이 연구의 목적은 방과 후 학교 활동으로 직접 활용될 수 있는 고등학교 천체관측반을 대상으로 한 천체 관측 프로그램 개발 및 적용이다. 연구방법은 먼저 현행 지구과학교과서의 천문관련 탐구활동을 분석한 다음, 가장 기본적인 관측 장비의 표준화 프로그램을 개발하였으며, 프로그램을 이용하여 학교 인근 여러 관측지에서 학생들이 직접 탐구활동을 수행하였다. 특히 관측 장비의 경우 일선학교에서도 쉽게 구비할 수 있는 102mm급 굴절망원경과 디지털카메라를 이용하였으며, 대부분 도심지에 위치한 학교의 관측지 환경을 고려한 탐구활동 및 그 수행을 위한 컴퓨터 프로그램을 개발하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 현행 교육과정상의 천문관련 탐구활동은 대부분 제시된 자료를 분석하는 자료 해석이나 가상실험활동으로 구성되어 있다. 둘째, 대부분의 학교가 위치한 도심지의 경우 도시 외곽보다 관측 환경이 열악하다. 셋째, 학교 인근 도심지에서 보편화된 관측 장비를 이용한 효율적인 관측 기법과 도심지에서의 관측 기기의 표준화 계수를 결정하였다. 넷째, 이와 같은 일련의 과정을 프로그램화하여 측정한 결과, 도시와 도시외곽에서 실제 별의 등급과 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 학습 프로그램 개발을 통하여 천체 관측에 관한 다양한 탐구 활동을 제공할 수 있었다 현재 천체 관련 교육은 실제 탐구 활동 영역이 결여되어 있으며, 대부분의 학교가 도심지에 위치하고 있어서 관측환경 또한 좋지 못하다. 하지만 이 프로그램을 이용하면 실질적인 천체관측 활동과 관측 결과에 대해 정형화된 보정활동을 거쳐 유의미한 관측 데이터를 수집할 수 있으며, 이를 여러 가지 활동을 통해 재해석 할 수 있다. 이를 통해 현장 체험 중심의 천체 탐구 활동을 활성화시킬 수 있으며, 과학적 흥미를 높일 수 있다.

지난 최대빙하기 이후 형성된 대륙붕 퇴적체의 퇴적환경 변화를 연구하기 위해 동중국해 북부(북동중국해) 대륙붕에서 채취된 코아 퇴적물에 대한 탄소동위원소(AMS 14C) 연대측정과 함께 저서유공충 군집 변화를 분석하였다. 코아퇴적물은 최하부에서 약 16,000yr B.P.이며, 최상부 30cm에서는 약 3,000yr B.P.로 지난 최대빙하기에서 최근까지 순차적으로 발달한 퇴적충으로 구성된다. 코아 퇴적물에서 산출되는 저서유공충 분석 결과, 군집조성, 종수(S) 그리고 종다양도(H(S)) 등이 약 240cm를 기준으로 상부와 하부에서 뚜렷하게 구분된다. 퇴적물 깊이 240cm 이하의 하부 퇴적층(Zone I)에서는 Ammonia beccarii와 Elphidium clavatum (s.l.)이 우세하게 출현하며, 부유성 유공충 산출율(P/T ratio, 평균 22%)과 종수(평균 44), 다양도(평균 2.9) 등이 상대적으로 낮다. 이러한 저서유공층 군집 특성과 연대측정에 근거할 때 Zone I은 최대빙하기 이후 초기 해수면 상승 동안(16∼10ka) 수심 약 20∼30m 내외의 염하구 환경에서 퇴적된 것으로 해석된다. 한편 상부의 Zons II 퇴적층은 Eilohedra nipponica와 Bolivina robusta가 우점하며, 부유성 유공층 산출율(〉40%)과 종수(〉60) 둥이 크게 증가하는 경향을 보인다. Zone II는 유공충 군집 구성 특성에 따라 두 개의 구간(Zone IIa와 IIb)으로 세분되며, Zone IIa는 약 9,000 yr B.P. 이후 해수면이 빠르게 상승하는 현세 해침 동안 연구해역에 형성된 내-중대륙붕 환경에서, 그리고 Zone IIb는 약 6,000 yr B.P. 이후 해수면이 현재와 같은 수심 80m 내외의 외대륙붕 환경에서 퇴적된 것으로 해석된다. 결론적으로 코아 퇴적물의 저서유공충 군집 변화 특성은 최대빙하기 이후해수면 상승과 함께 형성된 대륙붕 퇴적체의 퇴적환경 변화를 잘 반영한다.

