Chrysanthemum flower model trap (CFMT) developed to attract the flower thrips was evaluated for its optimal trap density that is required to manage the population of flower thrips in a strawberry greenhouse. CFMTs were installed in different rates per unit area (10m×5m), i.e., control (no trap), low (5 traps), medium (10 traps), and high (20 traps), in three different strawberry greenhouses at Namhoo, Andong. From each plot, 10 flowers were sampled every week from 16 May 2008 to 6 June 2008. Five traps were also randomly collected from each plot every week to record the number of flower thrips trapped. The seasonal number of both female and male thrips collected in the flowers was significantly lower in the plots with high density of traps compared to the control. In the plot with medium level of traps, less seasonal number of male F. intonsa were found in the strawberry flowers compared to the plot with low level of traps or control. When the numbers of thrips in the flowers were plotted against the numbers of thrips trapped in the CFMTs, significant correlation was found in female thrips only. However, there was no significant difference in seasonal number of male and female thrips trapped in the CFMTs randomly collected from the plots among the treatments. In conclusion CFMT used in medium or high density in the strawberry greenhouse reduced infestation of F. intonsa in the flowers and can be a good addition to integrated pest management tactics against anthophilous thrips.

2005년 4월 4일부터 6일까지 강원도 양양군에 대형산불이 발생하여 산림 250 ha를 포함하여 인근 농가의 목초지가 피해를 입었다. 따라서 본 연구는 산불 피해 초지에서 보파시기와 보파량이 초지의 생산성과 사료가치에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 처리는 대조구, 산불발생 10일후에 추천 파종량의 30%와 50%, 20일후에 30%와 50% 보파를 포함하여 6처리를 공시하였다. 그러나 본 연구에서 산불 피해 목초지에서 생산성과 사료가치에

  The reinvestment assumption of the internal rate of return(IRR) method may not be valid in an engineering economy study. This situation, coupled with the computational demands and possible multiple interest rate associated with the IRR method, has given

This study examined pregnancy and fetal loss rates according to different estrus synchronization protocols and injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) after transfer of Korean Native Cattle embryos to Holstein recipients. In Experiment 1, recipients received no treatment (Control, n = 119); two injections of prostaglandin ( ) 11 days apart (PGF group, n = 120); GnRH (day 0)- (day 7)-GnRH (day 9) (Ovsynch group, n = 120); and CIDR (day 0)- and CIDR removal (day 7)-GnRH (day 9) (CIDR group, n = 110). In Experiment 2, the control group was received no treatment of GnRH. The treatment groups were received GnRH at embryo transfer (ET) (day 0), 7 days later, 14 days later, ET and 7 days later, 7 and 14 days later, or ET, 7 and 14 days later. Recipients were assigned to treatment randomly and received two in vitro produced blastocysts. Pregnancy was diagnosed at day 60 by palpation per rectum. Fetal loss to term was determined by palpation every 90 days thereafter. In Experiment 1, the pregnancy rate in the CIDR group (59.1%) were higher than in the Control group (42.0%) (p<0.01); fetal loss rates were similar for all groups (12.0 to 18.5%). In Experiment 2, the pregnancy rate in Day 0+7+14 group was higher (60.2%) than the control (40.2%) (p<0.01) and resulted in a lower fetal loss (p<0.05) than the control (4.6 vs. 11.4%). There were no significant difference between other treatment and the control (p>0.05). These results show that pregnancy rates of bovine embryos can be enhanced by CIDR insertion or GnRH treatment. Additionally, fetal loss may be reduced with GnRH treatment after ET.

플러그 육묘된 일일초와 살비아의 묘를 145mL 용적 의 사각형 플라스틱 포트에 peat(60%)와 perlite(40%) 로 구성된 인공토양을 채운 후 정식하였다. 완효성 비 료의 양이 배지의 EC와 식물의 생장에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 포트당 완효성 비료를(14-14-14 Osmocote, 14N-6.2P-11.6K) 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 또는 4.0g으로 각각 정량하여 정식 전 배지와 혼합하였다. 식물은 1일 1회 수돗물을 저면 관수하며 재배하였다. 배지의 EC는 식물의 종류와 관계없이 완효성 비료의 양이 증가할수록 높았다. 두 식물 모두에서 낮은 비료 농도에서는 식물체의 생육이 진전되어도 배지의 EC가 변하지 않았으나 2.0~4.0g 처리에서는 생육이 진전되 면서 배지의 EC가 낮아졌다. 일일초의 최대 엽면적, 초장과 건물중은 완효성 비료의 양이 2.0~4.0g 처리했 을 때 얻었으며 이때 배지의 EC는 생육 전기간 동안 1.0~1.7dS ·m−1 범위에 있었다. 살비아의 엽면적, 건물 중과 엽록소 함량은 완효성 비료의 양이 많을수록 증 가해서 4.0g 처리에서 최대를 보였으며 이때 배지의 EC는 생육 전기간 동안 1.0~4.0dS ·m−1 범위에 있었 다. 살비아의 초장은 2.0~4.0g 처리에서 최대를 보였다. 완효성 비료의 양이 증가 할수록 일일초의 식물체 내 N, P, K, Mg, S함량은 높았던 반면 Ca함량은 낮 았다. B와 Mn의 함량은 비료의 양이 적을수록 증가 하였다.

