In order to determine an authenticity of food ingredient, we used DNA barcode method by universal primers. For identification of animal food ingredients, LCO1490/HCO2198 and VF2/FISH R2 designed for amplifying cytochrome c oxidase subunit1 (CO1) region and L14724/H15915 for cytochrome b (cyt b) region on mitochondrial DNA were used. Livestock (cow, pig, goat, sheep, a horse and deer) was amplified by LCO1490/HCO 2198, VF2/FISH R2 and L14724/H15915 primers. Poultry (chicken, duck, turkey and ostrich) was amplified by LCO1490/HCO 2198 and VF2/FISH R2 primers. But, Fishes (walleye pollack, herring, codfish, blue codfish, trout, tuna and rockfish) were only amplified by VF2/FISH R2 primers. For plant food ingredients, 3 types of primers (trnH/ psbA, rpoB 1F/4R and rbcL 1F/724R) have been used an intergenic spacer, a RNA polymerase beta subunit and a ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase region on plastid, respectively. Garlic, onion, radish, green tea and spinach were amplified by trnH/psbA, rpoB 1F/4R and rbcL 1F/724R. The PCR product sizes were same by rpoB 1F/4R and rbcL 1F/724R but, the PCR product size using trnH/psbA primer was different with others for plants each. We established PCR condition and universal primer selection for 17 item's raw materials for foods and determine base sequences aim to PCR products in this study. This study can apply to determine an authenticity of foods through making an comparison between databases and base sequences in gene bank. Therefore, DNA barcode method using universal primers can be a useful for species identification techniques not only raw materials but also processed foods that are difficult to analyze by chemical analysis.

유기농업에 자주 이용되는 축분퇴비와 작물잔사를 이용하여 질소무기화율을 추정하기 위한 항온실험을 수행하였다. 순무기화량은 유기자재 처리시 토양중 무기화된 질소(NH4-N + NO3-N)에서유기자재를 처리하지 않은 토양의 무기화된 질소량을 빼서 계산하였다. 담수 조건(논토양조건)에서 용출법을 이용하여 25oC에서 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 16, 21주차에 무기화량을 조사하였다. 담수조건의 토양에 유기자재를 혼합한 후 지속적으로 물로 무기화된 질소를 용출하고 용출된 무기질소의 합을 이용한 무기화량을 추정하였다. 투입된 자재는 옥수수잔사, 알팔파, 수단그라스, 수수, 들깨잔사, 볏짚, 배추, 별꽃, 네마장황, 퇴비I, 퇴비II, 퇴비III, 유박, 토마토잔사, 수박잔사, 피마자박, 요소 이었고, 수행된 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 알팔파는 가장 높은 질소용출량을 나타내었다. 2. 자재 투입으로 토양 중 질산태 질소는 축적되지 않았다. 3. 침출수 중 암모니아태 질소의 누적량은 대부분의 유기자재에서 탄질비가 낮을수록 높은 무기화량을 보였다. 4. 볏짚과 퇴비I과 II를 제외한 대부분의 유기자재는 인산의 무기화를 증가시키지는 못하였다.

Cosmetics using natural materials which was purchased in retail stores, distributed in Gyeonggi province(32 samples) and online through internet(24 samples) were analyzed by pesticide residues and target preservatives for assessing the safety of it. Natural or organic certifications was identified in 22 samples among 56 samples and most of them were Ecocert. Pesticide residues was detected in 3 samples among 56 samples and each compound and concentration was permethrin(0.6 mg/kg), tricyclazole(11.7 mg/kg) and malathion(0.05 mg/kg). All of it was purchased through internet. Target preservatives was detected in 13 samples among 56 samples and one of them was over the maximum allowed concentration and the rest of them were within the maximum allowed concentration of the respective preservatives. The compound which was over the maximum allowed concentration was benzoic acid and compounds which were within the maximum allowed concentration were sorbic acid, benzoic acid and methylparaben. They were all identified substances in products and the number of detected preservatives in retail stores were higher than online samples purchased through internet. As a result of this study, The method of analyzing pesticide residues and limit in cosmetics using natural materials should be set up as soon as possible and the monitoring about preservatives in cosmetics using natural materials should be conducted on continuously.

According to a recent government study, development and distribution of functional building materials are increasing in Korea.
In this study, we evaluated reduction performance of formaldehyde and toluene by sorptive building materials using small-scale chamber(20L) test method for 7 days.
According to the results of this study, 18 building materials showed that the effects of formaldehyde reduction among the 23 building materials. And the number of the building materials with respect to its ability to reduce the concentration of toluene was relatively small.
The mean sorption rate and total amount of sorption for formaldehyde were 36.8% and 1,525.4㎍/㎡, respectively. The sorption rate and total amount of sorption for formaldehyde were in the range 1.5∼78.4% and 87.5∼3,086.0㎍/㎡, respectively.
And the mean sorption rate and total amount of sorption for toluene were 11.6% and 1,054.4㎍/㎡, respectively. The sorption rate and total amount of sorption of toluene were in the range 0.1∼62.4% and 29.6∼6,764.0㎍/㎡, respectively.
In most cases, the performance of the building materials with respect to its ability to reduce the concentration of pollutants has steadily decreased within 7 days.

