Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that usually occurs with a modification in single nucleotide among the population of 1000 nucleotides. Such changes in nucleotides have been investigated and been associated by meat scientist for economically important traits and to increase economical profits in stock breeding. Pluralities in the study have correlated SNPs of potential candidate gene with economically important traits in domestic animals have been put forward. In chickens, INS, IGF1, IGF1R, IGFBP, CAPN1, CAPN3, GHSR, FATP1, FGFBP1, FGFBP2, apoVlDL-Ⅱ, PB1, miR-1614-3p, DAAM1, Wnt3A, LRP5, CHP, RHOA, MAPK9, SFRP1, ATGL, PGC-1α, NPY, GnRHR, PRL, TGFβ2, CASR. UCP, ADSL, STAT5b, LRP2 and CTSD genes have been found to have significant effects on body weight, breast muscle weight, carcass weight and egg number. For the similar reasons, SNPs of these genes have been considered useful DNA markers for the improvement economic value of poultry. Although further studies on different breeds of chickens would be required to segregate such dataset for different breeds of chickens.

해양 기름오염 방제조치에 관한 연구의 일환으로 정량적 기초자료를 확보하기 위하여 최근 10년간(2003~2012년) 국내 연안에서 발생한 기름오염사고에 관한 통계자료를 수집하여 연간 기름오염사고 건수와 연간 기름 유출량을 사고 원인(Cause)별, 오염원(Source)별, 해역(Sea area)별로 분석하였다. ⑴ 사고 원인별로 분석한 결과, ① 부주의로 인한 사고 건수(1,429건)와 해양사고로 인한 사고 건수(790건)가 각각 전체 건수(2,833건)의 50.4 %와 27.9 %를 차지하였다. 그리고 해가 거듭될수록 해양사고로 인한 사고 건수는 감소하는 경향을 보인 반면에 부주의로 인한 사고 건수는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. ② 해양사고로 인한 유출량(17,400 kL)이 전체 기름 유출량(17,877 kL)의 97.3 %를 차지하였고 부주의로 인한 기름유출량(294 kL)이 1.7 %를 점유하였다. ⑵ 오염원별로 분석한 결과, ① 어선에 의한 사고건수(1,210건)가 전체 건수(2,833건)의 42.7 %, 기타 선박에 의한 사고 건수(620건)가 21.9 %, 화물선에 의한 사고 건수(367건)가 13.0 %, 유조선에 의한 사고 건수(261건)가 9.2 %를 차지하였다. 해가 거듭될수록 어선에 의한 사고 건수는 감소하는 경향을 보였지만 여전히 높은 수치를 보인 반면에 화물선과 기타 선박에 의한 사고 건수는 완만하게 증가하는 경향을 보였고 유조선에 의한 사고 건수는 연간 13~37건으로 해마다 크게 변동하였다. ② 유조선의 기름 유출량(15,488 kL)이 전체 기름 유출량(17,877 kL)의 86.7 %를, 기타 선박의 기름 유출량(898 kL)이 5.0 %를, 화물선의 기름 유출량(733 kL)이 4.1 %를, 어선의 기름 유출량(590 kL)이 3.3 %를 차지하였다. ⑶ 해역별로 분석한 결과, ① 남해에서의 사고 건수(1,613건)와 기름 유출량(3,804 kL)은 전체 사고 건수의 56.9 %와 전체 기름 유출량의 21.3 %를, 서해에서의 사고 건수(700건)와 기름 유출량(13,501 kL)은 전체 사고 건수의 24.7 %와 전체 기름 유출량의 75.5 %를, 동해에서의 사고 건수(520건)와 기름 유출량(572 kL)은 전체 사고 건수의 18.2 %와 전체 기름 유출량의 3.2 %를 차지함으로써 사고 건수에서는 남해가 최고였고 기름 유출량에서는 2006년까지는 남해가 최고(1위)였으나 2007년 유조선 Hebei Spirit호 기름유출사고 이후에는 서해가 최고(1위)였으며, 동해에서의 사고 건수와 기름 유출량이 모두 남해나 서해보다 적은 값으로 나타났다. ② 해가 거듭될수록 동해와 남해에서의 사고 건수와 기름 유출량이 모두 감소하는 경향을 보인 반면에 서해에서는 사고 건수가 연도별 증감의 변동 폭이 적어 거의 일정한 경향을 보였으며 기름 유출량은 연도별로 증감의 변동 폭이 컸다.

