Background: Astragalus membranaceus belonging to the Leguminosae family is often utilized as a traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to elucidate the basic breeding information required to develop short stem A. membranaceus cultivars. Methods and Results: Roots of A. membranaceus advanced yield trial (AYT) lines were harvested in late October 2017. Root yield of six AYT lines were increased in a range of 8.9 - 74.8% compared with ‘Aseong’ as control (check variety). The height of seven AYT lines were shorter than that of ‘Aseong’. In addition, stem diameter of nine AYT lines was thicker than that of ‘Aseong’. Consequently, 1502-56, 1503-90, and 1510-80 were selected as elite lines for the development of short stem cultivars. HPLC analysis was perfromed to identify lines with high level active components such as calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and calycosin. The levels of both active components were higher in 1502-56, and 1503-90, but not in 1510-80 compared to ‘Aseong’. In addition, 2,2-Diphenyl- 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was higher in the 1502-56 compared to ‘Aseong’. Considering these results, two AYT lines, 1502-56 and 1503-90 were selected as short stem lines with high calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and calycosin content. Conclusions: Taken together, Two short stem lines were identified in this study. In our future study, regional yield trial (RYT) will be conducted using these selected lines to develop new cultivars.

To control the pepper anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, antifungal bacterium strains which was selected among bacterium from natural soil, was tested the antimicrobial activity against various pathogens and its control efficacy on anthracnose disease in the fields. We confirmed that antagonistic activity of CAB13001 strain to pathogens such as Sclerotinia cepivorum, Sclerotinia sclerotium and Botrytis cinerea including Colletotrichum acutatum was remarkable superior with the dual culture method in the artificial medium. In vitro bioassay using the green pepper fruit, CAB13001 strain suppressed the lesion development of Anthracnose disease, and its control value compared to the untreated one was 82.4% on pepper fruit in field test. These results suggested that CAB13001 strain could be a very useful biological control agents to anthracnose disease caused by air born plant pathogens of pepper. By the way, analysis of nucleotide sequence of the gene 16S rDNA, antagonistic bacterium CAB13001 strain used in this study was identified as Burkholderia lata.

Background : In previous study, we reported Sclerotium rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Ixeridium dentatum for the first time. This experiment was conducted to select highly effective pesticides against Sclerotium rot caused by S. rolfsii in I. dentatum. Methods and Results : The chemical efficacy and the injury test were carried out. A total of five pesticides were used for the experiment test. For the efficacy test, we investigated spore germination and mycelial growth inhibiting ability by each pesticides in vitro and disease inhibiting ability in the field. For the chemical injury, we investigated appearance of abnormalities on condition of reference amount and fold amount in the field. In vitro, three kinds of chemicals such as Fludioxonil suspension concentrate (SC), Tebuconazole suspension concentrate (SC), and Flutolanil emulsifiable concentrate (EC) showed complete spore germination inhibitory effect, However in two chemicals such as Pyraclostrobin water-dispersible granule (WG) and Pyribencarb suspension concentrate (SC), the mycelial growth inhibitory effect was partially recognized but the spore germination was not inhibited. In the field, we performed an artificial inoculation experiment using sclerotia. As a result four kinds of chemicals such as Fludioxonil SC, Tebuconazole SC, Flutolanil EC, and Pyraclostrobin WG showed control value of above 80% against Sclerotium rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii except Pyribencarb SC. Also there was no chemical injury in reference amount and in fold amount respectively, compared to non treated control. Conclusion : From the above results, we selected four items of pesticides including Fludioxonil SC, Tebuconazole SC, Flutolanil EC, and Pyraclostrobin WG as effective chemicals against Sclerotium rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Ixeridium dentatum.

