The purpose of this study was to examine the outdoor sportswear purchase behavior, outdoorwear sportswear brand preference, functional fabric awareness, and benefits sought. The research was performed through in-depth interview during February to March 2011. Data were collected from 10 consumers who had purchased outdoor sportswear and experienced camping in 6 months. First, the results from study showed that functionality/comfortability, design, color, and brand name were important factors in selecting outdoor sportswear. Offline stores were the main place to purchase, however, internet shopping mall and portal online community were another shopping channel as well. Second, respondents preferred imported outdoor sportswear brand to national brand. According to the study, the respondents trusted the imported outdoor sportswear quality based on the brand name, value, and brand history more than national brand. Third, consumers who had low functional fabric awareness were more likely to evaluate apparel products based on the brand name. Knowledge levels for textile functions were high in elastic, UV protection, air permeable, and antibacterial properties. The essential features for camping were water absorbing and quick dry, water resistance, wind proof, UV protection, and fire retardant properties. Finally the results showed that there were two sportswear benefit soughts: functionality and status ostentation.

Location-Based Service(LBS) is a service that provides a variety of convenience in life using location information that can be obtained by mobile communication network or satellite signal. In order to provide LBS precisely and efficiently, we need the location determination technology, platform technology and server technology. In this study, we studied on how we can reduce the error on location determination of objects such people and things. Fingerprint location determination method was applied to this study because it can be used at current wireless communication infrastructure and less influenced by a variety of noisy environment than other location determination methods. We converted the probability value to logarithmic scale value because using the sum of k probability values is not suitable to be applied to weight determination. In order to confirm the performance of suggested method, we developed location determination test program with Visual Basic 6.0 and performed the test. According to indoor and outdoor test results, the suggested stochastic method reduced the distance error by 17%, 18% and 9% respectively at indoor environment and 25%, 11% and 4% at outdoor environment compared with deterministic NN, kNN and kWNN fingerprint methods.

This study presents residential indoor and outdoor exposure concentrations distributions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs, benzene, toluene, xylene) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in industrial area (case) and agricultural area (control) during 5 days. Concentrations of VOCs and NO₂ were measured with passive samplers in residential indoor and outdoor. Most of benzene, toluene and NO₂ mean concentrations in case area were higher than those in control area. Considering the indoor and outdoor ratios (I/O) were higher than 1, the residence might be have the sources of indoor air pollutants such as smoking and using of gas range. Residential indoor concentrations of benzene, toluene, and NO₂ with indoor smokers were higher than those and without indoor smokers. In conclusion, it is suggested that personal exposures to air pollutants might be affected by indoor sources as well as outdoor pollutants emitted from industrial complex, and indoor air quality and outdoor air quality should be simultaneously considered to reduce the personal exposure to air pollutants.

국내에 아직 많이 이용되지 않는 식물 중 실외 정원의 화분에서 봄부터 가을까지 잘 견뎌낼 수 있는 자생식물을 조사하기 위해 2007년부터 2009년까지 한국 30여 지역을 탐사하였다. 일반적인 화분(직경 27.5 cm ×높이 27.5 cm) 과 걸이용 화분(직경 27.5 cm ×높이 13 cm)에 식물을 채 취하여 심거나 파종하여 충남 성환(북위 36´´56´ 동경 127´´09´)의 정원에서 재배하여 생육이 좋은 것으로 파 악된 자생식물은 일반적인 화분용으로는 13과 29속 38종 (초본식물 37종류, 목본식물 1종류)이었으며, 걸이용 화 분용으로는 28과 43속 46종(초본식물 29종류, 목본식물 17종류)이었다. 이 중 이용 가능성이 가장 높을 것으로 기대되는 식물은, 일반적인 화분에는 박주가리과의 박 주가리, 도라지과의 염아자, 국화과의 인진쑥ㆍ사자발쑥ㆍ 물쑥, 사초과의 가는그늘사초, 화본과의 수크령ㆍ강아지풀, 꿀풀과의 배초향ㆍ긴병꽃풀ㆍ꽃향유ㆍ산박하ㆍ들깨풀, 콩 과의 털갈퀴나물, 후추과의 후추등, 장미과의 분홍찔레의 16종이었고, 걸이용 화분용으로는 박주가리과의 박주가 리, 국화과의 좀씀바귀, 메꽃과의 메꽃ㆍ둥근잎유홍초, 마과의 마, 꿀풀과의 긴병꽃풀ㆍ백리향, 콩과의 제주달구 지풀ㆍ털갈퀴나물, 방기과의 새모래덩굴, 후추과의 후추 등, 미나리아재비과의 긴잎으아리, 장미과의 분홍찔레, 양 지꽃, 꼭두서니과의 계요등, 꼭두서니, 포도과의 담쟁이 덩굴 18종이었다.