The highabundance and impact on honeybees of the Asian hornet Vespa velutina var. nigrithorax have caused great concern among European public authorities and beekeepers. The species was reported for the first time in France in 2005 and spread out across 66 European districts (ca. 360 000 km 2 ) within 7 years (INPN, 2012; Rome et al., 2013). Its arrival was reported in 2010 in Northern Spain, in 2011 in Portugal and Belgium and in 2013 in Italy. Its wider expansion in Europe is soon to be expected. We discuss here the advances of the collaborative research project initiated in 2008 in France. 1. The potential invasion risk of the species was assessed using modeling tools of climatic suitability (Villemant et al., 2011, Barbet-Massin et al., 2013). Interestingly, the potential distribution of V. v. nigrithorax matches the current distribution of another invasive social wasp, the German yellow jacket, Vespula germanica (Beggs et al., 2011). 2. Apartfrom reported damages on hives, little is known on the biology of V. velutina throughout its native Asian range. In the invaded range, the impact of V. v. nigrithorax on the diversity and biomass of the invertebrate fauna is under study. Preliminary results reported a diversified diet varying among seasons and habitat types. 3. The genetic variability between individuals of V. v. nigrithorax from France and Asia was assessed in order to describe the history of its invasion. The analysis has evidenced a low variability among the invasive population, which indicates a single introduction of one or more queens. The sampling of specimens in France and in the area of origin has been extended to confirm this hypothesis and the most probable area of origin (Arca, 2012). Given the potential economic and biological impact of V. v. nigrithorax, a better understanding of its invasion dynamics is necessary to predict regions at risk, hence to help with planning dedicated control measures, a prerequisite for replacing the reactive nature of current solutions with a proactive, predictive approach.

Biodiesel is one of the most important renewable energy, since it is one of the most important alternative and eco-friendly energy source compared to fossil energy, especially for diesel engineequipped vehicles. It is now coming up for preparation of biodiesel as the alternative that applies the hetrogeneous catalyst, super critical state and various methods used in order to reduce the stages of the processes be converted and separation stages started from oil and fat which are originated from animals and wastes, and those new methods bring eco-friendly as well, though some of those are stand on research step so far. It is necessary that nation provides the tax exemption program for the supplier and strengthen the research system for the farming crops relate to fat and oil. It can improve the development of biodiesel which sustains stability against oxidation and keeps good mobility over the low temperatures in the winter season by new additives and develops new processes to show good harmony with diesel engine.

Atomic layer deposition(ALD) is a promising deposition method and has been studied and used in many different areas, such as displays, semiconductors, batteries, and solar cells. This method, which is based on a self-limiting growth mechanism, facilitates precise control of film thickness at an atomic level and enables deposition on large and three dimensionally complex surfaces. For instance, ALD technology is very useful for 3D and high aspect ratio structures such as dynamic random access memory(DRAM) and other non-volatile memories(NVMs). In addition, a variety of materials can be deposited using ALD, oxides, nitrides, sulfides, metals, and so on. In conventional ALD, the source and reactant are pulsed into the reaction chamber alternately, one at a time, separated by purging or evacuation periods. Thermal ALD and metal organic ALD are also used, but these have their own advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, plasma-enhanced ALD has come into the spotlight because it has more freedom in processing conditions; it uses highly reactive radicals and ions and for a wider range of material properties than the conventional thermal ALD, which uses H2O and O3 as an oxygen reactant. However, the throughput is still a challenge for a current time divided ALD system. Therefore, a new concept of ALD, fast ALD or spatial ALD, which separate half-reactions spatially, has been extensively under development. In this paper, we reviewed these various kinds of ALD equipment, possible materials using ALD, and recent ALD research applications mainly focused on materials required in microelectronics.

The purpose of the livestock industry is to pursuit economic profits by increasing the economic productivity of livestock. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that is characterized by one variation out of every 1000 polymorphisms, to increase economical benefits in stock breeding has been extensively studied. Particularly, replete number of investigations have been put forward that has associated SNPs of candidate genes with economically important traits such as carcass weight (CW), longissimus muscle area (LMA), backfat thickness (BFT) and marbling score (MS) in beef cattle. Bovine genome sequencing and HapMap projects have provided, millions of SNPs in the cattle genome. However, till date studies related to the association of the SNPs with economic traits in beef cattles are meager. Discovering of SNPs bovine whole genome would certainly be useful genetic assets for the development of SNP marker for economically important traits in beef cattle.

