned with soy sauce. Sensory evaluation score was higher in 1.3:4 than in 1:4. According to the correlation assay of taste compound contents and sensory evaluations, nitrogen compounds (such as amino type nitrogen), amino acids (such as glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and lysine, and etc.), nucleotides (such as AMP, IMP, and etc) had significant influence on the sensory characteristics of soy sauce, and therefore we can conclude that these compounds affect the taste and quality of soy sauce.

This study was carried out in order to investigate general characteristics, sugars and organic acids contents of Korean traditional soy sauce, and to find out possibility of high quality soy sauce production in a short period through high concentration soy sauce making. In this study, we prepared three different types of soy sauce, low concentration soy sauce (Chungjang), high concentration soy sauce and Kyupjang, high quality traditional Korean soy sauce. pH of soy sauce were 4.46~4.90 and did not show difference among three samples. Titratable acidity, buffering power and total free acid content were the highest value in Kyupjang. Kyupjang showed the highest contents of salt and pure extract. As the ripening period increased, the salt content increased in Chungjang samples, but decreased in Kyupjang. Reducing sugar contents of Kyupjang, high concentration soy sauce and low concentration soy sauce were 1.13%, 0.76% and 0.53%, respectively. Free sugar in soy sauce were analyzed maltose, glucose, galactose and fructose. Total free sugar content was highest in high concentration soy sauce, however, contents of glucose and fructose were higher in Kyupjang than in Chungjang samples. Galactose was the main free sugar in Chungjang, but glucose was in Kyupjang. Among identified volatile organic acid, acetic acid was present in the highest concentration, and volatile organic acid content was highest in the high concentration soy sauce at 150 days. 20 nonvolatile organic acids were detected in Korean traditional soy sauce. Succinic acid, lactic acid and 2,5-pyridine dicarboxylic acid were the main nonvolatile organic acid in soy sauce.

Fermentation characteristics of kwahaju (a typical Korean traditional alcoholic beverage) base were investigated during fermentation with different contents of nuruk (Korean-style bran koji) extract. The nuruk extract which was prepared by incubating the mixture of nuruk powder and water at 25℃ overnight and by filtering it was used to be 0.6%, 2.7%, 5% and 10% (v/v). Total and reducing sugar contents as well as acidity of the kwahaju base with 0.6% nuruk extract were higher than those with 2.7%, 5% and 10% at the fermentation end. Final pH values of all the base samples were ranged from 3.3 to 4.1. Alcohol concentrations of the base samples with 2.7%, 5% and 10% nuruk extract were higher than those with 0.6%. Microbial growth rate was great and inner temperature was high in the sample with high content of nuruk extract, but fermentation period was short. Total sugar consumption and alcohol production increased as the content of nuruk extract increased, but total acid production decreased. The base sample with 10% nuruk extract showed the most excellent fermentation efficiency. Fusel oil content of the base sample with 2.7% nuruk extract was the highest (457.3 ppm), and those wity 5% and 10% nuruk extract were 438.9 ppm and 442.6 ppm, respectively. The sample with 0.6% nuruk extract had the lowest content (409.5 ppm). Sensory evaluation of both the kwahaju base and kwahaju mix with 25% and 40% alcohol by adding soju (Korean distilled liquor) showed that the base with 2.7% nuruk extract had the highest score, and that the kwahaju mix with 25% alcohol had higher score than that with 40%. The sensory results on overall desirability were consistent to those on color and alcohol concentration, and it turned out that the two factors were important to make kwahaju.