Background : Polygonati rhizoma is used for medicine using rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute belonging to Liliaceae. This study was carried out to select proper chemical for leaf spot disease control of P. sibiricum Redoute. Methods and Results : In order to select proper chemical for leaf spot disease control of P. sibiricum Redoute, Alternaria sp. was isolated from leave of P. sibiricum Redoute and pathogenicity was verified. Control value was checked after application on leaves for 3 times in 6-years-old field in Geumsan and 5-years-old field in Jaecheon. Chemicals were applied in June and July for 3 times totally without any other chemicals application. At 10 days after final chemical application, 20 plants were checked for infected leaf ratio on 20 leaves placed in middle and upper point of stem. In Geumsan, control value was higher as 88.3% in Pyraclostrobin, 86.1% in Polyoxin B, 84.4% in Pyribencarb, 82.2% in Iminoctadine tris (albesilate). In Jaecheon, control value was higher as 88.1% in Pyraclostrobin, 87.1% in Pyraclostrobin, 86.3% in Pyribencarb, 83.0% in Iminoctadine tris (albesilate). Conclusion : The result of this study on chemical selection for leaf spot disease control of P. sibiricum Redoute was as follows. Pyraclostrobin, Polyoxin B, Pyribencarb, and Iminoctadine tris (albesilate) showed excellent control value with over 80% and no damages. Above chemicals were considered excellent as chemicals for leaf spot disease in P. sibiricum Redoute.

Background : Pinellia ternata is imported more than 95%, tuber is used as herb medicine according to The Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (KHP). There is no cultivar of P. ternata in Korea, and it is cultivated using native species. This study was to select the strains according to the leaf type in order to develop the standard varieties of P. ternata and expand the import substitution effect and domestic production base. Methods and Results : This study was conducted by the Department of Korean Medicinal Resource Development, NIKOM. A total of 1,260 individuals of P. ternata were collected from Jeju Island, Jangheung County, and China, and classified into three lines according to the ratio of leaf length and width. The selected lines were sowed in the middle of April, 2018 and cultivated with a black polypropylene mesh with a direct sunlight radiation transmittance of 60% to reduce solar radiation. Investigation items were investigated by leaf type (lanceolate, long oval, elliptical shape), plant height, leaf length, leaf width and petiole length. Lanceolate (leaf length / leaf width ratio, over 6) were selected for 157 individuals, average leaf length / leaf width ratio, plant hight and petiole length were 7.9, 17.3 ㎝ and 7.1 ㎝, respectively. long oval (leaf length / leaf width ratio, 6.0 to 2.0) were selected 118 individuals, average leaf length / leaf width ratio, plant hight and petiole length were 3.4, 12.3 ㎝ and 5.5 ㎝, respectively. In addition, 91 individuals were selected for elliptical shape (leaf length / leaf width ratio, less than 2), average leaf length / leaf width ratio, plant hight and petiole length were 1.7, 10.6 ㎝ and 4.6 ㎝, respectively. According to leaf type analysis, the growth characteristics of lanceolate were the best and the growth characteristics of oval were the lowest. Conclusion : These results can be used as basic data for the breeding of standard varieties of P. ternata, and further studies such as analysis of gene relatedness and major component will be conducted in the future.

Background : Recently, the shortage of first planted ginseng field has increased direct seeding cultivation in paddy. Therefore, the demand for the development of ginseng varieties suitable for direct seeding cultivation in paddy has increased. So the aim of this study was selection ginseng varieties and germplasms suitable for direct seeding cultivation in paddy. Methods and Results : We used 13 varieties and 191 lines of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in this study. Ginseng Seeds were harvested at the end of July 2013, sown in mid-November, and were grown for four years in paddy. In 2017, the survey was conducted on 27 items of growth characteristics in accordance with the standards for survey of ginseng variety, and the degree of diseases and physiological disorders. Among ginseng varieties, the growth of Gopoong, Sunwon and Gwumjin were excellent. However, the incidence of physiological disorder was low in Gumpoong and Geumsun. Among the genetic sources, the growth of 7 ginseng lines, such as G04092, G04098, M05015, G07053, G10069 and G10093, were excellent. However, the incidence of physiological disorder was low in 10 lines of ginseng, such as G04020, G04061, G04081, G04092, G05054, G07052, G07053, G10069 and G10093. Conclusion : This result suggests that 5 varieties and 10 lines of ginseng showed outstanding growths in paddy. In the future, we will review the characteristics of root and the content of ginsenosides of ginseng variety and elite lines.

