With the development of national industry, the number of social infrastructure facilities is gradually increasing. In addition, as time goes by, the aging of facilities is progressing gradually. For this reason, the importance of maintenance to ensure the safety of facilities is continuously increasing. However, there is still a lack of effective ways to invest the maintenance budget of facilities. For this reason, advanced foreign countries are actively studying facilities asset management techniques. In this study, construction cost and depreciation method of existing major facilities(1,2 class) were applied to examine the asset size of existing facilities according to changes in the service life of facilities.

The global trade partners have been diversified and mixed in agricultural market, which is expended the international agri-food market through the Regional Trade Agreement and World Trade Organization, etc. The aim of this study is to derive influential factors for exports increases of agricultural products targeting to Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN). We set the equation for agricultural products exports referred to panel gravity model considering panel fixed effect for controlling endogeneity within variables. The results of this study are the follows; (1) Social economic distance considering international oil price negatively affects in the mushroom model; (2) Korean GDP affects (-) in a mushroom model and (+) in a vegetable model, however, ASEAN’s per capita GDP indicates opposite influence in the same model; (3) Relative exchange rate shows negative impact in a vegetable model; (4) The entry status into WTO and the status in force of FTA have converse effects in mushroom and vegetable model, respectively.

Background : Most of cases in korea, distributed herbal medications are storaged in room temperature and it causes many insect pests during storage. Despite the fact, there is little research about storage conditions. Temperature and humidity in storehouse are highly related with pests’ overwintering, generation length and the number of occurrence in summer. Consequently, in this research, major pests’ overwintering was studied by reviewing facility condition, temperature and humidity in major regional storehouses. The results of this would help to develop how to manage pest occurrence in distributed herbal medications. Methods and Results : For this study, storage facilities was investigated at different regions including Gyeongdong Market in Seoul, the pharmaceutical company in Daegu and farmhouse in Youngcheon by monitering temperature, humidity, ventilator, air conditioning and heating on ground and underground places from June 2014 to July 2016. including Upon investigation, most of building using for storage had simple ventilators. Whereas in case of farmhouse, it is vulnerable to maintaining quality. Because most farmhouse had temporary buildings which are difficult to control temperature and humidity. In addition, among the other surveyed warehouses, Basement in the Gyeongdong Market had most favorable condition for pest overwintering. The lowest temperature of it was seldom below zero maintaining level of about 1.5℃ and average temperature was about 10℃ in underground warehouse during winter. And the ground warehouse of Daegu had similar patterns in temperature and humidity with that of Seoul in that being over 0℃ even in the winter. In Youngcheon, the temperature of farmhouse was below zero degree and the daily range of temperature and humidity was wide. It caused difficulty of overwintering of insect pests but possible to inhabit. Conclusion : According to a study by Han-Mo, Koo(1997), it was impossible to overwinter for Lasioderma serricorne F. which is dominant medicinal plants’ pest in north of the Chungcheong region’s warehouse due to low temperature. But in case of investigated warehouses, it was possible to overwinter because of the high temperature in office building or basement storage area. In order to make prediction of pest occurrence and comprehensive measures, it is urgent to take more investigation by regional groups and types of storage.

Background : Acanthopanax sessiliflorus (Rupr. et Maxim) Seem, belonging to the Araliaceae family, is widely distributed in Korea, China, and Japan. The plants belonging to Acanthopanax species are traditionally used in Korea as anti-rheumatoid arthritis, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic drugs and are recognized to have ginseng-like activities. A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated for independent analysis of major compounds and chlorogenic acid in A. sessiliflorus fruits. Chlorogenic acid was reported that prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease in vivo. Also, it has antioxidant effect in vitro test. In the previous experiment, chlorogenic acid were found in A. sessiliflorus fruits. This study was performed to identification of the major compounds and investigate the method validation for the determination of chlorogenic acid in A. sessiliflorus fruits. Methods and Results : Three major compounds were recorded on a Varian Unity Inova AS-400 FT-NMR spectrometer and analyzed by the new HPLC analysis method. HPLC analysis was carried out using an Waters e2695 and PDA detector. The new analyasis method was validated by the measurement of intra-day, inter-day precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD, S/N=3), and limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N=10) of chlorogenic acid. The results showed that the correlation coefficient (R2) for the calibration curves of chlorogenic acid was 0.997 in terms of linearity. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.565 ㎍/ml and 2.88 ㎍/ml, respectively. There was no interfering peak observed each other and HPLC system was suitable for analysis showing goodness of peak and high precision. Conclusion : This method is suitable to detect and quantify major compounds in A. sessiliflorus fruits. Furthermore, the result will be applied to establish chlorogenic acid as an standard compound for A. sessiliflorus fruits.