연두금파리의 난세포성숙에 따른 단백질의 변화와 난특이성단백질의 특성을 확인하기 위하여 gel filtration, 전기영동 및 분자량측정, 아미노산과 지방산함량을 측정하여 얻은 결과는 다음과같다. 연두금파리 암컷성충의 난소단백질은 단백질원을 섭식시킨 후 72시간 이후 빠르게 증가하였고, 완전한 성숙이 일어나는 96시간에 최고의 함량을 나타냈다. DEAE-cellulose와 Sephacryl 5-200으로 gel filtration하고 7.5% native polyacrylamide gel에서 전기영동한 결과 난소에서 분리된 특이단백질은 0.4에서 혈림프 및 난소와 다른 밴드가 확인되었으며, 분자량은 110,000 dalton이였다. 분리된 난특이성단백질내 아미노산 조성은 asparagine 외 모두 13종이 검출되었으며, asparagine, glutamic acid와 함께 tyrosine이 특이하게 높게 나타났다. 지방산은 난소와 함께 난특이성단백질에서 palmitic acid의 4종이 분리되었다. 따라서, 연두금파리의 난에는 지방체에서 합성, 분비된 난황단백질이외에 난소에만 존재하는 특이단백질이 있음을 알 수 있다.

겉뿌림 산지초지의 조성, 수량, 식생 및 목초품종등에 미치는 3요소(N--O: 0-0-0; 0-10-10; 6-15-15; 12-20-20; 24-25-20 kg/10a/year)와 소석회(0, 250kg/10g; 조성시만 시용)의 시용효과를 구명하는 10년간 시험후, 별도로 토심별 토양의 화학성(I보; pH, OM, T-N, 유효 , 흡수계수, 석회소요량. II보: 치환성 Ca, Mg, K, Na 및 CEC, 염기포화도, 토양보존)을 조사하여 검토하

The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative growth characteristics and ginenoside contents of wild-simulated ginseng on different years (7 and 13-year-old) by monitoring soil properties of cultivation regions. Plant and soil samples were collected from 6 different cultivation regions. Soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN) and cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) were significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng cultivation regions compared to 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng cultivation regions. Growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng had shown significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng compared to 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. Ginsenoside G-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1 were significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng than 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. According to the results of correlation analysis, soil OM, TN and CEC of the cultivated regions were positively correlated with the growth of wild-simulated ginseng. In addition, the root length of wild-simulated ginseng showed positive correlation with ginsenoside content. Hence, this study was able to investigate the correlation between growth and ginsenoside content of wild-simulated ginseng based on soil characteristics of the cultivation regions.

본 연구는 7년, 13년근 산양삼의 생육특성과 진세노사이드 (G) 함량 간의 상관관계를 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 6개소의 산양삼의 생육특성을 조사한 결과, 뇌두길이, 뿌리길이, 생중량, 단면적, 표면적, 부피에 있어 13년근 산양삼이 7년근 산양삼에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 것을 확인하였다. 진세노사이드 11종에 대한 함량은 G-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2 함량이 13년근 산양삼이 7년근 산양삼 보다 유의적으로 높은 수치를 확인하였다. 또한 산양삼과 인삼(재배삼) 진세노사이드 함량 을 비교한 결과, 13년 산양삼에서 G-Rb1, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1이 4 년, 5년근 인삼(재배삼)에 비해 유의적으로 함량이 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 산양삼 연근별 생육특성과 진세노사이드 함량 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, G-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2 함량은 뇌두길이, 생중량, 단면적, 표면적, 부피와 유의정인 정의 상관관계를 보였으며, G-Rb1, Re, Rf, Rg2는 줄기직경 과 부의 상관관계를 확인하였다. 본 연구는 산양삼의 7년근과 13년근을 대상으로 생육특성과 진세노사이드 함량 상관관계를 구명함으로써 연근에 따른 품질규격 정립에 유용한 정보를 제공 할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was carried out to get the information of Plum tree (192 germplasm) collected in Korea, and to evaluate the organic acid contents and fermentation solution. The organic acid content of fruit was 50.9 ± 6.0 ㎎/g, and which was composed of 55.5% of citric acid, 43.4% of malic acid and 1.1% of oxalic acid, and showed large difference among germplasms. Oxalic acid and malic acid made no differences in organic acid content according to flesh color, whereas citric acid and total organic acid contents were highest in orange color and lowest in whitish green. Malic acid, citric acid and total organic acid contents did not show differences among fruit weight groups, but oxalic acid content was highest at fruit weight of 5.1 ~ 10.0 g and lowest at more than 20.1 g. The sugar content of fermentation solution of fruit was 55.7 ± 1.6 °Brix and the harvest rate was 116.7 ± 8.7%. The correlation coefficients among fruit weight, the sugar content (°Brix) and harvest rate of fermentation solution were very low, and there were correlations of r=–0.551** between fruit weight and oxalic acid, r=– 0.767** between malic acid and citric acid, and r=0.834** between citric acid and total organic acid content.