Background : Boxthorn (Lycium chinense M. 2 n = 24) is a self-incompatibility crop of solanales. It can not be fertilized in the cultivation of single cultivars. Therefore it is necessary to select proper pollinizer. We selsected good line, Cheongyang 26, with Anthracnose-resistant and high yield. This experiment was carried out to select proper pollinizer through researching self-incompatible and Cross-compatibility. Methods and Results : The self-incompatibility test of Cheongyang 26 was investigated fertilization rate and fruit Characteristics by artificial selfing fertilization. Investigation of fertilization rate and fruit characteristics by artificial fertilization was carried out to test cross-compatibility of Cheongyang 26 with Cheongwoon, Hokwang, Cheongdang, Cheonghong, Cheongkwang and Cheonggeum. Self-fertilization rate of Cheongyang 26 was 19.3%, self-incompatibility. In flowering period, Cheongkwang, Cheonghong, Hokwang, Cheongyang 26 and Cheongdang were early. The fertilization rate of Cheongkwang, Cheonggeum, Cheongwoon, Hokwang and Cheongdang in order was high when Cheongyang 26 was bred as seed parent. The fertilization rate of Cheonggeum, Hokwang, Cheongwoon and Cheongdang in order was high when Cheongyang 26 was bred as pollen parent. Cross-compatibility of Cheongyang 26 and Cheonghong was very low because of inbreeding. Anthracnose on fruits in open field was strong in Cheongyang 26, Cheonghong and Cheonggeum. The infection rates on leaves to Eriophys macrodonis Keifer was high in Cheongyang 26 and Cheongwoon. Conclusion : The proper pollinizer of Cheongyang 26 in open field was Cheonggeum when considering flowering period, cross-compatibility, Anthracnose and Eriophys macrodonis Keifer. In rain-shelter plastic greenhouse, the proper pollinizer of Cheongyang 26 was Cheongwoon because it’s able to prevent Anthracnose in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse.

Background : Boxthorn (Lycium chinense M. 2 n = 24) is a self-incompatibility crop of solanales. It can not be fertilized in the cultivation of single cultivars. Therefore it is necessary to select proper pollinizer. We developed a new variety, Cheonggeum, with Anthracnose-resistant and high yield. This experiment was carried out to select proper pollinizer through researching self-incompatible and Cross-compatibility. Methods and Results : The self-incompatibility test of Cheonggeum was investigated fertilization rate and fruit Characteristics by artificial selfing fertilization. Investigation of fertilization rate and fruit characteristics by artificial fertilization was carried out to test cross-compatibility of Cheonggeum with Cheongwoon, Cheongmeong, Hokwang, Cheonghong and Cheongkwang. Self-fertilization rate of Cheonggeum was 11.1%, self-incompatibility. In flowering period, Cheongkwang, Cheonghong, Cheongmeong, Hokwang and Cheongwoon were early in order. Flowering period of Cheonggeum was June 18. When Cheonggeum was bred as seed parent, the fertilization rate of Cheongmeong and Cheonghong were high. When Cheonggeum was bred as pollen parent, the fertilization rate of Cheonghong and Hokwang were high. Cross-compatibility of Cheonggeum with Cheongkwang or Cheongwoon was low. Anthracnose on fruits in open field was strong in Cheonggeum, Cheongmeong and Cheonghong. The infection rates on leaves to Eriophys macrodonis Keifer was middle in Cheonggeum, Cheongmeong, Hokwang, Cheonghong and Cheongkwang. But it’s was high in Cheongwoon. Conclusion : The proper pollinizer of Cheonggeum in open field was Cheonghong when considering flowering period, cross-compatibility, Anthracnose and Eriophys macrodonis Keifer.

Background : Astragalus membranaceus belonging to the family of Leguminosae have been utilized as a traditional medicine. The aim of this study is to elucidate the basic information for breeding to superior Astragalus membranaceus cultivar. Methods and Results : Selection lines were developed by the medicinal crop breeding team of National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA). The root of A. membranaceus lines were harvested in late October 2017. Calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside and calycosin were anlyzed by HPLC. The root yield of six selection lines were increased 8.9 - 74.8% compared with ‘Aseong’ (check variety). Also, the plant height of seven selection lines were shorter than ‘Aseong’. The calycosin–7-O-β -d-glucoside content was higher in six selection lines than ‘Aseong’. The calycosin content was higher in all selection lines except 1 line (1508 - 03) than that of ‘Aseong’. Conclusion : Three superior lines with short height and high yield were selected. These superior lines will conduct advanced yield trial to make varieties.