This study analyzes the PM10 characteristics (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 ㎛), concentration, and emissions in eight large South Korean cities (Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Daegu, Gwangju, Ulsan, Busan, Jeju). The annual median of PM10 concentration showed a decline of 0.02~1.97 ㎍/㎥ in the regions, except for Incheon, which recorded an annual 0.02 ㎍/㎥ increase. The monthly distribution levels were high in spring, winter, fall, and the summer, but were lower in summer for all regions except for Ulsan. These differences are thought to be due to the dust in spring and the cleaning effect of precipitation in summer. The variation in concentrations during the day (diurnal variation) showed that PM10 levels were very high during the rush hour and that this was most extreme in the cities (10.00 and 18.00-21.00). The total annual PM10 emissions analysis suggested that there had been a general decrease, except for Jeju. On-road mobile (OM) sources, which contributed a large proportion of the particulates in most regions, decreased, but fugitive dust (FD) sources increased in the remaining regions, except for Daegu. The correlation analysis between PM10 concentrations and emissions showed that FD could be used as a valid, positive predictor of PM10 emissions in Seoul (74.5% (p<0.05)), Dajeon (47.2% (p<0.05)), and Busan (59.1% (p<0.01)). Furthermore, industrial combustion (IC) was also a significant predictor in Incheon (61.7% (p<0.01)), and on-road mobile (OC) sources were a valid predictor in Daegu (24.8% (p<0.05)).

Sensory evaluation, in vitro antioxidant activities and main compounds of coffee water-extract, coffee liqueur (CL) and coffee-ground liqueur (CGL) were investigated to consider their industrialization. Sensory evaluation showed that all groups of CGL without 25% CGL (3 month) were relatively higher than CL groups. Total phenolic compounds and in vitro antioxidant activities such as 1,1-diphenyl-2picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) were also performed. The group of 35% CGL had higher total phenolic compounds than others, and the result of DPPH radical scavenging activity was similar to that of total phenolic compounds. In addition, 35% CGL is comparable to the FRAP of coffee water extract (CE). Qualitative and quantitative analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were performed, and chlorogenic acid as a ployphenolic compound and caffeine as a nonpolyphenolic compound were detected in all samples. Moreover, the HPLC analysis showed that CGLs contain a larger amounts of chlorogenic acid (difference of 0.3~10.5%) and also greater amounts of caffeine (difference of 10.0~18.2%) more then CE. Consequently, these results suggest that coffee-ground as coffee by-products could be used as commercially available food substances because of its physiological molecules remained.

이공계 분야에서 인문학적 소양을 접목하는 요구가 높아지고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 인문 예술적 성향을 가졌음에도 이공계 분야로 진학할 수밖에 없었던 공학도의 삶 속에 서 나타나는 진학 동기를 살펴보고 진로 모색 과정과 학업 병행에 관한 경험을 질적으 로 이해하는 것이다. 연구자는 연구참여자(현웅)를 대상으로 2009년 12월부터 2010년 10월 사이에 실시한 네 번의 심층면담과 2016년 8월에 실시한 후속 면담을 질적으로 분 석하였다. 연구참여자는 어머니를 봉양해야 하는 현실적인 여건을 고려하여 기계공학과 에 진학하게 되었으며, 그 이후에 직장 경력을 거치면서 점차 컴퓨터 분야에서 학업과 직업을 동시에 추구하는 진로 탐색 과정을 보여주었다. 그 과정에서 그는 학문을 통해 자신의 삶을 조망하는 패턴과 가족 부양에 따른 그만의 진로 모색 과정에서 나타나는 특징을 보여주었다. 연구자는 인문 예술적 소양과 컴퓨터 프로그래밍 작업과의 연계성, 진로모색의 과정에서 나타나는 특징 그리고 사회문화적 맥락과의 관련성으로 나누어 질 적 사례를 묘사하였다.