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics, root yield and curcuminoid content of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), cultivated using mother seed rhizomes (MR) and finger seed rhizome (FR) of different sizes. MR are attached to the stem, and FR are connected to the MR, and are used as a general seed rhizome. Methods and Results: Seed rhizomes of different types and sizes were used: large, medium and small for FR, and large, half-sized, and small for MR. These were assigned to the experimental groups and cultivated under greenhouse conditions. The growth characteristics, root yield, and curcuminoid content did not show clear difference between MR and FR, but suggest that the larger seed rhizomes (above 30 g) could have higher root yields. On average, harvested mother rhizomes (HMR) contained more curcuminoid than harvested finger rhizomes (HFR), while the yield of HFR was higher than that of HMR. The higher weight of harvested roots correlated significantly with elevated curcuminoid content. Conclusions: The two seed rhizomes, MR and FR, did not differ in root yield and curcuminoid contents, but larger seed rhizomes may produce better root yields. This suggest that the optimum seed rhizome is larger FR, to produce higher yields and quality in turmeric root production.

고문헌에 기술된 향온곡의 제조공정을 변형시켜 가수량을 달리하여 제조한 누룩의 발효기간에 따른 품질 특성을 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 제조한 가수량 20%, 26% 및 30% 누룩은 가수량에 상관없이 발효기간이 경과함에 따라 곰팡이 균사가 내부까지 침투하여 생육하였고, 중량 및 크기 또한 가수량에 따른 차이는 없었으나, 발효기간 동안 전체적으로 소폭 감소하였다. 누룩의 품온 변화는 가수량 26% 누룩에서 가장 높은 39.7℃의 품온을 나타내었고, pH는 가수량이 높은 누룩일수록 더 낮게 나타났다. α-Amylase 활성은 가수량 30% 누룩이 20% 누룩보다 약 1.5배 더 높았고, glucoamylase 활성은 가수량 20% 누룩이 발효 20일째 4,424.6 units/g으로, 26% 및 30% 누룩과 비교하여 유의적으로 높았다. Acidic protease 활성은 가수량 30% 누룩이 발효 20일에 1,800 units/g로 가수량 20%, 26% 누룩보다 높았다. 유리당은 가수량 30% 누룩이 20% 누룩보다 glucose, galactose 및 fructose 함량이 2.4, 1.97 및 1.5배 높았고, 유기산은 가수량 30% 누룩의 lactic acid가 약 2.2 mM로 가장 높았다. 유리 아미노산은 26% 및 30% 누룩에서 glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine threonine, 및 valine 등의 함량이 가수량 20% 누룩보다 높았다. 가수량 20% 누룩은 발효기간이 경과함에 따라 향기패턴이 왼쪽 상단에서 중앙으로 이동하였고, 26%와 30% 누룩은 오른쪽 상단에서 하단으로 이동하였다. 본 연구 결과를 종합적으로 분석해보면, 가수량 26% 이상으로 제조한 누룩의 품질이 우수한 것으로 생각되고, 향후 전통누룩의 상업화 과정에 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 사료된다.

This study was performed an evaluation of compressive strength of NSB mortar according to BP contents and curing conditions. As the results of study, compressive strength increase as BP content and curing temperature was increased. When considering the strength properties of BP NSB mortar, the proper BP content and curing temperature are thought to be 20% and 60℃ respectively.