This study was performed to investigate the pesticide residue of commercial medicinal plants used for food materials in the Seoul area. Multi class pesticide multiresidue methods in Korea Food Code was used to analyze 100 pesticides. Analyzed samples were 261 cases(domestic 201, imported 60), detection rate was 19.2%(domestic 20.9%, imports 13.3%). 17 pesticides were detected in fruit(chinese matrimony vine, jujube, rubus coreanus, japanese cornlian cherry, schizandra, tangerine peel), and root(cnidium, licorice, astragalus). Pesticide over Maximum Residue Limits were detected in jujube, cnidium. Frequently detected pesticides were cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, bifenthrin. More than 50% of the sample were detected two or more pesticides at the same time. Because of the variety and increase of pesticide detection in medicinal roots and fruits, continued monitoring and safety management is required.

In order to improve osseointegration of dental implants with bone we studied an implant with holes inside its body to deliver bioactive materials based on a proposed patent. Bioactive materials can be selectively applied through holes to a patient according to diagnosis and the integration progress. After the bioactive material is applied, bone can grow into the holes to increase implant bonding and also enhance surface integration. In order to improve the concept and study the effect of bioactive material injection on implant integration, design optimization and integration research were undertaken utilizing the finite element method. A 2-dimensional simulation study showed that when bone grew into the holes after the bioactive material was injected, stress vertically distributed in the upper part of the implant was relieved and mild stress appeared at the opening of the injection holes. This confirmed the effect of the bioactive material and the contribution of the injection holes, but the maximum stress increased ten-fold at the opening. In order to reduce the maximum stress, the size, location, and the number of holes were varied and the effects were studied. When bioactive materials formed an interface layer between the implant and the mandible and four holes were filled with cortical and cancellous bones all the stress concentrated opposite to the loading side without holes disappeared. The stresses at the four outlets of the holes was mildly elevated but the maximum stress value was ten-fold greater compared to the case without the bioactive material.

Graphene is the thinnest known materials in the universe and the strongest ever measured. Graphene has emerged as an exotic material of the 21st century and received world-wide attention due to its exceptional charge transport, thermal, optical, mechanical, and adsorptive properties. Recently, graphene and its derivatives are considered promising candidates as adsorbent for H2 storage, CO2 capture, etc. and as the sensors for detecting individual gas molecule. The main purpose of this review is to comprehensive the synthesis method of graphene and to brief the adsorption behaviors of graphene and its derivatives.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is well known as a biocompatible and bioactive material. HA has been practically applied as bone graft materials in a range of medical and dental fields. In this study, two types of dense hydroxyapatite ceramics were prepared from natural bones and synthetic materials. The biocompatibility of HA ceramics for supporting osteoblast cell growth and cytotoxicity using an in vitro MG-63 cell line model were respectively evaluated. Artificial hydroxyapatite shows relative density of 93% with 1-2 μm after sintering, but a hydroxyapatite compact derived from bovine bone has low sintered density of 85% with a small content of MgO. Irrespective of the starting raw materials, both types of sintered hydroxyapatite displayed similar biocompatibility in the tests. FE-SEM observations showed that most MG-63 cells had a stellar shape and formed an intercellular matrix containing fibers on sintered HA. The cells were well attached and grown over the HA surface, indicating that there was no toxicity.

In this study, effective gene extraction methods were compared to identify raw materials of processed meat products through molecular biological methods. Species specific primers were used to identify ingredients of processed foods and, as a sample, 13 kinds of processed meat products including beef, pork and chicken. According to the type of sample, 13 kinds of samples were classified into liquid type, source type and powder type. The samples were pre-treated (centrifugation) and (or) performed Whole Gene Amplification (WGA) kit for amplification of the extracted DNA. As a result, it was possible to identify the raw material of products through the centrifugation of sample 1 ml for liquid type of processed meat products. For source type of products after gene extraction, it was required to perform WGA for the identification of ingredients. For powder type products did not required any further pre-treatment and WGA. In this study, it was an opportunity to confirm the possibility of identification of raw material from the gene extraction of processed meat products and this method could be used to examine the authenticity of raw material of products.