In Danseong-myeon (myeon is a subdivision of), Sancheong-gun, and Sugok-myeon, Jinju City, pot seedling culture was used at the rates of 100% and 62%, respectively. Root restriction seedling culture was used relatively more frequently than pot seedling culture in Yangchon-myeon, Nonsan City, Guryong-myeon, Buyeo-gun, and Wolsan-myeon, Damyang-gun. Open-field seedling culture was used at the rates of 80% and 54% in Samnangjin-eup (eup is a subdivision of a gun), Miryang City and Ssangnim-myeon, Goryeong-gun, respectively. In Danseong, Sancheong, and Sugok, Jinju, granite soil was used as the medium for pot seedling culture at the rates of 90% and 80%, respectively. In Yangchon, Nonsan, Wolsan, Damyang, and Ssangnim, Goryeong, commercial bed soil and coir dust were used for seedling culture at the rates of 73%, 64%, and 60%, respectively. At the main production sites, the use of granite soil for seedling culture, highest rate in 2000-2005, continued to decrease; in 2011-2013, granite soil was used at the rate of 37%, while commercial bed soil and coir dust were used at the rates of 32% and 14%, respectively. The bulk density of commercial bed soil, expanded rice hulls, and coir dust was 0.11-0.16 g/cm-3. Coir dust was the lightest material but had the highest and, 36.7% and 21.8%, respectively. In sandy loam soil and granite soil was low. The pH of all growth media was between 5.4 and 7.0, and the values were in the range of 0.15-0.66 dS·m-1. However it was necessary, to adjust the pH levels and enhance the of expanded rice hulls, sandy loam soil, and granite soil. Similarly, the fertilizer concentration and air permeability of coir dust need to be adjusted.

Background: Cyanazine is used as a pre-emergent herbicide once during the growing season to control weeds of many upland crops worldwide. This study aimed to establish a method to determined cyanazine residue levels in major medicinal crops by using high performance liquid chromatography-UV detection/mass spectometry (HPLC-UVD/MS). Methods and Results: Cyanazine residue was extracted with acetone from the raw products of four representative medicinal plants - Scutellaria baicalensis, Paeonia lactiflora, Platycodon grandiflorum and Angelica gigas. The extract was diluted with a large volume of saline water and directly partitioned into dichloromethane to remove polar co-extractives in the aqueous phase. It was then purifined using optimized Florisil column chromatography. HPLC analysis conducted using an octadecylsilyl column allowed the successful separation of cyanazine from co-extractives of the samples, and the amount was sensitively quantified by ultraviolet absorption at 225 ㎚ with no interference. The accuracy and precision of the proposed method were validated by conducting recovery experiments on each medicinal crop sample fortified with cyanazine at two concentration levels per crop in triplicate. Conclusions: The mean recoveries ranged from 91.2% to 105.3% for the four representative medicinal crops. The coefficients of variation were less than 10%, irrespective of the sample types and fortification levels. The limit of quantification of cyanazine was 0.02 ㎎/㎏ as verified by the recovery experiment. A confirmatory method was performed by liquid chromatography/MS using selected-ion monitoring technique to clearly identify the suspected residue.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the flowering and fruits formation characteristics of Korean Panax ginseng varieties. The results will provide basic data for ginseng seed production and breeding program. Methods and Results: The characteristics investigated included flowering date, seed setting rate, seed type and seed production. The ginseng variety Chungsun had the earliest emergency and flowering dates, whereas Sunhyang showed late emergence and flowering dates. The emergence date of Chunpoong was not later than that of the other varieties, but the flowering date was delayed. The seed setting rate was 64.6%, 75.8%, 78.5% and 74.4% for three, four, five and six-year-old varieties, respectively. The ratio of double seed (RD) for Sunhyang and Chungsun were higher than those for the others, whereas the RD for Chunpoong was the lowest. Yunpoong and Sunone had many stems per plant and a high seed production rate. Seed production was 21.7, 67.7, 74.4 and 89.0㎏/ 10 a in three, four, five and six-year-old varieties, respectively. Conclusions: The emergence date ranged from April 15 to 25, and the flowering date was from May 10 to the 19 for the new ginseng varieties. The average seed multiplication of the ginseng varieties was about 8.5 and 21.1 times a year for varieties in which, seed-production occurs once a year for over four years and four times over six years, respectively.