Evaluation of the solid surface properties by an analysis of the liquid penetration rate into powderbeds is very important in applications of powder products. The penetration rate is related the surface propertyin powder beds. In order to analyze the surface property of powders, the contact angle values of several powderswere obtained using the Washbun equation and the Wicking method. The surface free energy value γS wasdivided into a polar component γSp and a dispersion component γSd. Inorganic powders such as calcite were usedas test samples. The effects of the particle size and the type of experimental liquid on the penetration rate weremeasured. It was confirmed that the surface free energy of the grinding sample is smaller than that of theclassification sample.

난의 종류별로 심비디움, 심비디움 교배종, 덴팔레, 온시디움, 호접란, 그리고 나도풍란의 음이온 발생량을 조사하였으며, 심비디움 20, 40, 60, 80%와 심비디움 교배종 25, 50, 75, 100%의 투입율에 따른 음이온 발생량의 변화를 조사하였다. 그 결과 심비디움 332개 /cm3, 심비디움 교배종 323개/cm3로 심비디움 속이 가 장 발생량이 많았으며, 그 다음이 덴팔레 250개/cm3, 온시디움 203개/cm3, 나도풍란 119개/cm3, 호접란이 77개/cm3 순이었다. 투입율 증가에 따라 심비디움은 40%, 심비디움 교배종은 75%까지는 음이온 발생량이 증가하였으나, 그 이상 투입율에서는 다소 감소하는 경 향이었다. 따라서 식물 종류별로 음이온 발생량을 상호 비교하기 위해서는 식물 투입율이 40% 이하가 적절하 며, 상대습도 등을 감안할 경우 약 30% 정도가 가장 적절한 것으로 보인다.

본 연구는 체세포 복제 한우 송아지의 생산에서 생시체중과 생존성과의 관계에 대하여 살펴보고자 실시하였다. 293두의 한우 대리모에 580개의 복제란을 이식하였다. 복제란의 임신율은 이식 후 50일까지 72.3%로 높았으나, 이후 급격하게 감소하였다. 평균 임신 기간은 복제 송아지에서 287일(279~295일)이었으며, 인공수정 송아지도 287일(255~293일)로 각각 나타났다. 복제 송아지의 생시체중(30.3kg)은 인공수정 송아지(23.7kg)에 비하여 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 자연분만(n=17, 29.9kg)과 제왕절개(n=14, 32.3kg)로 태어난 복제 송아지의 생시체중은 차이가 없었다. 하지만, 생후 175일 이전에 사망한 복제 송아지(n=18, 32.8kg)의 생시체중이 175일 이상 생존한 복제 송아지(n=11, 28.3kg)보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 흥미로운 점은 생시체중이 15kg 이하(n=5) 또는 35kg 이상(n=9)인 복제 송아지들은 모두 생후 175일 이전에 폐사하였다. 생후 175일 이전에 폐사한 복제 송아지들(n=20)의 사망 원인은 미성숙 개체 2두(10.0%), 폐와 간 이상 2두(10.0%), 폐의 원인 4두(20.0%), 기형 4두(20.0%), 출생 후 급사(sudden death syndrome) 4두(20.0%) 및 기타 원인불명이 4두(20.0%) 등으로 분류되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여보면, 복제 송아지의 정상 생시체중이 6개월 이상을 생존하는데 가장 중요한 요소들 중의 한 가지임을 확인하였다.