2차 세계대전 이후 발전하게 된 음악치료는 1950년대부터 음악치료학이란 학문으로 정립되었고 현재는 미국과 유럽 등지에 보편화되어 있는 상태이다. 음악치료는 체계적인 학문적 토대 위에 성장하게 되었고 음악치료의 효과 및 방법, 그리고 음악이신체에 미치는 반응등 생리적인 면까지 영향을 미친다는 사실이 연구 ․ 검증되고 있다.음악이 우리의 뇌파에 긍정적인 영향을 주고 있으며 이는 옥외공간에서도 적용 가치가 높다. 옥외공간에 다양한 타악기설치를 고려해 볼 수도 있으며 다양한 연령층의 개인적, 문화적, 사회적 배경을 고려하여 옥외공간에서 적합한 음악을 수동적으로들려줌으로 공간이용 효과를 배가 시킬 수 있다. 음악치료의 옥외공간 적용에 있어서 공간 이용자가 불특정 다수의 다양한사람을 대상으로 해야 하는 어려움이 있지만 이를 해결하고 다양한 사람들의 참여를 위하여 더욱 다양한 문화와 생활공간속에서 옥외공간과 음악치료가 접목된 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Indoor air quality can be affected by indoor sources, ventilation, decay and outdoor levels. Although technologies exist to measure these factors, direct measurements are often difficult. Toluene and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations of residential indoor and outdoor were simultaneously measured and compared in 16 houses, using passive samplers during every 3 days for 60 days. Concentrations of toluene and NO₂ were analyzed by gas chromatography and spectrophotometer, respectively. Using a mass balance model, penetration factor (ventilation rate divided by sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) and source generation factor (source generation rate divided by sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) were calculated by multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. The mean contributions of toluene of indoor and outdoor sources on residential indoor air quality were estimated to be 31.01% and 67.00%, respectively. On the other hand, mean contributions of NO₂ were 58.93% and 41.06%, respectively. These results could be explained that contributions of indoor and outdoor air pollutants sources are different to residential indoor air concentrations. In conclusion, contributions of outdoor air and indoor sources affecting indoor air quality were effectively characterized using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements.

This paper reviewed the relationship between boundary spanning behaviors and service quality, and the moderating effect of gender. Based on the responses from 204 employees in outdoor-food franchising system, hierarchical regression analysis showed that service delivery has positive relationships with all service quality factors, and external representation and internal influence have partly positive relationship with them. Gender appeared to have partly moderating effect on the relationship between only internal influence and service quality.

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) can produce adverse health effects. Various indoor and outdoor combustion sources make NO₂ the most ubiquitous pollutant in the indoor environment. Indoor air quality can be affected by indoor sources, ventilation, decay and outdoor levels. Although technologies exist to measure these factors, direct measurements are often difficult. In the present paper, we used a mass balance model and regression analysis, penetration factor (ventilation rate divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) and source strength factor (source strength divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) were calculated using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements with 10 houses. Subsequently, mean contributions of indoor and outdoor sources were 28.86% and 81.09%, respectively, suggesting that both indoor and outdoor sources had contributions to indoor concentrations of NO₂.

In this study, we attempted to estimate the association between asthma oriented by indoor air sources and personal exposure by comparing the case (asthma-patient) and control (non-asthma-patient) groups. We selected 27 participants who showed positive response on lung function and methacholin provocation test. We performed environmental survey with 15 and 10 cases during May and June 2007, respectively. There was no significant difference between the case and control groups in the level of formaldehyde and TBC (Total Bacterial Count). In the dust allergen test, the case concentration was higher than the control's, without signifiant difference. In the personal exposure assessment of VOCs using OVM (Organic Vapor Monitor) badge, the case concentrations of Benzene, Toluene, and Ethylbenzene were higher than the control's, but there was no significant difference. The personal exposure of Xylene case study was significantly higher than the control's