We investigated mating conditions about care temperature of queen before mating, mating period, and number of queen per mating cage to improve mating rate of Bombus terrestris. Among 19℃, 22℃ and 25℃, care temperatures of queen before mating, queen cared at 19℃ was more effective than those at 22℃ and 25℃ in death rate during care and mating periods, and colony development. In case of mating period, oviposition rate and preoviposition periods at queen mated during 3 days were 89.3% and 11.4 days, respectively, which was higher and earlier than those of queen mated during 5 days and 7 days. The rate of worker emergence, colony foundation and progeny-queen production at 3 daysmated queen were also 2.0-11.6% higher than those at queen mated during 5 days and 7 days. In number of queen per mating cage, the rate of worker emergence, colony foundation and progeny-queen production queen mated at mating cage with 10 queens and 30 males were 41.5%, 25.9% and 23.2%, respectively. These values correspond to 1.5-6.8 folds those queen mated at cage with 20 queens and 30 queens. Therefore, we supposed that care temperature favorable for B. terrestris queen was 19℃ and the period need to mating was 3 days, and the number of queen per mating cage (55× 45× 65㎝) was 10.

전체 이용가 게임이란 말 그대로 모든 연령대가 이용 가능한 게임이란 뜻이다. 게임물 등급위원회에서는 선정성, 폭력성, 반사회적 묘사, 부적절한 언어, 사행성의 다섯 가지 요소를 등급분류의 기준으로 삼고 있다. 그러나 전체 이용가 온라인 게임에서 이 다섯 가지 요소에 해당되는 문제점들을 찾아보기란 매우 쉬운 일이다. 바로 온라인이라는 매체의 특수성과 다양한 연령대를 아우르고 있는 전체 이용가라는 게임등급 때문에 때로는 게임이 제공하고 있는 콘텐츠와 상관없이 여러 사용자들의 의해 아동들이 유해한 환경들에 노출되게 되는 것이다. 쉬운 예로 게임 내 욕설을 들 수 있는데 이는 게임의 등급과 상관없이 온라인 게임에서 공통적으로 대두되고 있고 또 잘 알려진 문제점들이기도 하다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 전체 이용가라는 게임등급에 한하여 아동들에게 윤리적으로 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요소들로 범위를 좁히는 동시에 게임 내 사회적 환경에 초점을 맞추어 게임 내 비윤리적인 게임 플레이가 아동들에게 미칠 수 있는 부정적인 영향들을 조명하고 전체 이용가 게임 개발사가 이런 게임 내 윤리적 사회 환경 조성에 있어 책임이 있음을 시사하며 더불어 해결 대책 마련의 필요성을 알리려고 한다.

Development of T. urticae was studied on the leaves of eggplant grown in hydroponics with nitrogen contents of 5 mM, 10 mM, 30 mM, and 60 mM. As the nitrogen level in hydroponics increased, it also increased in the plant whereas that of K, Ca, and Mg decreased. More nitrogen in hydroponics resulted in increased contents of water and crude protein, and decreased ash, carbohydrates, and fibers within the plant. Biomass was the heaviest as 989.5 g at 10 mM and the lightest at 60 mM. Leaf thickness and the content of chlorophyll increased as the content of nitrogen increased. Laboratory leaf disc tests obtained from plants grown at various nitrogen levels revealed that feeding and oviposition preferences of T. urticae were high at 30 mM and low at 5 mM. Ratio of damaged leaf by naturally occurring T. urticae on eggplants of 99 days post-transplant in the greenhouse was the highest as 98% at 60 mM. Degrees of damage on eggplants with and without T. urticae infestation turned up more as the differences in the levels of nitrogen in the hydroponics get bigger. No definite differences in the rate of T. urticae development was found between nitrogen treatment levels but, mortalities in immature stages dropped as the nitrogen levels went up. Adult longevity was the longest of 11.9 for female and 6.9 days for male at 60 mM. Oviposition period was also the longest as 11.7 days at 60 mM and shortened as the level of nitrogen decreased. The number of eggs oviposited was the most as 144.4 at 60 mM while it was the least as 41.0 at 5 mM. Sex ratio was 0.75 in favor of female at 10 mM. R<SUB>o</SUB> and T increased, no trends were detected in r<SUB>m</SUB> and , while Dt decreased as the levels of nitrogen went up.

Secondhand smoke (SHS) is one of major public health threats in morbidity and mortality. Several national and regional comprehensive smoke-free regulations have been implemented to prevent public health exposure, but not in Korea. The purpose of this manuscript was to review impacts of the national or regional smoke-free legislations on indoor air quality, health effects and smoking behaviors. Indoor air quality has been improved significantly after smoke free policy. Such improvement was measured by fine particulates and urinary cotinine. Respiratory and cardiovascular health effects were significantly improved after smoke free policy. This is an indirect evidence of association between secondhand smoke exposure and the health effects. Respiratory symptoms were improved as short as one month after smoke free policy. Smoke free policy was also associated with improved perception of danger of secondhand smoke. Reduction of smoking prevalence was also unexpected benefit of smoke free policy. As reviewed in this paper, smoke free policy can be beneficial to indoor air quality, health effects and smoking behaviors. Since Korea does not have comprehensive smoke free policy yet, it is strongly recommended to implement national comprehensive smoke free policy.