 ,  , An outbreak of Ricania sp. occurred in the Kurye, Jeonnam area in 2011. This outbreak damaged many kinds of fruit trees such as Cornus, Persimmon and Chestnut. This experiment was conducted to survey the occurrence ecology of Ricania sp. such as host plants, oviposition characters, morphological characters and life cycle, as well as to select environmental friendly control agents. Ricaina sp. host plants included 51 species such as 32 xylophytes, and 19 herbaceous plants. Ricaina sp. preferred Cornus officinalis, Diospyros kaki, Castanea crenata, Eucommia ulmoides, Styrax japonicus for oviposition. Adults laid eggs on new inner twigs with 28.8 eggs per egg-ass. Egg size was 1.24 mm(length), 0.55 mm(width) in an oval shape. Nymphs molted four times. Every nymph stage had an × shape of yellow or white beeswax around the anus. Overwintered eggs of Ricania sp. hatched from the mid May to early June. Nymphal periods were from mid May to mid August and adults appeared from mid July but spawning began in mid August. Ricania sp. damaged new twigs by oviposition and retarded growth by sucking nutrients and producing a sooty mold. Sophora and natural plant extracts were effective environmentally friendly agricultural materials used to control the nymph and adult Ricania sp. Mortality was 〉80%.

친환경 유기농자재를 이용하여 잿빛곰팡이병균의 포자 발아, 균사생장 억제효과를 기내에서 조사하였다. 그 결과 잿빛곰팡이병의 균사생장 억제 효과는 Bacillus subtilis를 주성분으로 하는 제제가 100%의 억제효과를 보였으며, 그 외의 제제는 20% 이하의 범위에서 억제효과를 나타내었다. 포자발아 억제효과는 유기황 수화제 2종('BTB', '황스타')이 각각 97.7%, 92.3%으로 나타났다. 균사생장 억제와 포자 발아억제에 모두 효과를 보이는 제제는 없었다. 따라서 잿빛곰팡이병 방제를 위해서는 포자발아 억제를 위한 방제와 균사생장억제를 위한 제제를 각각 처리하여야 할 것으로 사료되었다. 아울러 사물 기생성을 가진 잿빛곰팡이병의 방제를 위해서는 잔재물에서 생장을 막는 것이 중요하며 이를 위해 예방을 전제로 한 방제의 경우 유기황을 주성분으로 하는 제제가 적용 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

친환경 유기농자재를 이용하여 고추 탄저병균의 포자 발아, 균사생장 억제효과를 기내에서 조사하였다. 그 결과 균사생장 억제효과 기내검정. 탄저병의 균사생장 억제 효과는 Bacillus subtilis를 주성분으로 하는 제제가 100%의 억제효과를 보였으며, 그 외의 제제는 20~40%의 범위에서 억제효과를 나타내었다. 포자발아억제효과는 유황 수화제 2종('BTB', '황스타')이 각각 100%, 95.1%, '고려역'(95.0%), '보르스타'(99.0%), '지하부대 KM'(96.1%) 순으로 나타났다. 균사생장 억제와 포자 발아억제, 부착기 형성억제 결과를 고려하여 고추 탄저병 방제에 적용 가능한 친환경 방제제는 Bacillus subtilis, Panibacillus polymyxa 혼용제('고려역')가 가장 효과적인 것으로 판단되었으며, 예방을 전제로 한 방제의 경우 유황 수화제, 보르도액을 주성분으로 하는 제제가 적용 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구에서 선택된 제제는 고추 포장에서 탄저병 방제효과가 최종적으로 인정되면 차후 고추 탄저병 방제에 이용될 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 탄소 : 질소(탄질)비가 다른 유기자재를 시용하였을 때 시기별 양분의 동태와 유기재배 수수*수단그라스의 비료이용율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 처리구는 질소함량 210kg/ha 수준으로 축분퇴비, 알팔파, 유박, 화학비료를 포함하였다. 유박과 알팔파는 가장 낮은 탄질비를 나타내었고 축분퇴비는 33.7 : 1의 가장 높은 탄질비를 보였다. 축분퇴비는 시용량이 가장 많았고 이에 따라 토양내 양분농도를 증가시켰다. 탄질비가 낮은 유박과 알팔파는 축분퇴비에 비해서 질소의 무기화율을 촉진시켰다. 질소이용효율은 화학비료구에 비해서 알팔파와 유박이 약 60% 전후를 나타내었고, 축분퇴비는 20% 이하의 효율이 관찰되었다. 인산의 이용효율은 알팔파가 가장 높았고 축분퇴비가 가장 낮았다. 이에 따라 탄질비를 고려한 유기자재를 선택해서 밭토양에 시비를 해야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

Since 2011, proficiency test for the air dilution olfactory method started in Korea for the evaluation of the authorized odor inspection agencies’ analysis skill. For this purpose, sulfur compounds of PTMs (proficiency test materials) were made and investigated for the application to the proficiency test as a complex malodor sample. Time stability and homogeneity between samples were analysed for the PTM which was made with 10 ppm of DMS and 10 ppm of DMDS. As the results, the stability of sample concentration with GC analysis was shown around 6%RSD through the time of 6~48 hr. In addition, dilution number during the same test period appeared almost stable, less than 6%RSD in air dilution olfactory method. The reproducibility results of four laboratories showed very similar results except one lab which was caused by the elder panel characteristics.