발정 주기와 상관없이 CIDR를 삽입하는 날에 2.5 mg estradiol benzoate, 50 mg progesterone을 주사하였다. CIDR 삽입 후 4일 동안 FSH를 감량법으로 12시간 간격으로 주사하였으며, FSH 주사 5, 6회째에 를 투여했다. 1회째 주사 24시 간 후 CIDR를 제거하고 GnRH를 주사하였다. 공란 우들을 1번째 주사 후 60시간과 72시간에 수정을 시켰다. 인공수정 7일 후 회수된 수정란을 수정란 이식 때 pro

The ㎝bryonic and postembryonic developments of Nezara antennata Scott were observed in 5 different rearing cages such as A (Cylindrical, ø 10 ㎝ × 4 ㎝), B (Cylindrical, ø 14.5 ㎝ × 2.8 ㎝), C (Rectangle, 6.5 L × 6.5 ㎝W × 10 ㎝H), D (Cylindrical, ø 9 ㎝ in bottom & ø 11.5 ㎝ in upper × 10.8 ㎝) and E (Cylindrical, ø 15 ㎝ × 7.5 ㎝) containing soybean and peanut seeds as food, and sponge soaked with water under laboratory condition of 24℃ and 15L : 9D. Hatchability ranged from 93 to 97%. Nymphal duration was shortest of 6 days in the 1st instar and longest of 10 days in the 5th instar. The nymphal duration was 38 to 39 days observed in the rearing cages. Emergence rate was in the range from 53 to 62% with highest in A and B cages. Adult longevity was 65 to 75 days for male, and 67 to 74 days for female, and was longest in the B cage. Total number of eggs laid by female adult was in the range from 51 to 56 without significant difference in the rearing cages, and was the most in the B cage. Accordingly, the reproductive rate of N. antennata for 1 generation was within 25 to 33 times, and was highest in the B rearing cage. Therefore, it could be concluded that B cage is most suitable for stable rearing of N. antennata under laboratory condition.

[ SF6 ] gas has been widely used as an insulating, cleaning and covering gas due to its outstanding insulating feature and because of its inert properties. However, the global warming potential of SF6 gas is extremely high relative to typical global warming gases such as CO2, CFCs, and CH4. For these reasons, it is necessary to separate and collect waste SF6 gas. In this study, the effects of a surfactant (Tween) on the formation rate of SF6 gas hydrates were investigated. The SF6 gas hydrate formation rate increased with the addition of Tween and showed a nearly 6.5 times faster hydrate formation rate with an addition of 0.2 wt.% Tween compared to an addition of pure water. This is believed to be due to the increased solubility of SF6 gas with the addition of the surfactant. It was also found that SF6 gas hydrate in the surfactant solution showed two-stage hydrate formation rates with a formation rate that increased rapidly in the 2nd stage.

Austenite precipitation behavior was studied with solidification rates and alloying contents, N and Cr, in duplex stainless steels by directional solidification. Directional solidification experiments were carried out with solidification rates, 1~100mm/s, and N and Cr contents, 0~0.27wt.%, 25~28wt.% respectively, in a duplex stainless steel, CD4MCU. As the solidification rate increases, the dendrite spacing reduced and the austenite phase in the ferrite matrix became finer. The volume fraction of austenite phase increased and its shape went to be round with increasing nitrogen contents in duplex stainless alloys. The Cr alloying element, even though it is a ferrite former, showed to enhance the nitrogen solubility in the alloy and caused the austenite round and finer. Also, Cr was supposed to decrease the austenite volume fraction, but it increased the austenite slightly due to increasing nitrogen solubility during solidification.

Anaerobic reductive dehalogenation of perchloroethene (PCE) was studied with lactate as the electron donor in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) inoculated with a mixed culture previously shown to dehalogenate vinyl chloride (VC). cis-1,2- dichloroethene (cDCE) was the dominant intermediate at relatively long cell retention times (〉56 days) and the electron acceptor to electron donor molar ratio (PCE:lactate) of 1:2. cDCE was transformed to VC completely at the PCE to lactate molar ratio of 1:4, and the final products of PCE dehalogenation were VC (80%) and ethene (20%). VC dehalogenation was inhibited by cDCE dehalogenation. Propionate produced from the fermentation of lactate might be used as electron donor for the dehalogenation. Batch experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of increased hydrogen, VC, and trichloroethene (TCE) on VC dehalogenation which is the rate-limiting step in PCE dehalogenation The addition of TCE increased the VC dehalogenaiton rate more than an increase in the H2 concentration, which suggests that the introduction of TCE induces the production of an enzyme that can comtabolize VC.