먼지시료는 전라북도 고창군에 있는 10개 중 고등학교에서 채취하였다. 교실 내의 칠판 위, 전등 반사판 위, 게시판 위, 물품장 위에 쌓인 분진 등의 먼지와 창틀 밖 난간 등에 쌓인 먼지시료, 그리고 운동장에서 총 45개의 시료를 채취했다. 채취한 먼지 시료를 Thompson and Wood(1982)의 방법으로 화학처리 한 후 Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn 등 8개의 원소를 정량 분석했다. 교실 내 먼지 시료 중에 Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn 등의 중금속 함량이 높았다. 또한 교실 외 먼지 시료 중에는 Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn의 함량이 높았다. 먼지 시료 중 Cd(4.6 ppm), Cu(124 ppm), 그리고 Zn(350 ppm) 농도는 세계 평균 지표 토양과 환경오염기준 보다 매우 높다. 이러한 경우는 전주시 중 고등학교의 먼지 시료 분석과 유사하다. 국내 선행연구와 비교했을 때 교실 내 외 환경은 Cu, Zn을 제외하고 농축이 심하다. 운동장 환경은 전주시의 교통량이 많은 주거 도로와 주 도로변, 운동장에 있는 먼지 중의 중금속 함량 보다 낮았다. 운동장 먼지 시료에서 오염지수가 1.0 이상인 중금속 오염은 1개 학교에서 나타났지만 교실 내 외 먼지 시료에서 오염지수가 1.0 이상인 중금속 오염은 7개 학교에서 나타났다. 산업화가 덜 된 농촌 지역의 학교라 할지라도 교실 내에는 중금속의 오염양상이 도시 지역의 학교와 같았다. 이는 교통량의 상대적 차이나 산업화의 정도와 관계없이 실내에서 중금속 오염이 동일하게 일어나고 있음을 보여준다.

This study, conducted from April to May 2004 in the metropolitan and surrounding areas of Seoul, Korea, was performed to show the relationship between indoor and outdoor levels of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in 14 residential houses. In addition, indoor/outdoor ratios of PM10, PM2.5 concentrations were calculated. The relationship between the PM10, PM2.5 concentrations and respiratory symptoms by self recording questionnaire of 14 houses was investigated. In conclusion, although the results of this study failed to establish the relationship between PM10, PM2.5 concentrations and respiratory symptoms among residents, the levels of indoor PM2.5 were significantly higher than those of outdoor levels. The indoor PM10, PM2.5 concentrations were increased by the amount of time spent of residents. Further research should be directed to establish the relationship between PM10, PM2.5 concentration and respiratory symptoms.

The work of hairdressers includes washing, coloring, bleaching, permanent waving, conditioning, and cutting scalp hair. Hairdressers are subjected to a number of physical and toxicological hazards. The toxicological hazards are those resulting from exposure to a wide range of chemicals and from chemicals are usually classified active processes. In this study, twenty beauty shops were selected to assess the exposure to indoor air pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter (PM10) during one month from September 1 to September 30, 2003. Indoor air quality of beauty shops might be worse by vehicle emissions because the beauty shops were generally located near roadway. Personal exposures to VOCs and PM10 were related to indoor concentrations of beauty shops, respectively. According to questionnaire, hairdressers responded sore throat, eye irritation, and nervousness as health effect symptoms. Conclusively, users as well as workers in beauty shop might be highly exposed to air pollutants from indoor sources and outdoor sources. Therefore, proper methods should be prepared to improve the indoor air quality in beauty shop.

The plasma cortisol of nurserypigs was examined using an outdoor efficacy testwith a digital content-based approach in animal welfare convergence types. Nine nurserypigs,without discriminating between female and male, were classified into 2 groups of 3 pigs each: control and group 1 (effect+nature), control and group 2(effect+nature+music). The control group was the same for group 1 and 2 to compare the effects using a t-test. There was no significant difference in plasma cortisol levels between the control group and group 1 until 4 h after stress induction. However, significant differences were subsequently found between the control group and group 1 from 8 h to 72 h (p<0.05). Further, plasma cortisol was not affected in group 2 at 0 h through 8 h and 72 h. At 12 h through 48 h, group 2 showed a reduction in plasma cortisol level compared to the control group(p<0.05). These results indicated that after stress induction, applying effect plus nature or effect plus nature plus music can effectively decrease plasma cortisol levels in nursery pigs within8 h through 72 h and may serve as a better model for digital content-based approach in animal welfare convergence types.