Raw and secondary waste materials from recycling products have been used to produce cements. A total of 10 cements produced from recycling products were analyzed for chemical composition, such as Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, SO3, Cl, K2O, CaO, TiO2, Cr2O3, MnO, Fe2O3, CuO, ZnO, and PbO, using the Korean standard leaching test. The total content of toxic substances, such as Pb, Cd, Cu, As, Hg, and Cr(VI), present in each cement was also measured. The corrosion characteristics of cement leachates were also determined by measuring their pH values using an ion selective electrode and measuring the corrosion rate of a circular steel plate in each leachate. The chemical composition of the cements was found to be 60-67% CaO, 18-23% SiO2, and 5-6% Al2O3. Based on the results of the leaching tests, the samples did not exceed the prescribed regulatory leaching levels. The total content of toxic substances in each cement did not exceed the voluntary agreement criteria of 20 mg/kg. In the case of the corrosion characteristics of the cement leachates, the pH of each leachate was greater than 12.5 and the corrosion rate of a circular steel plate in each leachate did not exceed 6.35 mm/yr. The correlation between pH and the corrosion rate of steel in the solid waste leachates was difficult to determine.

Lettuce is an important annual leafy vegetable and bitterness is its potent flavor character. Lettuce germplasm differ their phenotypic characters and sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) contents which are important for consumer’s acceptance. This study was carried out to evaluate the phenotypic characters and SLs contents in one hundred lettuce germplasm in Jeonju, Korea. Twenty-three agro-morphological (16 qualitative and 7 quantitative) traits and two SLs (lactucin and lactucopicrin) contents were studied in these germplasm. Germplasm exhibited the variation in qualitative and quantitative characters. Average plant weight was 423.9 g with a range from 116.0 to 905.0 g. Lactucin content was varied from 19.7 (IT 294226) to 194.4 ㎍/g (IT 294298) with an average concentration of 84.7 ㎍/g. Lactucopicrin ranged from 82.5 (IT 300134) to 2228.6 ㎍/g (IT 294210) with an average concentration of 586.3 ㎍/g. Total SLs content was ranged from 120.1 (IT 300134) to 2286.6 (IT 294210) ㎍/g with the average concentration of 671.0 ㎍/g. Significant (p≤0.05) differences were found between crisp head and butter head germplasm for lactucin, lactucopicrin and total SLs content. Crisp head germplasm revealed the highest average lactucin (112.9 ㎍/g), lactucopicrin (734.8 ㎍/g) and total SLs content (847.7 ㎍/g). Crisp head and leafy type germplasm exhibited more total SLs content (847.7 and 744.7 ㎍/g, respectively) than cos (524.9 ㎍/g) and butter head type (519.4 ㎍/g). Principal component analyses of the quantitative traits indicated that the first principal component axis accounted more than 91% of the total variation. This study revealed the ample genetic variation in the agro-morphological traits and SLs contents to support the selection for improved lettuce varieties.

Background : Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge) is distributed in northeastern region in China. The seeds are oil-rich and used as an edible and/or medicinal additives in China. We investigated genetic indices and molecular variance using ISSR markers and oil contents variance by analyzing fatty acid composition in several artificial populations in China. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from four discontiguous artificial populations in four area in China : two in Inner Mongolia (IM), one in Liaoning (LN) and one in Shandong (SD). Farm in SD showed the highest number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon index (I), and expected heterozygosity (He), i.e., 1.598, 0.470, and 0.325, respectively. Crude fat contents in kernel observed as 54.5 g 100 g-1 from SD. In contrast it was observed the lowest contents as 46.5 g 100 g-1 from LN . The fatty acid composition was determined to those of oleic acid (31.3%) from SD. And linoleic acid was determined as 38.1% from LN. These artificial populations have relatively high genetic variation, and within-population variation (23%) was higher than among populations. The artificial populations were divided into two groups, revealing these was little correlation between genetic and geographic distance. Conclusion : This study can provide the important information on genetic variation and contents characteristics. It may be responsible for the programs of improvement and germplasm conservation in the future.

