In the case of the current ICH RC wind power tower, the design method is getting quite complicated especially if it gets higher. So we, based on the previous basic cross section designs of ICH RC wind power tower, have mapped out the tower structures considering the correlation between their heights and diameters in this research. The cross section dimensions along the tower height were designed according to recommendations of ‘Design Criteria for Concrete design (2012).’ The cross sectional diameter of the wind tower decreases as its location is higher, and this decreasing diameter accorded with the decreasing bending moment. All designed cross sections and tower modules were evaluated of their bending moment capacities and compared with the design moment. The analysis results and comparisons showed that all designed modules satisfied their required capacities.

본 연구는 접목선인장 비모란(Gymnocalycium mihanovichii var. friedrichii)의 무배지 수경재배에 이용되는생력트레이의 적합한 형태를 구명하고자 수행하였다. 높이를 8, 13, 18, 23mm로 조정한 생력트레이의 관수공 존재 여부에 따른 시험처리 결과는 다음과 같다.관수공이 있는 경우, 중형규격 접목선인장의 구직경, 구고 및 생체중은 생력트레이의 높이가 8mm와 13mm에서 다른 처리보다 증가하였으나, 18mm 이상으로 높아지면 생육이 감소되었다. 그러나, 관수공이 없는 경우 8, 13, 18mm 높이의 생력트레이에서 중형규격 접목선인장의 구직경, 구고, 접수생체중이 크고 자구수가많았으나, 23mm 높이의 생력트레이는 다른 처리에 비해 접수 생육이 감소되었다. 관수공이 있는 생력트레이를 사용한 대형규격 접목선인장의 구고는 8mm와13mm 높이에서 접수생체중은 8~18mm 높이에서 컸던 반면에 관수공이 없는 생력트레이는 높이에 따른접수의 생육 차이가 없었다. 중형규격 접목선인장의경우 상품화율은 8, 13, 18mm 높이의 생력트레이가23mm에 비해 높았는데, 뿌리건물중은 23mm 높이의생력트레이에서 가장 무거웠다. 반면 대형규격 접목선인장의 경우는 관수공이 없는 생력트레이는 높이에 관계없이 상품화율이 높았으나 뿌리건물중은 23mm에서높았다. 또한 관수공이 없는 경우 생력트레이 하부에뿌리가 균일하게 분포되며 트레이의 높이가 높아지면뿌리가 분포할 수 있는 공간이 넓어질 수 있으므로 관수공이 없는 높이 18mm 정도의 트레이가 접목선인장무배지 수경재배에 적합한 형태인 것으로 판단되었다.

In this study, the strength property is investigated through structural and vibration analysis on the lead screw of height drive module for automotive power seat. The positions of applied loads are lowest, middle and highest on the model of lead screw in cases of 1, 2 and 3. Natural frequencies are examined about three kinds of models and critical frequencies are also checked by harmonic responses. Maximum deformations are shown as 0.033mm, 0.026mm and 0.551mm respectively in models of 1, 2 and 3. In case 3 at highest position, this strength becomes weakest by comparing with cases 2 and 3. By use of this analysis result, it is possible to design the model effectively applied at automotive safe driving.

Various motors have been used in many cars to control the height of automotive seats. As the motor is connected with seat, it can be moved as the convenience of passenger and vibration affects passenger when motor is being driven. In this study, three models are designed. The lengths of link parts and screw axes are increased or decreased respectively in the order of models 1, 2 and 3. The case of motor is made of aluminum alloy and the rest is made of structural steel. As model 1 has the maximum amplitude displacement at 1360Hz by the basis of vibration analysis, model 1 has the most durability among three models. This study result can be effectively utilized with the design on height motor by investigating prevention and durability against its damage.

Among various manual materials handling tasks, pushing/pulling was known to be one of the risk factors for the low back and shoulder musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study was conducted to find out an optimal solution set of the handle height and distance for 4-wheel cart with two vertical handles. Ten male college students participated in the pushing force measurement experiment. The face-centered cube design, one of the central composite designs, was applied for the experiment, and the isometric voluntary pushing force was measured in 9 treatment conditions. The second order response surface model was predicted by using the pushing strength as a response variable, and the handle height and distance as independent factors. According to the 2nd order response model, the handle height and distance showed nonlinear relationship with the isometric pushing strength. To maximize the 2nd order response model (pushing force), the handle height and distance were optimized. The optimal handle height was 'xyphoid process height - stature’, and the optimal handle distance was ‘1.25*shoulder width’. When calculated using the anthropometric data of the subjects of this study, the optimal handle height was 115.4 ± 3.4 cm, slightly higher than the elbow height, and the handle distance was 52.9 ± 2.3 cm.