Sport activities of the local residents are admitted as a positive and awarding welfare. This study reviews the current status of and the way to activate life sport program on the policy level that would bring a number of effects. By reviewing related-literature review, this study presents theoretical and practical foundation regarding on the necessity for the local social welfare, organization operation, facilities, participation, leadership, and program management. Finally, the authors suggest policies for life sport development on local level below. First, in order to the function of sport for all in social welfare system, it is needed to pursue institutional changes to secure diversity in the age group which participates in sports for all. Second, connectivity in public sports facilities should be fortified. The government should develop sports program in conjunction with public sports facilities built for the interest of community members. Third, club advisors should be educated with well organized-manual and reeducated to rebuild their capacity to develop the programs and manage them if necessary. In the similar view, the policy which can check the advisor’s field experience and ability should be prepared. Fourth, for economic sustainability, a profit generating project developing a target marketing strategy is required.

본 연구에서는 야외 방사선투과검사 시 방사선작업종사자의 맞춤형 차폐체 제작을 위해 3D 프린터 필라 멘트의 재질 및 두께에 대한 차폐 분석을 수행하였다. MCNPX를 이용한 모의 모사를 통해 복셀 선원 192Ir, 75Se를 선택 후 ICRU Slab Phantom에 차폐체를 부착하고, 선원과 Slab Phantom의 거리를 100 cm으로 설정 하였다. 12 개의 차폐물질에 대하여 차폐물질이 없는 경우부터 200 mm 까지 5 mm 단위로 나누어 각 차폐 물질별 단위 질량 당 흡수되는 에너지를 평가하였다. 그 결과 모든 방사선투과검사용 감마선원에서 ABS + Tungsten, ABS + Bismuth, PLA + Copper, PLA + Iron 순으로 차폐 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 납에 비해서는 다소 낮은 차폐 효과를 보였다. 향후 본 연구를 토대로 원자번호와 밀도가 높은 필라멘트 재료에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

오늘날 공동주택단지는 주거환경 수준의 향상과 주거 라이프 스타일의 변화, 이웃 간의 교류, 여가생활 증대, 건강에 대한 관심증대 등 다양한 사회문화적 현상으로 인해 변화되고 있다. 주거환경의 변화로 외부공간에 대한 필요성이 높아지고 있다. 공동주택단지 외부공간은 공동주택의 주거형태 특성상 이웃과의 교제가 부족한 환경과 단위주호 내에서 해결할 수 없는 문제점 등을 해결할 수 있으며 사회적 관계 증진과 공동체 의식 함양을 이끌 수 있는 중요한 공간이다. 이에 본 연구는 서울에 위치한 최근 완공된 공동주택단지를 대상으로 외부공간을 운동시설, 휴게시설, 놀이시설, 조경시설, 위생시설로 구 분하여 사례조사 하였으며 주민들의 커뮤니티시설로서 공간계획특성 및 디자인특성을 분석하였다. 조사결과에 따르면 운동시설의 경우 다양한 종류의 시설이 계획되어있는 반면 놀이시설이나 휴게시설은 단지별 차이가 없이 획일적인 형태로 계획되어 있어 거주자의 다양한 특성이 고려되어 있지 않았다. 특히 각 기능별 시설이 독립적으로 배치된 경우가 많아 복합적인 커뮤니티 공간으로서 거주자들의 교류를 도모할 수 있는 배치계획이 부족한 것으로 조사되어 서로 연계성 있게 계획 할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 향후 이웃과의 활발한 소통을 위한 공동주택단지 외부공간의 계획시 디자인 기초자료로 제공될 수 있을 것이다.

In many climatic conditions, there is UV ray, which is called ultraviolet rays, which has the greatest effect on sealing materials. Because UV has high energy, it changes the internal structure of polymer and causes quality deterioration. In addition, temperature, humidity, and rainfall, snowfall, and atmospheric pollutants are also factors to be avoided in maintaining the integrity of the sealant. In this study, we tried to obtain reproducibility by using a composite deterioration test device which can describe the environment of the outside air as a part of the research project to investigate the weather change in the prototype of the structural sealant. The outdoor exposure test result and the composite deterioration test device Correlation analysis. In the future, it will be possible to predict the changes in the physical properties of the structural sealant by applying the composite deterioration test equipment and outdoor exposure test data.