This research carried out to figure out the effect of the green manure crop cultivated at a preparation field and the shading net on the growth, development, and quality of ginseng. Followings are results obtained from the research. Leaf width of ginseng under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polythylene net (TBTBPN) was good at rye and hairy vetch cultured group. Leaf length of ginseng under the shading net of a threelayered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN) was good at barley and hairy vetch cultured group. Meanwhile, leaf width was good at hairy vetch cultured group. Leaf length of ginseng under a blue polyethylene sheet (BPS) was good at a barley and barley + hairy vetch cultured group, but stem length was shorter compare to other shading net cultivations. Root weight of ginseng was good under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN) at a rye and hairy vetch cultured group, and was good under the shading net of a three-layered blue and onelayered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN) at a barley + hairy vetch cultured group, but there was no significant difference under blackout screen according to manure crop varieties. Ratio of rusty root was 10.2% at the barley cultured group under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN), and was 23.1% at hairy vetch cultured group under shading net of a three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN). Ratio of rusty root was the lowest at a rye cultured group regardless the shading nets. Content of the ginsenoside was the highest at the rye cultured group under the shading net of two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN), was the highest at the barley cultured group under the shading net of a three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN), and was the highest at the rye cultured group under the blackout screen.

최근 온라인 게임은 콘텐츠 자체뿐만 아니라 운영 서비스가 종합적으로 작용하여 성장을 이루고 있다. 그러나 기존의 연구에서는 게임운영 서비스 품질에 비해 게임의 콘텐츠 특성에 많은 초점을 두고 연구가 수행되고 있다. 본 연구는 온라인 스포츠게임을 연구 대상으로, 게임의 콘텐츠특성과 운 영 서비스품질이 유저의 지속이용의도와 구전의도에 미치는 영향을 기대충족 모델을 적용하여 분석 하고, 그에 따른 지속 서비스를 위한 유저 풀을 확대 및 확보하는데 어떠한 노력을 기울여야 하는지 에 대하여 학술적 및 실무적 시사점을 제시하였다. 연구결과, 게임 컨텐츠 특성인 현실성은 기대충족 까지도 영향을 미치는 게임 콘텐츠의 주요한 변수임이 밝혀졌으며, 운영 서비스 품질인 공감성은 기 대충족에도 영향을 주어 구전의도를 일으키는 직·간접적 역할을 하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study investigated ginseng growth and ginsenoside contents after control a reserved ginseng cultivation land using various green manure crops for stable ginseng cultivation. Followings are results obtained from this research. After cultivate the green manure crops, microbial flora in soil was diversified, organic matter and total-N content increased, but salt content decreased. The highest output obtained from the wheat cultivated area among various green manure corps. Growth of shoot and root of two years old ginseng increased significantly at the green manure crop cultivated area. Specially, the wheat cultivated area was the most effective in growth. Also, the rate of the leaf discoloration at the aerial part and the rusty root at the root was the least at the wheat cultivation area. Meanwhile, the ginsenoside content was the most at the wheat cultivation area. Thus, the reserved ginseng cultivation land could be managed by cultivating wheat for effective ginseng growth.

On this study, a compressive strength with variation of oxide aluminum contents on calcium aluminate cement used for particular purpose due to good properties is analyzed. Thus, the results propose future research direction.

본 연구는 강릉, 대관령에서 재배된 아마란스 품종별로 수량, 생육특성, 항산화활성, 총페놀함량 그리고 유리아미노산의 차이를 조사하고 국내 적응이 가능한지 살펴보고자 실시하였다. 수량은 125~465 kg 10a-1의 범위였으며 RRC 1027 품종이 가장 많았다. 천립중은 0.42~0.82 g으로 아주 작았고 특히 Kerala Red 품종이 가장 가벼웠다. DPPH를 이용한 항산화 활성 분석에서 지역별로는 강릉과 대관령 사이의 유의차는 없었으나 품종별로는 유색품종인 Kerala Red가 가장 높았다. 총 폴리페놀 함량을 분석한 결과 994~1,732 mg kg-1의 범위를 보였다. 종실의 유리아미노산 함량 분석 결과 glutamic acid 30.5 mg 100 g-1, aspartic acid 26.1 mg 100-1, arginine 24.3 mg 100 g-1 순이었다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때 국내에서 아마란스 재배는 수량 등에서도 안정적이었고 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine 등 곡물에 부족할 수 있는 유리아미노산을 포함하고 있어 새로운 작물로 개발 가능성이 높을 것으로 기대된다. 그러나 항산화활성능을 측정하기 위하여 DPPH 방법 이외에 다른 방법을 모색할 필요가 있을 것으로 생각된다.