Background : Zingiber officinale is known as the source of the pungent, aromatic spice called ginger. Ginger, especially dried rhizomes, has been widely used for many medicinal purposes. The pungent principles in ginger are the non-volatile phenolic compounds gingerol, gingeridione and shogaol. It is cultivated 1,046 ha as 5 th of 55 medicinal crops in Korea (2016). Ginger has been successfully propagated using internodal cuttings. Ginger emergences at 18℃ or higher, and it takes about 40 - 50 days to emerges after sowing. Therefore, it is required a cultivation method that promote the emergence. Methods and Results : The internodal cuttings with 25 – 35 g was planted on 30 April at 30 × 30 ㎝ on 120 ㎝ broad bed. Five covering materials included the illite non-woven fabric (18 g/㎡), rice straw and vinyl were treated to promote emergence and early growth. Soil temperature covered by illite non-woven fabric was higher by 2.6 - 2.8℃ than that of rice straw covering, and lower by 2.2 - 2.4℃ than that of the transparent vinyl mulching. Emergence was faster in the illite non-woven fabric mulching by 5 - 6 days compared to vinyl mulching. It was presumed to be due to the small diurnal difference with increasing soil temperature. The covering with illite non-woven fabric had a large plant height and a large leaf number. So, the early growth in the covering of illite non-woven fabric was better than other treatments. There was a differences in rhizome’s yield among treatments. The content of gingerol was 2.29 – 2.37 ㎎/g and there was no significant difference. Conclusion : From the above results, covering illite non-woven fabric until sprouting after planting promoted its emergence and early growth.

Background : The cultivation area of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz is 156 ㏊ ('16), which is one of my representative medicinal crops. However, since it grows by roots, the damage of the repeated cultivation and the degeneration of the seedstock are increasing. To solve these problems, we are developing new varieties every year by testing the regional adaptability of high quality system. In recent years, as the quality and quantity of new varieties have been proven to increase, the need for continuous development of excellent varieties is increasing. Methods and Results : The test material used a jihwang-1 as standard variety, the system was planted in 3-year (RGES 20), 2-year (RGES 21, 22, 23) and 3-year (RGES 24, 25). The root lengths were cut at intervals of about 2 to 3 ㎝ and immersed for 20 minutes in a fludioxonil suspension concentrate (1,000-fold dilution) and shaded for 1 day. Sowing was planted on April 30th, and planting interval was 30 ㎝ × 15 ㎝. Growth investigation was carried out on the overground growing (plant length, leaf length, leaf number, plant type, etc) and degree of generation of pests. As a result of the growth investigation, the third year RGES 20, the second year RGES 22, and the first year RGES 25 were excellent. RGES 20 was upright type and superior in overground growing, RGES 22 had strong pest resistance. RGES 25 was characterized by strong at high temperature, but growth is not as good as other high quality system. Conclusion : Recently, the difficulty of cultivation of zucchini has been increasing due to abnormal weather. Especially in this year, high temperature of 35℃ or more continued for about 30 days, and the need to cultivate varieties resistant to high temperatures is increasing. Therefore, it is expected that RGES 25 can be registered as a promising strain that is resistant to high temperature if the yield is corrected.

Background : Medicinal crops the importance of good agricultural practice (GAP) cultivation is increasing, but the number of GAP-certified farms is decreasing because of the decrease and undeveloped application of medicinal crops. In the case of Artemisia capillaris Thunb., GAP cultivation is difficult because there is no registered application agricultural pesticides. The insect pests that occur mainly in apples are Aphis gossypii. Especially, if the high temperature is continued as in this year, the incidence rate increases rapidly, which greatly affects the growth delay. Therefore, this study was conducted to select the application agricultural pesticides of A. gossypii for the stable production of GAP in A. capillaris. Methods and Results : Three-years-old (Jangsu, Jinan) A. capillaris were used as test materials. The treated medicines (2,000-fold dilution) were acetamiprid wet table powder (WP), clothianidin suspension concentrate (SC), imidacloprid WP and thiacloprid SC. To investigate the phytotoxicity, 2 times of medicine (1,000-fold dilution) was treated. The medicinal effect was confirmed at 3 and 7 days after the treatment of the medicinal stuff, and the phytotoxicity was investigated from symptoms appearing in the stem and leaf. As a result of treatment, in Jinan area, the treatment rate was more than 80% in all treatment chemicals on the 3 day after treatment, but on the 7 day, acetamiprid WP and clothianidin SC remained more than 80%. In the jangsu area, only the imidacloprid WP was less than 80% on the 3 day of treatment, but on the 7 day, acetamiprid WP and imidacloprid WP were maintained more than 80%. In particular, thiacloprid SC had a high control rate of 93% on the 3 day, but as the fell rapidly to 32% on the 7 day, It is considered that the persistence of medicinal effect is low. Conclusion : The results of medicines treatment for A. gossypii control showed that the control efficacy was higher than 80% until the 3 day of treatment, but the efficacy decreased at 7 day. The medicines with high control rate were acetamiprid WP, and the control rate was maintained more than 80% from 3 day to 7 day. Therefore, appropriate conclusions were obtained for the applied medicine.