Background : The magnolia bark has been focused on owing to its worldwide usage for various clinical disorders. Despite its extensive use, only a few studies regarding the underlying mechanism of possible interactions of magnolia plant's components with medicines have been reported. In this study, incubation experiments with pooled human liver microsome (HLM) were performed to elucidate the mechanism of the effects of honokiol, a major ingredient of Magnolia officinalis, on human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes. Methods and Results : CYP isoenzyme specific substrate was incubated with multiple concentrations of inhibitor, human liver microsome and cofactors. Honokiol demonstrated potent inhibitory effects on CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 with IC50 values of 3.73, 4.91, 3.71 and 20.27 μM respectively. For the estimation of inhibition constant (Ki) value and mode of inhibition, incubation studies with various concentrations of each CYP isoenzyme specific probe were performed. Honokiol inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 with a competitive mode, indicating Ki values of 1.62, 4.73 and 2.19 μM respectively. In contrast, the inhibition of CYP2D6 by Honokiol was explained by a uncompetitive inhibition mode with Ki value of 14.34 μM. Conclusions : These findings suggest that Honokiol could have inhibitory effects on metabolic activity mediated by CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in humans.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activities and the contents of antioxidant compounds in extracts derived from 24 medicinal crops. Methods and Results : Dried plant materials were extracted by methanol. The extracts of each plant were evaporated under vacuum and stored in deep freeze at -20℃ until use. The levels of total phenolic compounds were much higher in Evening primrose, Houttuynia cordata, Chinaberry, Sumac, Gaeddongssuk, Giant knotweed and Dendropanax morbifera compared with other crops. On the other hand, the total phenolic compound levels in Safflower, Fleeceflower root, Gingko, Black nightshade, Saposhinikovia root, and Maize woody pith were relatively low. The total flavonoid contents were highest in Houttuynia cordata, followed byDendropanax morbifera, Gaeddongssuk, Aralia cordata and Evening primrose. DPPH activity was significantly higher in Gaeddongssuk, Sumac, Chinaberry, Dendropanax morbifera and Evening primrose, and ABTS activity was significantly higer in Sumac, Chinaberry, Evening primrose, Giant knotweed, Gaeddongssuk and Dendropanax morbifera than other plants. The antioxidant activities dertermined in all assays positively correlated with the total phenolic compoubds (0.619≤ r ≤0.895) and flavonoid contents (0.488≤ r ≤0.619) as well as among themselves (r=0.900). Conclusion : These results suggest that Evening primrose, Gaedongssuk, Sumac, Dendropanax morbifera, and Giant knotweed can be utilized as food additives and natural antioxidants due to their strong antioxidant activity.