A capsule is the device for irradiation test of nuclear materials and fuels in HANARO. The instrumentation cables are sealed tightly by brazing at the top of the capsule. In this study, the integrities at the brazing of both Inconel 600 and STS 310 materials were confirmed by tensile test, survey of damage on coating, and measurement of insulation resistance. At tensile test, brazing areas were not damaged but the thermocouples themselves were broken on both the materials. At flame heat test, the coating of STS 310 material was maintained without damage but the brittle fracture on Inconel 600 material was observed. Insulation resistances were confirmed to be satisfactory in case of both the materials. In this analysis, the thermocouple was expanded by 0.81mm on the direction of y-axis and the tube was contracted by 0.57mm on the direction of x-axis. As the result, cracks might be occurred with thermal stresses. EDX spectrum analysis showed that the BAg-1 filler metal formed a thin reaction layer on the surface of brazed metal.

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of the pipe insulation materials which are mainly used in the industries and buildings. Fire characteristic test of pipe insulation film according to the KS F ISO 5660-1 was performed. The experimental materials commonly used in the pipe insulation were used four kinds of films. Two kinds of 4 types of products that have the flame retardant performance and the other two types of them have no flame retardant performance. They were selected for fire characteristic test. The result of finding 25kW/m2 radiation from the ignition was that flame retardant products were 140sec and the other one were 69sec in average of heat release rate(HRR). The result of flame retardant products in the 50kW/m2 was 34sec and the other one were 15sec in average of HRR. However, the HRR of flame retardant products was much higher than the other one. Flame propagation test was conducted according to the KOFEIS 1001. The result of flame retardant products was that flame retardant products had a hold without fire spread after firing them. But the other one were completely fired after firing them. Therefore, I want to recommend that flame retardant products need to be used by the regulation to prevent or decrease a fire spread.

본 연구는 옥상녹화의 재료에 따라 실내온도 저감효과를 검토하여 에너지 절약을 위한 최적의 옥상녹화 재료를 선정하는데 목적이 있다.실험은 사방 1m의 실험구를 10mm 방수합판으로 제작하고 상부에 물, 잔디, 관목 그리고 비교대상인 재료를 채우지않은 빈상자 등 총 4개의 실험구와 실험구 양쪽의 외부 영향을 차단하려는 목적의 빈상자 등 총 6개의 동일 규격의실험구를 준비하였다.실험은 외부기온 30도 이상인 7일간의 실외와 실내온도를 측정하여 비교하였다. 시간은 아침 9시부터 오후 6시까지시간별로 실외온도와 실내온도를 측정하였고 그 가운데 온도차가 많은 12시부터 오후 5시까지의 데이터를 실내온도에서 실외온도를 뺀 값으로 온도저감효과를 검토하였다.그 결과, 잔디가 온도저감효과가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났고 그 다음으로 관목, 수경, 빈방 순으로 나타났다. 또한,외부 온도가 낮을수록 온도저감효과는 떨어졌으며 경우에 따라서는 오후 5시 이후에 빈방이 일반재료의 실험구 실내온도보다더 떨어지는 현상이 나타나 옥상녹화를 함으로써 실내온도의 급격한 변화를 줄일 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 옥상녹화를하지 않은 실험구에서 외부온도에 따라 실내온도가 영향을 가장 많이 받았다.

본 연구는 아스팔트 포장 파손을 복구하는 보수재료에 대한 연구이다. 현재 국내에서 사용되고 있는 네가지 종류 재료들에 대하여 실내 및 현장시험을 실시하였다. 실내 시험으로 마샬안정도시험, 간접인장시험, 수침잔류 안정도시험, 휠트랙킹 시험을 실시하였다. 또한 성능시험으로는 기존 아스팔트 콘크리트 혼합물과의 수평전단강도시험을 실시하였다. 현장시험은 아스팔트 포장 도로상에서 차량바퀴가 통과하는 지점에 패칭 슬래브를 제작하여 차량 통과에 따른 공용 결과를 관찰하였다. 실내시험 결과는 현재 적용되고 있는 설계 재료들의 기준은 수침잔류 안정도를 제외하고 만족하였다. Type C가 가장 높은 수평전단강도를 나타냈다. 그러나 시공후 10일 이후부터 소성변형과 탈리와 같은 파손이 발생하였다. 따라서 현재 사용되고 있는 상온보수 재료들을 현장에 적용할 경우에 우수한 성능을 기대할 수 없어서 조기파손을 방지할 수 있는 새로운 시험방법의 개발과 적용이 필요하다.