방사선작업종사자 및 방사선작업장의 위험성은 주로 피폭선량 값으로 평가되고 있다. 하지만, 방사선작업장은 사용하는 방사선 및 작업환경이 상이하다. 특히, 방사선투과검사작업장은 작업대상물, 차폐체 사용 가능 유무 등에 따라 작업환경이 다양하다. 따라서 효율적인 방사선 방호를 위해서는 여러 가지 인자들을 검토하는 것이 필요하다. 이에 전문가 및 조장 방사선작업종사자들 대상으로 설문조사를 수행하였으며, 그 결과, 방사선원, 방사선피폭선량, 작업장관리현황, 판독특이자, 정기검사현황이 주요인자로 선정되었다. 또한, 설문조사 중요도를 바탕으로 1차 가중치(안)을 설정한 후 2차적으로 전문가 자문을 통해 인자 내 세부 항목별 가중치를 선정하였다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 선정된 주요인자를 바탕으로 하여 방사선투과검사작 업장 위해도 지수 모델 개발이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

국내 일부 시설재배지는 장기간 과도한 양분 투입 등에 의한 염류 집적 현상이 문제가 되어왔으며, 최근 이상기온에 따른 온도장해에 의한 피해도 발생하고 있다. 이러한 현상에 대해 친환경적으로 대처하기 위하여 고염류와 온도 스트레스에 대해 작물에 내성을 증강시키는 미생물을 선발하였다. 국내 토양에서 분리한 1,944균주중 고염류 또는 온도 스트레스 조건에서 세균의 생장과 식물생장촉진 관련 특성(IAA 생성, ACC deaminase 활성, 인산가용화능)을 고려하여 20균주를 1차 선발(전체 균주의 1.03%)하였다. 1차 선발한 20균주 중 토마토 식물검정을 통해 고염류 또는 온도스트레스에 대한 내성을 유도하는 7세균(1차 선발균주의 35%, 전체 균주의 0.36%)을 단계적으로 선발할 수 있었다. 선발된 세균은 16S rRNA 유전자의 염기서열 분석을 통해 모두 Bacillus 속에 속하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과로 선발된 7균주는 토마토의 고염류 또는 온도 스트레스에 대한 효과적인 미생물 제제로 활용이 가능한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Backgoound : Various varieties of Schisandra chinensis (Omija) are grown in various regions of Korea. However, there is no study on varieties with excellent efficacy for each variety. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to select the excellent lineage by analyzing the active compounds of Omija collection species Methods and Results : 154 lineage of Omija was collected from Muju of Jeollabuk-do, Jangsu of Jeollabuk-do and Hoengseong of Gangwon-do. They were cultivated in test-research farm in Rural Development Administration at Eumseong of Chungcheongbuk-do and used as materials. In order to analyze the active compounds (Shizandrin A, Shizandrin C, Gomisin A, Gomisin N) in Omija, the HPLC method described in the Korean Pharmacopoeia (compounds of Omija indicator) was used. As a result of analysis of functional compounds, SC-003, SC-005, SC-013, SC-015, SC-019, SC-020, SC-022, SC-023, SC-040, SC-042, SC-045, SC-066, SC-069 and SC-072 were collected from Jangsu, Jeollabuk-do, SC-082 was collected from Hoengseong, Gangwon-do and SC-139 was collected from Muju, Jeollabuk-do showed higher contents of functional compounds than other collected species. Conclusion : As demand for high income crop has increased, new cultivar breeding is required to produce high quality Schisandra chinensis (Omija). In this study, Shisandra A, Shizandrin C, Gomisin A and Gomisin N were analyzed as functional compounds of Omija. They can be used for new Omija breeding. Especially SC-003, SC-019, SC-022, SC-040, SC-045, SC-069 and SC-082 can be superior lineags with high functional compound contents.