Background : The roots of Curcuma longa Radix is used to make herbal medicine, which is registrated in the Korean Pharmacopoeia. This species is a perennial herb, and is distributed throughout tropical and/or sub tropical regions. High temperature and humidity with small difference between daytime and nighttime is the finest environment condition in this species. Recently, demand for C. longa has been expanded to cultivation area as central region from southern region. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of harvest time on the growth, yield characteristics and main composition contents in C. longa. Methods and Results : Curcuma longa rhizomes were harvested from farmland in Jindo, Jeollanam-do in end October, early November, middle November, end November, early December, middle December and end December 2015. Harvested rhizome were dried in hot air drier, and it was investigated as growth characteristics and yield. Contents of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin was analyzed from dried powder of rhizome. The analysis column was used to Phenomenex, Kinetex 2.6um F5 100A 100*2.1mm. 10 mg of standard was taken, 80% MeOH was added to dissolve in 10 ㎖ flask. 0.5, 1, 2, 4 ㎖ was taken from dissolved solution and then was added to 10 ㎖ of 80% MeOH. It was filtered through 0.45 ㎛ filter and then 5 μℓ was taken to make standard solution. Analytical calibration curve was measured to diluted solution within sample concentration. 2 g of ground sample was taken, 40㎖ of 80% MeOH was added to extract by ultrasound sonication during 60 minutes and then it was filtered through 0.2 ㎛ filter to analyze component content. Conclusion : The root weight significantly increased from 376.1 g in end October to 695.9 g in end December as 1.8 double. Curcumin contents differed significantly among harvest times in end November and early December. Demethoxycurcumin increased from early November to end November, and Bisdemethoxycurcumin increased to the early November.

Background : Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. is used to cure internal organ, which is called to important one of the five “Sam (ginseng)” oriental medicinal herbs included Panax ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Sophora flavescens, Scrophularia buergeriana. Korea imported 24 ton 129 thousand dollar for medicinal herbs and 23 ton 29 thousand dollar for food at 2013. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of several organic compost on the growth and root yield of A. triphylla var japonica with organic fertilizer. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. at last year in nursery of Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA. Four types organic fertilizer (germiculture (GG), granular mix oil cake (CJ), mixed organic (DJ), plant oil cake (TG)), chemical fertilizer (CF) and non-fertilizer (NF) were treated. It was fertilized on soil before 2 month of planting. Seeds A. triphylla var. japonica were sowed in tray at early March and then were grown during 2 month. It were planted in furrowed nursery at early with 30 × 10 cm planting distance and black vinyl covering condition. Soil chemical property, survival rate, aerial part and root growth characteristics and yield were investigated at harvest time. For main composition analysis, 10 mg of standard (b-sitosterol, lupenone) was taken, 80% MeOH was added to dissolve in 10 ㎖ flask. 0.5, 1, 2, 4 ㎖ was taken from dissolved solution and then was added to 10 ㎖ of 80% MeOH. It was filtered through 0.45 ㎛ filter and then 5 μℓ was taken to make standard solution. Analytical calibration curve was measured to diluted solution within sample concentration. 2 g of ground sample was taken, 40㎖ of 80% MeOH was added to extract by ultrasound sonication during 60 minutes and then it was filtered through 0.2 ㎛ filter to analyze component content. Conclusion : GG and DJ were the most suitable for organic cultivation of denophora triphylla var. japonica. Content of beta-sitosterol showed the highest value in DJ treatment and the lowest value in CF. Content of lupenone showed the highest value in DJ and the lowest value in CJ.

This study targets Korean culture theme park in Yeongju-Zone and World confucian scholar culture park in Bonghwa-Zone among the Three Major Cultural Areas Projects supervised by Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. The study analyzes the Historical and Cultural Authenticity of each project on the basis of the reports and the report materials for meeting with related organizations. The results of the study are drawn as follows. First, through the theoretical consideration, this study drew the types of authenticity: originality, identity, specificity and visibility, which are evaluation items on the Historical and Cultural Authenticity. Second, Bonghwa-Zone succeeded in acquiring originality with tangible cultural properties but Yeongju-Zone chose a project site without it. Third, with originality, Bonghwa-zone was evaluated as having resources and concept with high traditional culture connectivity and fulfilled identity. It led the feature showing the high affinity between originality and identity. Fourth, compared to the projects of Andong-Zone in the Three Major Cultural Areas Projects, these two projects failed to acquire the distinctions since the primary and the secondary influence area and major facilities & programs coincided with those of the projects of Andong-Zone. Fifth, compared to Bonghwa-Zone, Yeongju-Zone realized visibility faithfully by the conceptual flexibility of "Korean Culture" and a large-scale development. Sixth, in terms of the Historical and Cultural Authenticity of project plan, it is evaluated that Yeongju-Zone and Bonghwa-Zone only fulfilled visibility and specificity respectively.