해양기름오염방지를 위한 정량적 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 최근 20년간(1993년-2012년) 국내 및 세계의 해양에서 발생한 기름유출사고에 관한 통계자료를 수집하고 분석하였다. 최근 20년간 국내 연안에서 발생한 기름오염사고건수는 총계 6,608건으로 평균 약 330건/년이었고 기름유출량은 총계 57,328 kL로 평균 약 2,866 kL/년이었다. 국내에서 유조선의 대량기름유출사고로 인하여 연간유출량이 1993년에 15,388 kL, 1995년에 15,773 kL, 1997년에 3,428 kL, 2007년에 13,008 kL로 크게 증가하였다. 최근 20년간(1993년-2012년) 세계의 사고건수는, 기름유출량이 8 kL(7톤) 이상인 경우, 총계 420건으로 평균 21건/년이었고, 세계의 기름유출량은 총계 약 800,000 kL(704,000톤)로 평균 약 40,000 kL(35,200톤)/년이었다. 특히 2012년에는 800 kL(700톤)을 초과하는 기름유출사고가 발생하지 않았다. 그러나 기름유출량이 8 kL(7톤) 이상인 사고에서 유조선의 대량기름유출사고로 인하여 세계의 연간기름유출량은 1993년에 약 159,000 kL(140,000톤), 1994년에 약 147,600 kL(130,000톤), 1996년에 약 90,900 kL(80,000톤), 1997년에 약 81,800 kL(72,000톤), 2002년에 약 76,100 kL(67,000톤)로 크게 증가하였다. 국내와 세계를 비교하면, 국내적으로나 세계적으로 공히 20년간 연간사고건수와 연간기름유출량과의 상관관계는 명확하지 않았으며 사고건수와 유출량이 모두 연도별로 변동 폭이 크지만 해가 거듭될수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 2008년부터 세계의 사고건수와 유출량은 모두 크게 감소하였고, 특히 2012년에는 800 kL(700톤) 이상의 기름유출사고는 발생하지 않았다.

본 연구는 바이오매스에 기인한 에너지와 관련하여, 첨부된 문헌에 의하여 작성되었으며, 바이오에탄올, 바이오디젤 및 바이오가스에 대하여 본 논문을 작성하게 된 배경, 제조공정, 각국의 생산량, 시장현황, 규격 및 정책을 다루었다. 이 논문은 바이오 에너지와 관련하여 전반적인 지식과 장차 바람직한 방향을 모색하는 데에 도움을 줄 것이다. 바이오에너지는 신재생에너지로서 유용한 에너지이며, 다각도로 활용 방안을 모색하여야 한다. 결론에 현재의 상황을 고려하여 몇가지 방향을 제시하였다.

Evolutionary processes such as recombination and natural selection usually develop over extended periods of time; however, they get accelerated in cases of hybridization. Interspecies hybrids exhibit novel genome which are exposed to natural selection, thus provides a key to unravel the ultimate causes of adaptation and speciation. On the other hand, with rapid upsurge in demand for stronger food security has been confronting us on daily basis. Lately, the scientists have started to gather are now attracted by specific extraordinary traits of different animals by way interspecies hybridization combining the superior genetic material from different animals. Besides, this technology could also explore new life saving vaccines and medicines and also would find beneficial in conserving wild heritage of endangered and critical species. Several researchers have also done commendable work on interspecies hybridization with some degree of success. Nevertheless, lots of obstacles and hurdles still pose for this phenomenal technology to reach to its final destination. This review will point out the hurdles on interspecies hybridization in reference to the natural mating and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).

Preservation, distribution and share of regional genetic resources are one of the hot topics of international debates. Korean government under National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) supervision made a law that initiated national management system of livestock genetic resources in agriculture and fishery (July, 2012). NIAS preserve domestic livestock genetic sources of Chikso (Korean brindle cattle), Heugu (Korea black cattle), native pig and native chicken under the strategies of multiple place guardians to keep these minor animals from getting extinct through various reasons. A total of around 3,300 animals are under protection currently. Around 70,000 germ cells of Chikso, Heugu, native goat, etc, are stored by cryopreservation method. Moreover,around 30,000 samples of whole blood and DNA are stored in deep freezers. NIAS also constructed Animal Genetic Resource Information Management System (AGRIMS) and stored information including the phenotypes and genotypes of livestock genetic resources. We also have built companionships with nine provincial livestock institutes and two universities regarding rare livestock animal management since 2008. These companion organizations have around 16,000 animals of 11 breeds in their custody. Internationally, we keep on registering these breeds on FAO and Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) database systems. Recently we updated registration of 24 breeds of six species such as Chikso, Chookjin Chamdon, Ginkkoridak, Jindo, etc.