Background : Rehmannia glutinose Liboschitz is a perennial herb belonging to the family of Scrophulariaceae. Its roots have been used as a traditional medicine. For cultivation of varieties of Rehmannia glutinose Liboschitz, the pure line selection method, which is to select the best line among those cultivated in farms for pedigree breeding, replicated yield test and regional adaptation test before registering as a new variety, is widely used. Until now, there are 8 registered varieties of Rehmannia glutinose Liboschitz in Korea. The needs for development of disaster-resistant varieties with better chances of surviving when high temperature, salts and disease are increasing. Therefore, this study focused on cultivation of disaster-resistant varieties among those selected for their disaster tolerance and salt tolerance through regional adaptation test. Methods and Results : As a result of examining the incidence of pest insects of the selected 1 - 2 years old varieties used in the study, among the 2-years-old crops, RGES 20 showed the lowest rate in ground parts. Among the 1-year-old crops, the lowest rate incidence of pest insects in ground parts was observed in RGES 23. In addition, RGES 20 and RGES 23 showed superior growth in under ground part with the highest dry root amount. Conclusion : Based on the above results, RGES 20 among the 2-years-old crops, RGES 23 among the 1-year-old crops showed superior growth in under ground part with the highest dry root amount.

Background : Two major forest medicinal resources, Korean angelica (Angelica gigas Nakai) and Cnidii rhizoma (Cnidium officnale Makino) were used as medicinal herbs for long times and in these day consumed as cosmetic materials. For keep pace with a mass demand and supply, pesticides were should be sprayed for control of pests and plant diseases. However, the social concerns on well-balanced life, pesticides safety, and continuous and stable production of clean non-timber products were increased with the times. Therefore, environmental-friendly cultivation was increased before decade. This study performed for selection of effective control agents to hyphal growth of leaf spot and anthracnose in two medicinal resources. Methods and Results : The antifungal effects of eugneol, pine needle E.O, and 7 natural product extracts (Sophora root, green tea, neem, eucalyptus, grapefruit seed, derris, and 36% rosin) were evaluated against two plant pathogens (Phoma sp., and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). After re-loading of each 20 ㎕ natural product extracts to the PDA plate which loaded two spore dilution (106 spores/㎖) 100 ㎕, the hyphal growth control effects to pathogens were confirmed. Among 9 control agents, eugenol and pine needle E.O were the most effective, and then Sophora root, green tea, and neem. However, 4 agents (eucalyptus, 36% rosin, grapefruit seed, and derris) were not effective. Conclusion : It confirmed that possibility as a control agents of eugenol and pine needle E.O to leaf spot (Phoma sp.) of Korean angelica and anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) of Cnidii rhizoma, respectively. We will be developed as commercial products safe in the forest lands

최근 폐기물관리법이 개정됨에 따라 재활용 사업자가 재활용 원칙 및 준수사항이 없는 폐기물을 재활용하려는 경우 및 폐기물이 토양, 지하수 등과 접촉하는 매체접촉형 재활용을 하려는 경우에는 재활용환경성평가를 받아야 한다. 재활용환경성평가에서는 폐기물에 대한 유해특성과 재활용 기술의 적합성 등을 평가한다. 폐기물에 대한 유해특성이 있는 경우 폐기물을 재활용하기 위해서는 폐기물관리법 시행령 [별표4의2]에 따라 이들 유해특성을 제거 또는 안정화하여야 한다. 하지만 현재 폐기물 유해특성을 파악하기 위해서는 높은 분석 비용과 많은 시간이 소요되므로 재활용 사업자 모두가 재활용환경성평가에서 폐기물의 유해특성을 분석하기는 현실적으로 어렵다. 유해특성은 폐기물에 포함된 화학물질에 의하여 발현될 수 있으므로 유해특성별 대표 화학물질이 설정되어 있다면 폐기물 유해특성을 사전에 판정할 수 있다. 유해특성별 대표 화학물질 선정을 위하여 국내 화학물질 배출량 조사제도 대상 물질 415종, 화학물질관리법상 유독 및 제한물질 목록 959종, EU Regulation of(EC) No 1272/2008 4,231종의 화학물질을 대상으로 설정하였다. 유해특성의 구분 기준은 United Nations의 Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals(GHS)의 한 부분인 Hazard Statement Code(유해･위험 문구)로 하였다. GHS는 화학물질에 대한 분류･표시 국제조화시스템으로 각 물질별로 유해･위험 문구가 제시되어 있으며 유해･위험 문구를 확인하기 위한 시험 방법과 국내 폐기물 유해특성의 판정 기준의 비교를 통하여 국내 유해특성 별 대표 화학물질을 검토하고자 한다. 최근 재활용 허용 범위의 확대를 위하여 폐기물관리법에서의 폐기물 재활용에 대한 방식은 허용행위 열거방식에서 제한행위 열거방식으로 전면 개정되었다. 이에 따라 폐기물의 재활용으로 인한 인체의 건강과 환경에 대한 악영향을 최소화하기 위하여 폐기물에 대한 신규 유해특성을 도입하였다. 폐기물에 대한 유해특성은 기존 3종(감염성, 부식성, 용출독성)이었으나 6종(폭발성, 인화성, 생태독성 등)이 추가되어 9종으로 확대되었다. 폐기물관리법 시행령 [별표 4의2] (폐기물의 재활용 준수사항)에 따르면 폐기물을 재활용하려는 자는 폐기물에 대한 유해특성을 제거 또는 안정화하여야 한다고 명시되어 있어 폐기물의 재활용을 위해서는 우선적으로 폐기물에 대한 유해특성을 파악해야 한다.