This study was to determine the reliability and validity of manual measurements of patellar height to standard radiographic measurements in 30 knees of 15 subjects. Patellar height was measured using manual and radiographic methods. The manual measurements were performed by two examiners using digital vernier calipers with the subject sitting and the knees in 30° of flexion. The radiographic measurements were performed in the same position. The reliability of the manual measurements was assessed by means of intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC(3,1)], and the validity was investigated using the Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient and an independent t-test. The intra- and inter-rater reliabilities of the manual measurement of patellar height were excellent (ICC=.86 and .88 respectively). The validity of patellar height measured manually compared to the radiographic method was good (Pearson’s r=.69). In conclusion, the manual method is an objective, qualitative measurement of patella height.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of shoe heel height and muscle fatigue on static and dynamic balance in young women. Thirty women who were used to wearing high heels volunteered to participate in this study. The shoe heel heights were 0 ㎝ and 7 ㎝. And ankle plantar flexor fatigue was experimentally induced. Static and dynamic balance were measured using the one leg standing test (OLST) and the star excursion balance test (SEBT) in anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions, respectively. Values in the OLST (shoe heel height 0 ㎝, 28.83±3.24 sec to 26.12±6.13 sec; and 7 ㎝, 24.75±7.09 sec to 16.86±9.32 sec) and the SEBT in anterior (shoe heel height 0 ㎝, 71.02±4.57% to 69.50±3.66%; and 7 ㎝, 64.17±3.53% to 59.61±4.06%) and posteromedial (shoe heel height 0 ㎝, 92.01±5.61% to 90.38±7.10%; and 7 ㎝, 83.09±7.29% to 76.83±9.28%) directions were significantly reduced when fatigue-inducing exercise was performed (p<.05). Furthermore, within these parameters, there were significant interaction effects between shoe heel height and fatigue condition (p<.05). These findings suggest that shoe heel height and muscle fatigue contribute to some changes in static and dynamic balance in young women, probably leading to negative effects on physical function during a variety of activities of daily living.

This paper investigates the downwash effect of a rooftop structure (RTS) representing a typical RTS with jet diffusion. The effect of rooftop structure height on the severity of the downwash effect is assessed. As a result, design guidance provided for determining structure height required to avoid the downwash effect.

The purpose of this study is to analysis of muscle fatigue in the upper trapezius and splenius capitis muscles according to therapy table height variation. The subjects were consisted of 15 healthy adults(10 males, 5 females) who had no medical history of neurological and musculoskeletal problems. In experiment, wireless electrode EMG system was measured for each the upper trapezius and splenius capitis muscles during the treatment performed on table. the differences in the muscle fatigue was compared for 4 types of table height(-6cm, -3cm, 0, +3cm from elbow in 90° flexion position). Muscle fatigue according to therapy table height were significant difference except for left upper trapezius. And muscle fatigue of right upper trapezius and splenius capitis showed significant decrease in +3cm table height compared to -6cm table height(p<.05). Muscle fatigue of right upper trapezius and splenius capitis were the highest in -6cm table height, but those were the lowest in +3cm table height. This study propose to change therapy table height higher than +3cm from elbow in 90° flexion position, if you hope to reduce muscle fatigue.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between the stature and the muscle performance ratings and the subjective discomfort rations at performing lower arm's pronation and supination according to change sin the height of working table for more efficient performance at designing a working table and performing a work. For the purpose, this study conducted an experiment targeting 40 people in their 20s, who were classified into 4 groups each group composing 10 people at intervals of 5cm from the standard stature of 166.5cm. The experiment measured the maximum isometric pronation and the supination muscular power, and at measuring the factors, the heights of working tables were set as 800mm, 850mm, and 900mm. From the measurement results, it was found that the stature and the maximum muscular power was correlated. That is, as the experiment groups's average stature is higher, the maximum muscular power was higher. For the correlation between the motion patterns(pronation and supination) and the maximum muscular power, it was seen that the maximum muscular power was higher at performing the pronation than the supination. In the correlation between motion patterns and the subjective discomfort ratings, it was seen that the subjective discomfort rating was higher at performing the supination than the pronation. For the correlation between height adjustment and the subjective discomfort ratings, as the height of working table was lower, the subject discomfort rating was lower. Therefore there was no difference in the maximum muscular power according to the height changes of working table, but it was found that as the working table was higher, the user felt more comfortable.