Development of T. urticae was studied on the leaves of eggplant grown in hydroponics with silica contents of 0 mM, 1.7 mM, and 5.1 mM. As the levels of silica increased, those of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg decreased and those of Si increased. While contents of calory, crude protein, carbohydrates, and vitamin C decreased, those of ash, fiber, and sugar increased. Biomass and content of cholorophyll decreased as the level of silica increased while leaves became thicker. Laboratory leaf disc tests provided with various silica levels revealed that feeding preference of T. urticae was the highest at 0 mM and the lowest at 1.7 mM. The oviposition preference decreased as the levels of silica increased, on the lower leaf appeared to hinder the feeding and the oviposition of T. urticae. The development slowed down both in female and male. Adult life span of female shortend as the silica level increased and that of male was the longest as 5.7 days at 0mM and the shortest at 1.7 mM. Oviposition period also shortened as the silica content increased. The number of eggs laid was the most as 86.3 at 1.7 mM while average oviposition per day was the least as 7.7 at 0 mM. No differences in hatchability was detected whereas the ratio of sex was the highest as 0.71 in favor of female at 0mM. R<SUB>o</SUB> and T decreased as the levels of silica increased. Rm and was the lowest at 5.1 mM while Dt was the longest as λ 1.8271 at 5.1 mM and the shortest as 1.6991 days at 1.7 mM. Silica content in eggplant turned to affect the development of T. urticae, however, it deterred T. urticae from feeding and oviposition and the rate of increase tended to decrease due to lesser nutrients in the eggplant leaf.

Development of T. urticae was studied on the leaves of eggplant grown in hydroponics with potash contents of 0 mM, 2 mM, 6 mM, and 12 mM. As the levels of potash increased, that of nitrogen decreased and that of P, K, Mg increased in the plant. While contents of crude protein and fiber decreased, those of ash and sugar increased. Carbohydrate content was the highest at 2 mM. Water contents increased as those of potash increased with the exception at 0 mM. Biomass was the heaviest as 552.7 g at 6 mM and the lightest at 0 mM. Leaf thickness and the content of chlorophyll increased as the content of potash increased. Laboratory leaf disc tests provided with various potash levels revealed that feeding and oviposition preferences of T. urticae were high at 6 mM and 12 mM, respectively. Ratio of damaged leaf by naturally occurring T. urticae on eggplants of 99 days post-transplant in the greenhouse was the highest at 6 mM. Development of immature stages of T. urticae shortened as the levels of potash increased with a less tendancy in male than in female. No differences were detected in adult longevity and oviposition period but the number of eggs laid was the most as 84.7 at 6 mM and the least as 40.6 at 0 mM. There were no differences in the rate of egg hatch and the ratio of sex. R<SUB>o</SUB>, r<SUB>m</SUB>, and were the highest at 6 mM and the lowest at 0 mM. T and Dt were the λ lowest at 6 mM and the highest at 0 mM. There was a descending trand of T. urticae developmet when levels of potash either gets high or low in the hydroponics.

The Location Based Services (LBS) comprise spatial information and mobile technology allow users to receive various services based on Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Although, spatial information based services are very useful, it has lots of possibility to damage privacy protection. But the contents of the legislation by government have problems conflicted between protection of a person's location information and invigoration LBS. Therefore, in this study suggest a causal model to deal with user satisfaction and factors affecting spatial information based services to customer perspective. The proposed research model is tested empirically with one hundred and forty one usable questionnaires and partial least square (PLS) method. Experimental results showed that the usefulness, playfulness, and service quality play a prominent role in influencing the spatial information services satisfaction compared to other factors. But, easy of use and perceived risk are not significant.

  Recent advances in mobile computing technologies and platform-independent information systems have enabled to realize a ubiquitous environment. Community computing has been developed as a useful tool for realizing collaborative services in a ubiquitous

This paper investigated interaction patterns of L2 learners and their native speaker counterparts in EFL classrooms and proximal social settings. To this end, data were collected from an English cafe at a university (i.e., pseudo-natural setting) and from an English conversation class at a university (i.e., classroom setting). Data analysis focused on teachers" question types, feedback patterns, and learners" responses towards feedback. The analysis based on utterance frequency revealed that students displayed higher participation rate in the pseudo-natural settings. With regards to teacher questions, teachers used more referential questions than display questions in both settings. However, there were twice as many teachers" feedback in the pseudo-natural setting compared to the classroom setting, but the frequent feedback did not slow down the conversation and did not always lead to self-repair. In addition, students in two settings differed in terms of their preferences to feedback in different linguistic categories.