인구의 증가와 산업화는 돼지, 소, 닭 등의 육류 식품의 급격한 수요증가를 초래하여 축산폐수발생량 역시 증가하였다. 2012년 해양투기의 법적 금지는 축산폐수 발생량을 173,304m3/day에 이르게 하였고 지속적인 증가추세에 있다(2016, 환경부). 축산폐수는 고농도의 질소, 인, 유기물을 포함하므로 수계 노출 시 부영양화를 유발하여 인간의 생활과 보건에 혼란과 악영향을 초래한다. 이러한 문제해결을 위해 혐기성 생물공학기술, 화학적 산화기술 등이 적용되어 왔으나 고부하에 취약하고 높은 비용을 요구하는 한계를 지닌다. 최근 새로운 대안으로 미세조류를 활용한 처리방법이 주목받고 있는데, 그 이유는 광독립영양 성장을 하는 미세조류의 특성상 빛에서 에너지를 얻어 경제적으로 지속가능하고 CO2를 탄소원으로 이용하여 탄소중립적으로 폐수 내의 고농도의 질소와 인을 동시에 처리할 수 있기 때문이다. 따라서 본 연구는 축산폐수내의 고농도의 유기물 및 영양염류를 동시에 가장 효과적으로 제거 가능한 미세조류를 문헌조사하여 대상 미세조류의 적용 타당성을 평가하였고, 최적 종을 선정하기 위한 성능평가 및 성장저해 분석을 수행하였다. 문헌조사를 통해 선정된 Scenedesums quadricauda, Scenedesums obliquus, Chlorella sorokiniana 을 28℃ 인큐베이터에서 500mL bottle의 용량으로 Phototrophic 조건(연속 빛조사)과 Mixotrophic 조건(16hr light-8hr dark 주기 반복)으로 Batch test를 진행하였고 그 결과를 성장 동역학적으로 해석하여 최적 종을 제시하였다. 실험은 BG-11을 대조구(Control)로 하여 미세조류의 cell counting결과를 바탕으로 비성장률(specific growth rate)을 도출한 결과 0.293 hr-1 (Scenedesums quadricauda), 0.302 hr-1(Scenedesums obliquus), 0.243 hr-1(Chlorella sorokiniana) 로 밝혀져 Scenedesums obliquus 가 가장 빠른 성장속도를 보였고, 축산폐수를 원수, 2배, 5배, 10배 희석을 하여 미세조류를 배양했을 때에도 최적의 유기물 및 영양염류 제거가 가능함을 보였다. 본 연구는 최적미세조류를 활용한 축산폐수 처리가 저에너지를 사용하며 기후변화에 대응하고 지속가능한 고농도 축산폐수처리 방법이 될 수 있음을 입증 하였다.

학습자의 수준에 맞는 읽기 텍스트는 학습자의 읽기 능력 향상에 도움이 된다. 학습자에게 알맞은 수준의 읽기 텍스트를 제공 하기 위해서는 이독성 연구가 활발히 이루어져야 한다. 하지만 한국어 교육에서의 이독성은 양적인 부분과 질적인 부분 모두에서 연구 성과가 미미하다고 볼 수 있다. 이에 본 고에서는 텍스트의 난이도를 측정할 수 있는 이독성 공식의 개발을 목적으로 공식 개발의 기준이 되는 어휘와 문법 항목을 선정하고 어휘 기대요인을 선정하고자 한다.