목적 : Tetrax(Tetrax Portable Multiple System)를 이용하여 맨발, 운동화, 킬힐의 착용에 따라 균형능력에 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 2010년 8월 31일～9월 7일 D대학에 재학 중이고, 연구참여에 동의한 여학생 20명을 대상으로 평가를 실시하였다. 균형평가는 Tetrax를 통해 시각과 체성 감각의 유무, 머리의 좌우와 앞뒤의 변화를 요구하는 8개의 자세에서 검사를 시행하였고, 맨발, 운동화, 킬힐은 무작위 선정하여 시행하였다. 결과 : 킬힐을 착용했을 때 안정성 지수(Stability index)가 맨발 또는 운동화 착용보다 높았고, 체중 분포 지수(Weight distribution index)는 정상치 범위보다 낮았으며, 낙상 지수(Fall index)는 위험범위에 속하였다. 결론 : 킬힐을 착용했을 때 맨발이나 운동화보다 자세불안정으로 인하여 낙상 위험이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

Proportion of falling from height accident at construction work accounts for more than 40%, and the number of injuries is getting increased. So without considering falling from height, we can say that it's hard to achieve our goal(accident prevention). Another critical point that we have to think about theses days is the fact that construction workers are getting older. To be specific, the number of workers who are above 50 years old accounts for 65.6% among the fatalities(2007~2011, KOSHA inspection). Accordingly, to effectively prevent construction accedents, especially falls from height, we need to focus on motion analysis of older construction workers and then make suitable measures for growing accident rates at construction work.

본 연구에서는 1000 hPa면 고도 자료 및 K-평균 군집분석법을 활용하여 한반도 주변 기압배치를 분류하고, 각 유형의 특성을 조사하였다. 군집의 기준으로 기압배치 공간 형태의 유사성을 나타내는 패턴 상관계수를 사용하고, 유사성의 경계치로 0.8을 적용하여 대표적 기압배치 유형 11개를 얻었다. 이들은 시베리아 기단이 한반도 주변으로 장출하는 경로에 따라 3개, 북태평양 고기압의 중심 위치에 따라 3개, 시베리아 및 북태평양 기단의 영향권에서 기압골이 나타나는 유형 2개, 그리고 봄가을에 주로 나타나는 이동성 고기압형으로 고기압의 장축방향에 따라 3개 등이다. 각 기압 배치 유형의 출현빈도로부터 추정한 한반도에 영향을 주는 기단의 출현비율은 시베리아 기단 55.4%, 북태평양 기단 29.3%, 양쯔강 기단 12.8%, 오호츠크해 기단 2.5% 순이며, 한반도는 대륙에서 기원한 기단의 영향이 68.2%로 지배적이다. 한반도 주변 기압계는 겨울 기압배치 유형과 여름 기압배치 유형이 각기 대륙과 해양에 발달하는 정체성 기단으로부터 확장되는 고기압을 중심으로 하여 대조적으로 출현하고, 봄가을의 이동성 고기압형은 이들의 변환 과정에서 나타난다. 근래 여름 북태평양 고기압의 한반도 출현빈도가 감소하고 있다. 그리고 겨울 기압배치 유형의 출현이 봄가을에 자주 나타나면서 기압골을 갖는 기압배치 유형의 출현빈도가 증가하고, 이동성 고기압형은 거의 모든 계절에 나타나는 경향이 있다.