Background : Ginger has been extensively used in foods and traditional medicines in Asian countries. Despite its frequent consumption in daily life, the mechanism of potential interactions between ginger components-drug has not been examined. To elucidate the mechanism of governing the effects of 6-shogaol, a primary constituent of dried ginger, on human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes an incubation studies were carried out using pooled human liver microsome (HLM). Methods and Results : CYP isoenzyme specific substrate was incubated with multiple concentrations of inhibitor, HLM and cofactors. 6-shogaol showed a potent inhibitory effect on CYP2C9, CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 29.20, 20.68 and 18.78 μM respectively. To estimate the value of the inhibition constant (Ki) and the mode of inhibition, an incubation study with varying concentrations of each CYP isoenzyme-specific probe was performed. 6-shogaol inhibited CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 noncompetitively (Ki = 29.02 and 19.26 μM respectively), in contrast, the inhibition of CYP1A2 was best explained by competitive inhibition (Ki = 6.33 μM). Conclusions : These findings suggest that 6-shogaol may possess inhibitory effects on metabolic activities mediated by CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in humans.

Rural Development Administration has recently developed mid-late maturing rice cultivars with high quality. This study was conducted to select suitable mid-late maturing rice cultivar in major cultivation areas of Gangwon Province among domestic breeding cultivars for 2 years from 2013 to 2014. The average air temperature during the experiment in 2013 and 2014 was higher 0.6~1.1°C in Chuncheon, 1.0~ 1.3°C in Gangreung, and 0.1~0.7°C in Cheolwon than normal year. Precipitation in ripening period was higher 52.5 mm in 2013, but lower 176.4 mm in 2014 than normal year in Chuncheon, lower 103.1 mm in 2013 and higher 42.9 mm in 2014 in Gangreung, lower 225.9~322.7 mm in Cheolwon. Duration of sunshine in ripening period was higher 142 hours in Chuncheon, 108 hours in Gangreung, and 94 hours in Cheolwon than normal year in 2013, higher 20~21 hours in Chuncheon and Gangreung, and 82 hours in Cheolwon than normal year in 2014. Milled rice yield of ‘Samgwangbyeo’ and ‘Daebobyeo’ was 594 kg per 10a, and 578 kg for ‘Jinsumibyeo’ in Chuncheon in plain area. For Gangreung in east coastal area, the yield of ‘Daebobyeo’ was 555 kg per 10a, ‘Hopumbyeo’ was 554 kg, and ‘Chilbobyeo’ was 546 kg. For Cheolwon in mid-mountainous area, the yield was 504 kg per 10a for ‘Daebobyeo’ and 489 kg for ‘Haiamibyeo’. But there was no difference in milled rice yield among cultivars tested in the study at each area. Head rice ratio of ‘Haiamibyeo’, ‘Jinsumibyeo’, and ‘Mipumbyeo’ in Chuncheon was 94.2~95.6% higher than the other cultivars. In Gangreung head rice ratio of ‘Hopumbyeo’, ‘Haiamibyeo’, and ‘Samgwangbyeo’ were 85.2~88.3% but there was no difference among cultivars except ‘Gopumbyeo’ and broken rice ratio of ‘Haiamibyeo’, ‘Samgwangbyeo’, and ‘Mipumbyeo’ were low as 7.5~8.5% and palatability of ‘Mipumbyeo’ was higher than the other cultivars. Head rice ratio of ‘Daebobyeo’ was the highest as 89.2% and there was no difference in broken and chalky rice ratio and palatability among cultivars in Cheolwon. Considering rice yield and quality in major cultivation areas of Gangwon Province, suitable mid-late maturing rice cultivars were ‘Samgwangbyeo’, ‘Haiamibyeo’, and ‘Jinsumibyeo’ in Chuncheon, ‘Daebobyeo’ and ‘Chilbobyeo’ in Gangreung, and ‘Daebobyeo’ and ‘Haiamibyeo’ in Cheolwon. The results obtained in the study imply that the selected cultivars with high yield and quality and suitability to Chuncheon, Gangreung, and Cheolwon, respectively could be recommended to rice cultivating farmers in the regions with high priority.