본 연구는 지리산국립공원에서 번식기동안 산림환경에 따른 번식조류들의 풍부도를 조사하여, 번식조류 풍부도에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 밝히고 조류서식지의 효과적 관리를 위한 기초 자료를 얻기 위해 실시하였다. 조사를 위하여 주등산로 4개소를 조사지로 선정하고 2007년 4월부터 8월까지 번식조류 및 산림환경 조사를 실시하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 지리산국립공원의 고도 300m부터 1900m에서 번식기동안 관찰된 조류는 총 33종이었으며, 전체 조사지점의 30%이상에서 출현한 13종과 종풍부도, 개체수풍부도로 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 단순회귀분석과 다중회귀분석으로 산림환경 인자들 중 조류들의 풍부도에 영향을 미치는 인자들을 분석한 결과 각 종들은 고도의 영향을 적게 받는 것으로 나타났다. 산림환경 인자들 중 교목층 12m이상 엽층피도율, 수구 관목층 엽층피도율, 경사도, 아교목층 4-2m 엽층피도율 등은 고도보다 더 많은 종의 풍부도 변화에 영향력 있는 인자들로 나타났다. 그러므로 지리산국립공원 번식기 조류의 보호 및 관리를 위해 교목층 12m이상 엽층피도율, 수고, 관목층 엽층피도율, 경사도, 아교목층 4-2m 엽층피도율 등의 유지 관리가 필요하다.

본 논문은 국내 돔경기장에 적용 가능한 친환경 기술체계 및 설계기법을 제안하기 위한 기초자료를 도출하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 따라서 국내외 돔경기장에 도입된 친환경 요소의 사례를 조사하였다. 이를 바탕으로 국내외 친환경건축물 인증제도의 인증세부항목 중 이미 건축된 돔경기장에 도입된 친환경 요소를 도출하고 이를 에너지, 실내환경, 재료 및 자원의 3부문으로 분류하였다. 또한 돔경기장이 위치한 기후특성별, 돔경기장의 규모별 친환경 기법 도입 특징을 분석하였다.

Many kinds of environment friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) were used for the plant protection, furthermore they support the growth of crops in the greenhouses and the kindly environment friendly farming. Natural enemies might be used for control of insect pest with EFAMs at the same space and time. For testing the toxicity of EFAMs against to natural enemies, 10 EFAMs were selected and tested in small greenhouses and farm"s fields. In case of Harmonia axyridis larva, there was no predacious activity against cotton aphids in the block with EFAMMo L, EFAMPE D, EFAMME G and EFAMAE A, otherwise, aphid population was rapidly decreased in the control block without EFAMs. Both of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Encarsia formosa population were slightly decreased in the block with EFAMs. There were significantly decreased in the block with IEFAM C, FEFAM D, EFAMSM Band EFAMPE D compared with control area. Especially, there was significantly maintained a very low population, both T. vaporariorum and E. formosa in the block with EFAMMo C. The parasitized ratio of Aphidius colemani is also very low in the block with EFAMs compared with control area. In the block with IEFAM C, FEFAM D, EFAMPE D and EFAMMo L, there were significantly different with control area in the number of mummies. Otherwise, in case of Diglyphus isaea and Liriomyza trifolii, there was no significantly different between blocks with and without EFAMs. In the block with EFAMMo C, Tetranychus urticae and Phytoseiulus persimilis populations were significantly maintained a very low level. However, the population of T. urticae was increased, but P. persimilis was decreased in the block with EFAMMo L.

This study was followed up asthma incidence rate in primary schools indoor air quality. To investigate the history and prevalence rate of allergic diseases(asthma, atopy dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis), the standardized and generally used International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood(ISAAC) questionnaire was used to conduct the symptom survey for all participating subjects. The concentrations of major indoor air pollutants(dust mite allergen, aldehydes , VOCs, TBC, phthalate) were observed from April to May 2007. Sampling was undertaken at 19 primary schools. The sampling sites of air pollutants are classroom’s indoor and hallway. Dust mite allergen part it was detected from the case classroom and infirmary. The exposure quality of aldehyde and the place pollution level was indoor>outdoor>hallway, which whole is disease incidence rate high group appears more highly the low group than. The partially result of formaldehy and VOCs, the concentration of high environmental disease incidence rate showed also high. However, house dust allergen, TBC and phthalate measurement school was not the effect where the comparison of difference.