In recent years, Prognostic Health Management (PHM) has caught the attention of lots of researchers in a wide range of applications. Thus, many researchers from research institutes, universities and companies have published and patented their findings in various fields of PHM. PHM is a method or technique that can be used to detect performance degradation and forecast remaining life of a system based on the health monitoring information. A number of review papers discussing on PHM methods and techniques have been presented by other researchers but mostly in maintenance of manufacturing equipments, aerospace systems and structural monitoring. This paper focuses on the trend and direction of PHM especially in the automotive industry through published research papers and also patents. The purpose of this paper is to recognize the trend and to provide suggestions for potential future research in PHM for automotive. Accordingly, this paper should offer opportunity for the manufacturers or researchers to get information on current trends and also potential areas that can be further explored in PHM for automotive.

We observed an area of 10 d e g 2 of the Large Magellanic Cloud using the Infrared Camera (IRC) onboard AKARI. The observations were carried out using five imaging filters (3, 7, 11, 15, and 24 μm ) and the prism disperser ( 2 − 5 μm , λ/Δλ ∼ 20 ) equipped in the IRC. This paper presents an outline of the survey project and also describes very briefly the newly compiled near- to mid-infrared point source catalog. The 10σ limiting magnitudes are 17.9, 13.8, 12.4, 9.9, and 8.6 mag at 3.2, 7, 11, 15 and 24 μm , respectively. The photometric accuracy is estimated to be about 0.1 mag at 3.2 μm and 0.06 - 0.07 mag in the other bands. The position accuracy is 0.3" at 3.2, 7 and 11 μm and 1.0" at 15 and 24 μm . The sensitivities at 3.2, 7, and 24 μm are roughly comparable to those of the Spitzer SAGE LMC point source catalog, while the AKARI catalog provides the data at 11 and 15 μm , covering the near- to mid-infrared spectral range continuously.

An overview of the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) deep multi-wavelength survey covering from X-ray to radio wavelengths is presented. The main science objective of this multi-wavelength project is to unveil the star-formation and AGN activities obscured by dust in the violent epoch of the Universe (z=0.5-2), when the star formation and black-hole evolution activities were much stronger than the present. The NEP deep survey with AKARI/IRC consists of two survey projects: shallow wide (8.2 sq. deg, NEP-Wide) and the deep one (0.6 sq. deg, NEP-Deep). The NEP-Deep provides us with a 15 μm or 18 μm selected sample of several thousands of galaxies, the largest sample ever made at these wavelengths. A continuous filter coverage at mid-IR wavelengths (7, 9, 11, 15, 18, and 24 μ m ) is unique and vital to diagnose the contribution from starbursts and AGNs in the galaxies at the violent epoch. The recent updates of the ancillary data are also provided: optical/near-IR magnitudes (Subaru, CFHT), X-ray (Chandra), FUV/NUV (GALEX), radio (WSRT, GMRT), optical spectra (Keck/DEIMOS etc.), Subaru/FMOS, Herschel/SPIRE, and JCMT/SCUBA-2.

가솔린과 에탄올의 혼합물인 가소홀은, 현재 세계 각국에서 가솔린 차량에 사용되고 있다. 본 연구는 바이오에탄올을 도입하게 된 배경, 제조공정, 생산량, 특성, 규격, 적용방법, 규정, 정책 등에 대하여 세계적인 관점에서 자료들을 조사하여 연구를 수행하였다. 따라서, 바람직한 방향을 모색하는 사람들이 참고로 할 수 있도록 하기 위하여, 여러 각도로 가소홀과 관련된 정보를 수집하고 조사하였다. 조사 결과, 바이오에탄올과 가소홀은 여전히 유용한 신재생에너지의 하나이므로, 각국이 처한 현재의 상황과 입장에 따라서 여러 가지 각도로 사용방법을 마련할 수 있도록 접근하여 관련공업에서 일보전진할 수 있도록 방향을 제시하였다.

미국 메릴랜드주의 유언재산처리법과 민사신탁법제도는 오랜 세월과 역사를 거쳐 발전해온 시스템이다. 옛날 18세기 영국에서 도입해온 풍습이 고스란히 그대로 남아있는 경우도 볼 수 있는데, 그 좋은 예가 바로 고아의 법원 또는 오판스코트 제도이다. 그러나 다른 한편으로 메릴랜드주는 최근 새롭게 효율적인 민사신탁법 개정과 제정안을 선보이고 애완동물 신탁법 제정을 계기로 하여 요즘 시대를 앞서가는 모더니즘적 리더쉽을 보여주기도 한다. 사법시스템에서 과거와 현재를 평화스럽게 동시에 공존시키는 것이 쉬운 일은 아니다. 그렇지만 메릴랜드주는 옛 역사를 귀중히 여기고 미래에 대한 발전을 꾀하면서 신탁법체계를 아름답게 이끌어나가고 있다.