본 연구는 배토작업에 따른 한국잔디의 적정 밀도와 질을 유지하기 위한 배토의 효과를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 배토를 하지 않은 처리구와 배토높이 2, 4, 8과 16 ㎜ 처리구를 비교한 결과, 초장, 지상부, 포복경과 지하부의 생체중과 건물중, 포복경과 지상부의 개수는 배토높이가 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 엽록소와 카로티노이드 함량 또한 증가하였다. 지상부와 지하부의 전량질소, 전량인산, 전량가리, 전량고토, 전량석회도 배토를 하지 않은 처리구보다 배토높이가 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 배토를 하지 않은 처리구보다 배토처리구에서 산도가 증가하는 것으로 보아 알칼리화 되는 것으로 나타났고, 유기물 함량, 전질소, 치환성양이온(K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) 농도는 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 유효인산은 감소하였다. 배토처리를 하지 않은 처리구보다 배토처리구에서 잔디의 생육이 증가하고, 밀도율이 높았으며, 토양 화학성도 양호하게 변화하였다. 배토높이에 따른 효과는 8 ㎜에서 토양내 유기물 함량과 전질소가 가장 높았고, 생육이 향상되는 것으로 보아 한국잔디에 대한 적정 배토높이인 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of patellar height on quadriceps muscles' electromyography (EMG) activity during a squat exercise in adults with patella baja. For the study, we recruited 15 volunteers who had patella baja on the right side. We measured the EMG activity of the right rectus femoris, vastus medialis oblique, and vastus lateralis muscles during squat exercises under two conditions, specifically with and without an infra-patellar strap. The infra-patellar strap was applied below the tested patella to elevate the patella to a normal height. A paired t-test was used to compare the effects of patella height on EMG activity of the quadriceps muscles. The EMG activity of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis oblique (VMO), and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles were significantly decreased during the squat exercise with the infra-patellar strap compared to the same exercise without the infra-patellar strap (p<.05), while the VMO/VL ratio was not different significantly between two conditions (p>.05). The findings of this study suggest that an infra-patellar strap may benefit people with patellar baja, as changes in patellar height could improve the efficiency of the quadriceps muscles.

Breakwater is one of the most important coastal structure in port. The principal function of a breakwater is obviously to prevent the penetration of incident waves into a harbor. Wave transmission effected by the shape of breakwater and many research carried out using numerical modeling, However hydraulic model experiment is rarely performed. Therefore in this study, hydraulic model experiment carried out to investigate wave height distribution characteristics by shape of breakwater head.

The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of change in heel height on lower extremities activity of young women on high-heeled shoes that young women prefer from more kinetic and realistic perspective as this study changes the degree of slope on a treadmill. The study subjects are 15 young and healthy women who do not have any external injuries or problem with walking and understand the purpose of this study clearly. They wore three different height of heels(1cm, 7cm, 12cm) and walked on a treadmill at a constant speed of 3km/h. EMG value of four muscles (anterior tibial muscle, gastrocnemius muscle, straight muscle of thigh, and biceps muscle of thigh) were collected when walking and the change according to the height of heels were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Multiple comparison analysis on anterior tibial muscle and heel height showed that the group with 12cm heel showed significantly high muscle activation compared to the groups with 1cm and 7cm heels. The result of this study can be used for various perspectives from inferring and mediating problems caused by wearing high heels on different ground slopes for a long time

The reduction of setup time is very important in a lot production system. A punch press is a typical system of lot production. This paper describes a case study to reduce setup time of a punch press manufacturing system. Especially, this case study reduce

선박화재는 육상화재와 달리 숙련된 인원과 다양한 장비에 의한 소화활동이 곤란하므로 거의 자체적으로 소화되어야 하므로 소화가 쉽지 않다. 화재발생시 온도 상승에 의한 사망보다 연기에 의해 질식사의 경우가 더 많다. 그 이유는 화재현장에서 충분한 가시거리를 확보하지 못하여 신속하게 피난하지 못하기 때문이다. 이 연구에서는 피난에 필요한 시간을 좀 더 확보하기 위해 선박 거주구역의 높이를 기존의 2.0m에서 공동주택(아파트)의 높이에 해당하는 2.3m로 상향하여 연기거동을 상호 비교하였다. 비교 방법은 기존의 실습선 한바다호의 도면을 바탕으로 30cm 상향조정된 도면을 추가 제작하여 미국의 NIST에서 제작 운용중인 FDS를 이용하여 시뮬레이션을 실시하고 결과를 예측하였다. 온도에 의한 피난 안전시간을 예측한 시뮬레이션 결과, 화재구역에서 10m 떨어진 지점에서 피난 안전시간은 55.8초 증가하였다. 가시거리에 의한 피난 안전시간을 예측한 시뮬레이션 결과, (1) 화재구역에서 10m 떨어진 지점에서 피난 안전시간은 27.1초 증가하였고, (2) 화재구역에서 20m 지점에서는 피난 안전시간이 109.2초 증가하였으며, (3) 화재구역에서 30m지점에서는 피난 안전시간이 73.3초 증가하였다. 즉, 선박의 거주구역 높이를 육상건축물과 동일하게 할 경우 승무원의 피난안전성이 증가하는 것으로 예측되었다.