본 연구에서는 표준강수지수(SPI)를 이용하여 우리나라의 과거 가뭄사상을 규모적 관점에서 정량적 평가를 실시하였다. 이를 위하여, 5대강 권역에 대한 가뭄사상의 지속기간, 규모, 평균심도를 연속이론을 바탕으로 산정하였다. 또한 과거 가뭄사상의 재현기간을 추정하고 가뭄 평균심도-지속기간-빈도 곡선을 작성하기 위하여 가뭄빈도분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 우리나라에 발생했던 심한 가뭄의 재현기간은 대부분 30∼50년으로 분석되었으며, 가뭄규모로 평가할 때 가장 가뭄이 심했던 해는 1988년과 1994년으로 나타났다. 특히, 1994년과 1995년에서는 2년 연속 가뭄이 발생하여 가장 극심했던 장기가뭄으로 분석되었다. 또한 2014년의 가뭄은 한강 권역을 중심으로 발생하였으며 가뭄의 규모와 평균심도 면에서 볼 때 우리나라 역사상 가장 극심했던 가뭄으로 평가되었다.

Salivary gland tumors are relatively rare. Their relative infrequency, and highly variable biologic behavior make some difficulty, but some features can be drawn regarding the incidence, pathology, and pattern of behavior of the various benign and malignant tumors of salivary glands. The present study aims to provide a clinical characteristics of salivary gland tumors. We analyzed retrospectively clinical features of the 80 patients. The most common site of both benign and malignant was parotid gland. The most common presenting symptoms was palpable mass. Histopathologically, the most common type was pleomorphic adenoma in benign tumor and mucoepidermoid carcinoma in malignant tumor.

본 연구의 목적은 상담을 전공한 초등학교 교사가 학교에서 상담을 하면서 겪는 어려움 유발 변인과 그것을 야기하는 상황은 무엇인가를 질적연구를 통해 알아보는 것이었다. 이를 위해 상담 을 전공 중이거나 전공한 초등학교 교사 15명을 대상으로 초등학교 현장에서 겪는 상담의 어려움 에 대해 심층 면담을 실시하였다. 그리고 인터뷰 자료에서 얻은 축어록을 합의적 질적 분석법 (CQR)을 통해 분석 및 합의과정을 거쳐 각 영역에 해당하는 내용을 추출하였다. 그 결과 상담을 전공한 초등교사가 느끼는 어려움의 유발변인은 다음과 같다. 우선 ‘상담 개념에 대한 미정립’ 영 역에는 ‘상담에 대한 좁은 인식’과 ‘교사와 상담자 간의 역할 혼란’이라는 학교상담의 어려움 유발 변인이 포함되었다. ‘상담 역량 부족’ 영역에는 ‘상담 전개 및 평가 능력의 부족’, ‘상담 실습의 부 족’이 포함되었고, ‘소진’ 영역에는 ‘정신적 소진’과 ‘육체적 소진’이 포함되었다. 그리고 ‘상담을 어 렵게 하는 학교 환경’ 영역에는 ‘학교의 구조적 어려움’, ‘상담 시간 확보의 어려움’, ‘학생과 학부 모의 상담에 대한 동기 부족’이 포함되었다. 이 연구는 학교상담 시 어려움을 유발하는 요인을 보 완 및 제거하여 효율적인 상담환경을 조성하는 데 도움이 될 것이다.